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.pathology > Stomach and Abomasum Pathology > Flashcards

Stomach and Abomasum Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

Pyloric stenosis/ Pyloric muscular hypertrophy

A

Tonic stenosis of the pyloric sphincter: myenteric plexus or gastrin excess
Common in dogs, rare in cats and horses

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2
Q

What does pyloric stenosis look like in dogs?

A

Hypertrophy of the pyloric smooth muscle (muscular thickening)

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3
Q

Effects pyloric stenosis

A

Delayed gastric emptying
Obstructs pyloric outflow

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4
Q

CS of pyloric stenosis

A

Vomiting of food several hours after a meal
Poor weight gain
Aspiration pneumonia
Depression and dehydration

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5
Q

Gastric dilation in horses

A

Secondary to obstruction
Grass sickness (Datura forex seed with parasympatholytic alkaloid- bloat)

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6
Q

Pathogenesis of grass sickness

A

Consumption of excess fermentable carbs → gas production by bacteria → organic acids (lactic acid)
Influx of water due to ↑ osmotic pressure → severe distention → systemic dehydration

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7
Q

Gastric rupture in horses

A

Follows primary or secondary dilation
Occurs along greater curvature parallel to the omental attachment

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8
Q

Volvulus

A

Twisting of the intestine on its mesenteric axis
Left colon in horses
Luminal and vascular compromise → obstruction and infarction

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9
Q

Torsion

A

Rotation of a tubular organ along its long axis

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10
Q

Similarity between torsion and volvulus

A

Both compress mesenteric veins and arteries → ischemia obstruction

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11
Q

Displacement of large colon in horses

A

Loop of bowel is only fix at its base
Cecum, transverse colon, route of mesentery- lack of attachments → displacement and torsion

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12
Q

Gastric Dilation and Volvulus (GVD)

A

Associated with eating (aerophagia) in dogs
In deep chested breeds like Danes, Bernards, setters, wolfhounds

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13
Q

Predisposing factors of GVD

A

↑ laxity of the hepatogastric ligament, splenectomy, small particle feeds
Kenneling, raised feed bowel, reversed sneezing from nasal mite Pneumonyssoides caninum
Recurrent dilation with overfeeding, postprandial exercise and hereditary disposition

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14
Q

GDV Pathogenesis

A
  1. Dilation of the stomach by gas, fluid and feed
  2. Rotation is 180-360 degrees of stomach clockwise its mesenteric axis (volvulus)
  3. Obstruction of cardia that prevents eructation and emesis
  4. Obstruction of the pylorus that prevents passage of gastric content into SI
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15
Q

What does GDV lead to?

A
  1. ↓ venous return via portal vein and caudal vena cava
  2. Reduced perfusion of intra abdominal organs
  3. Reduced cardiac output and circulatory shock/ collapse
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16
Q

Incidence of GDV

A

Incidence of GDV ↑ with age and weight

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17
Q

Gross changes associated with GDV

A

Severe abdominal distention
Clock-wise rotation on a ventrodorsal axis
Hemorrhagic venous infarction
Rupture of the stomach
V-shaped bending of enlarged spleen
Congestion, hypoxia, infarction of intestines and pancreas

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18
Q

How does GDV affect the pancreas

A

Myocardial depressant factor
↓ contractility of the heart

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19
Q

Left dorsal colon displacement

A

Entrapement by spleen and body nephrosplenic or phrenicosplenic ligament

20
Q

Gastric volvulus in swine

A

Sudden death in adult sow
Excitement and anticipation of feeding after long interval
Rapid ingestion of feed, water and air

21
Q

Cs of gastric volvulus in swine

A

Anorexia → abdominal distention → dyspnea and drooling

22
Q

Abomasal displacement

A

Common in high producing dairy cattle (older animals) @ time of parturition
Commonly ventral and left- suspended loosely by the greater and lesser omentum on ventral part of the abdomen

23
Q

Sequelae to LDA and RDA

A

Ulceration and fibrous adhesions
Venous infarction
Peritonitis

24
Q

15% of are right displacements which often progress to _________

A

Abomasal volvulus

25
Q

What does severe volvulus cause?

A

Obstruction of BV to the omasum and trauma to vagus nerves

26
Q

Gastric/ abomasal impaction causes

A

Low quality roughage , low water intake, poor mastication
Vagal nerve damage, pyloric stenosis

27
Q

What does gastric/ abomasal impaction cause

A

Hypochloremia, hypokalemia, metabolic alkalosis
Abomasal emptying defect (Suffolk sheep)

28
Q

Gastric Ulcers etiologic factors

A

Idiopathic
Local mucosal injury
Steroids and NSAIDs
Diet, infections uremia
Helicobacter

29
Q

High gastric acidity causing gastric ulcers

A

Mast cell tumors (histamine) → stimulates HCl secretion through release
Zollinger- Ellison syndrome (hypergastrinemia) → pancreatic gastrinomas

30
Q

Steroids/ NSAIDs causing gastric ulcers (aspirin)

A

Interference with PG synthesis: PGE2 and PGI2
Direct epithelial necrosis

31
Q

Foal gastric ulcers

A

Common (idiopathic)
1/2 foals under 4 months
Squamous mucosa
Stress

32
Q

Equine gastric ulcers

A

Gastric ulcer syndrome (glandular stomach- pylorus)
40-90% of competitive and performance horses
NSAIDs (phenhybutazone)

33
Q

Gastric ulcers in pigs

A

Common with severe hemorrhage and anemia
Penned pigs fed finely ground grain or pellets
Stress, heat, inconsistent feeding

34
Q

What do gastric ulcers affect in pigs?

A

Stratified squamous epithelium
Esophageal portion of cardia
Fermentative commensal bacteria: Lactobacillus, bacillus

35
Q

Gastric ulcers in dairy cow

A

Heavy grain feeding (lactic acidosis)
Parturition
Displacement of the abomasum and BVD

36
Q

What is subsequent to gastric ulcers in dairy cows?

A

Chronic perforation (omentum seals abomasal ulcers)
Large perforation occurs → septic peritonitis

37
Q

CS of gastric ulcers

A

Anemia secondary to gastric bleeding
Melena (digested blood in feces)
Coffee ground like material (hematemesis)

38
Q

Uremic Gastritis (uremic gastropathy)

A

Congestion and edema of gastric mucosa caused by injured capillaries within the lamina propria
Assoc. with ↑ conc. of nitrogen derived metabolic waste

39
Q

Chronicity of uremic gastritis

A

Mineralization of gastric mucosa
Fine white stippling and lines in the mucosa

40
Q

Squamous cell carcinoma (horses)

A

Hypercalcemia
Hypophosphatemia
Paraneoplastic production of PTH-rp

41
Q

Adenocarcinoma (dogs, siamese cats)

A

Ulcerated plaques or nodules
Marked scirrhous rx (desmoplasia)
High metastatic potential (70% dogs diagnosed)

42
Q

Other gastric neoplasias

A

Adenomas
Leiomyomas and leimyosarcomas
Lyphoma
Bovine leukemia virus

43
Q

Where are gastric neoplasias common

A

Abomasum, right atrium, LNs and uterus

44
Q

20% of ________________ develop in the stomach

A

K9 GI mast cell tumors

45
Q

Chemical gastritis

A

Diffuse gastric congestion
Hemorrhage, ulceration, necrosis

46
Q

What causes chemical gastritis

A

Arsenic, thallium, formalin
NSAIDs
Blister beetle horses

47
Q

Blister beetles

A

Cantharid toxin
Few beetles enough to kill a horse
Causes ulceration of GI and urinary track, myocardial necrosis

.pathology (20 decks)

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