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EQM351 > Inflammatory Process > Flashcards

Inflammatory Process Flashcards

1
Q

Cell atrophy

A

decrease in cell size to use less nutrients

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2
Q

Cell hypertrophy

A

increase in cell size - muscle building

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3
Q

Cell hyperplasia

A

Increase in number of cells (growing, uterus)

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4
Q

Cell metaplasia

A

change in cell type

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5
Q

Necrosis causes and effects

A 
loss of blood supply
exposure to toxins
cellular swelling
protein denaturation
tissue dysfunction
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6
Q

Apoptosis

A

programmed cell death; dead cells are removed with minimal disruption of surrounding tissue

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7
Q

Hypoxia

A

oxygen deprivation

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8
Q

ischemia

A

loss of blood supply

due to impeded arterial flow or reduced venous drainage

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9
Q

Causes of hypoxia

A

ischemia
inadequate oxygenation (pneumonia, emphysema)
reduced oxygen carrying capacity (anemia)

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10
Q

Causes of cell injury

A
  1. oxygen deprivation
  2. chemical agents
  3. infectious agents
  4. genetic defects
  5. immunologic reactions
  6. nutritional imbalance
  7. physical agents
  8. aging
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11
Q

Response to injurious stimuli depends on

A

type of injury
duration
severity

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12
Q

Immunologic reactions can cause cell injury by

A

anaphylactic shock - exaggerated response

auto-immune disease

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13
Q

Auto-immune disease is loss of

A

self tolerance

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14
Q

Tolerable time of complete ischemia without irreversible injury: skeletal muscle

A

2-3 hours

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15
Q

Tolerable time of complete ischemia without irreversible injury: cardiac muscle

A

20-30 mins

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16
Q

Tolerable time of complete ischemia without irreversible injury: brain

A

4-5 mins

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17
Q

Why does aging contribute to cell injury?

A

imperfect restoration of structure or function
cellular senescence
reduced immune strength
shorter telomeres

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18
Q

Inflammation definition

A

a protective response intended to eliminate the initial cause of cell injury as well as the necrotic cells and tissues resulting from the original insult

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19
Q

Benefits of inflammation

A

helps clear infection

makes wound healing possible

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20
Q

Negative to inflammation

A

potential to cause harm (heaves, asthma, anaphylaxis, etc)

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21
Q

Acute inflammation

A

delivers leukocytes to injury site

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22
Q

Leukocytes

A

clear any invading microbes and begin the process of cleaning necrotic tissue

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23
Q

5 classic signs of acute inflammation

A 
heat
redness
swelling
pain
loss of function
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24
Q

2 components of acute inflammation

A

vascular changes

cellular events

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25
Q

vascular change in acute inflammation

A

vasodilation

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26
Q

cellular events in acute inflammation

A

cellular recruitment and activation

27
Q

Types of leukocytes

A

Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils

28
Q

Neutrophil activity and death

A

forms pus

29
Q

Eosinophils primarily deal with

A

parasitic infections

30
Q

Basophils release

A

histamine, causing inflammation

31
Q

Basophils are chiefly responsible for

A

allergic and antigen response

32
Q

B cells and T cells are

A

Lymphocytes

33
Q

Monocyte functions (2)

A

phagocytosis

present pathogen pieces to T cells for memory or so antibody response may be mounted

34
Q

Macrophage function

A

phagocytosis

35
Q

Macrophages develop from

A

monocytes

36
Q

Vascular and cellular changes - acute inflammation (6)

A
  1. initial vasoconstriction
  2. vasodilation
  3. increase vascular permeability
  4. Leukocytes arrive
  5. Leukocytes release chemical mediators
  6. phagocytosis
37
Q

Steps to stop bleeding

A

platelet aggregation > blood coagulation > clot

38
Q

redness and heat of inflamed area is caused by

A

histamine

39
Q

Blood becomes

A

more viscous

40
Q

Why does circulation slow and blood viscosity increase?

A

So that cells can leave the blood vessel and go to injury site

41
Q

Leukocytes (neutrophils) will transmigrate through ____________ to ____________

A

intercellular junction

extracellular matrix

42
Q

Describe phagocytosis

A

Leukocytes engulf the injurious particle and degrade it. This can kill bacteria and clean up dead cells.

43
Q

Outcomes of acute inflammation (3)

A
  1. resolution
  2. scarring/fibrosis
  3. progression to chronic inflammation
44
Q

Resolution

A

limited or short lived injury
minimal tissue damage
tissue replaces any dead cells with perfect new cells

45
Q

Scarring/Fibrosis

A

substantial tissue damage
non-regenerating tissues
cases of abscess formation

46
Q

Chronic inflammation

A 
persistent viral or bacterial infection 
prolonged exposure to potentially toxic agents
autoimmune disease
can lead to regeneration or fibrosis
anti-inflammatories necessary
47
Q

angiogenesis

A

new blood vessel formation

48
Q

infarction

A

death of tissue due to lack of oxygen due to an obstruction in blood supply

49
Q

extracellular matrix (ECM) critically regulates

A

the growth, movement and differentiation of cells

50
Q

Roles of ECM

A
  1. mechanical support
  2. determination of cell orientation
  3. control of growth
  4. organized regeneration of tissues
51
Q

Components of ECM

A

collagen
elastin
glycosaminoglycans
hyaluronic acid

52
Q

purpose of collagen in ECM

A

tensile strength

53
Q

purpose of elastin in ECM

A

recoil and return to baseline structure

54
Q

what are glycosaminoglycans and hyaluronic acid?

A

highly hydrated compressible gels conferring resilience and lubrication

55
Q

Fibrosis

A

in severe or persistent injury, repair occurs by replacement of what should be normally functioning cells with connective tissue.

56
Q

components of granulation tissue

A

angiogenesis
fibroblasts
loose ECM

57
Q

What is granulation tissue highly populated with and what do they do?

A

macrophages

clear debris and allow for fibroblast proliferation and ECM production

58
Q

First intention

A

clean, uninfected surgical incision
cells are regenerated w/ normal function
scar is minimal

59
Q

Second Intention

A

open wound, abscess, ulceration
extensive growth of granulation tissue
fibrotic scar formation

60
Q

Wound strength compared to unwounded tissue

A

sutured: 70%
suture removed: 10%
after 3 wks: 70-80%

61
Q

Acute inflammation is essential to

A

the normal outcome of wound regeneration/repair

62
Q

Healing by ______ intention is better than by _______ intention

A

first

second

63
Q

Abscesses leave a scar….

A

always

64
Q

If inflammation becomes chronic, it contributes to the…

A

pathogenesis of the disease, excessive fibrosis and scarring

EQM351 (26 decks)

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