Stomach and Abomasum Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

Pyloric stenosis/ Pyloric muscular hypertrophy

A

Tonic stenosis of the pyloric sphincter: myenteric plexus or gastrin excess
Common in dogs, rare in cats and horses

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2
Q

What does pyloric stenosis look like in dogs?

A

Hypertrophy of the pyloric smooth muscle (muscular thickening)

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3
Q

Effects pyloric stenosis

A

Delayed gastric emptying
Obstructs pyloric outflow

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4
Q

CS of pyloric stenosis

A

Vomiting of food several hours after a meal
Poor weight gain
Aspiration pneumonia
Depression and dehydration

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5
Q

Gastric dilation in horses

A

Secondary to obstruction
Grass sickness (Datura forex seed with parasympatholytic alkaloid- bloat)

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6
Q

Pathogenesis of grass sickness

A

Consumption of excess fermentable carbs → gas production by bacteria → organic acids (lactic acid)
Influx of water due to ↑ osmotic pressure → severe distention → systemic dehydration

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7
Q

Gastric rupture in horses

A

Follows primary or secondary dilation
Occurs along greater curvature parallel to the omental attachment

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8
Q

Volvulus

A

Twisting of the intestine on its mesenteric axis
Left colon in horses
Luminal and vascular compromise → obstruction and infarction

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9
Q

Torsion

A

Rotation of a tubular organ along its long axis

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10
Q

Similarity between torsion and volvulus

A

Both compress mesenteric veins and arteries → ischemia obstruction

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11
Q

Displacement of large colon in horses

A

Loop of bowel is only fix at its base
Cecum, transverse colon, route of mesentery- lack of attachments → displacement and torsion

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12
Q

Gastric Dilation and Volvulus (GVD)

A

Associated with eating (aerophagia) in dogs
In deep chested breeds like Danes, Bernards, setters, wolfhounds

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13
Q

Predisposing factors of GVD

A

↑ laxity of the hepatogastric ligament, splenectomy, small particle feeds
Kenneling, raised feed bowel, reversed sneezing from nasal mite Pneumonyssoides caninum
Recurrent dilation with overfeeding, postprandial exercise and hereditary disposition

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14
Q

GDV Pathogenesis

A
  1. Dilation of the stomach by gas, fluid and feed
  2. Rotation is 180-360 degrees of stomach clockwise its mesenteric axis (volvulus)
  3. Obstruction of cardia that prevents eructation and emesis
  4. Obstruction of the pylorus that prevents passage of gastric content into SI
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15
Q

What does GDV lead to?

A
  1. ↓ venous return via portal vein and caudal vena cava
  2. Reduced perfusion of intra abdominal organs
  3. Reduced cardiac output and circulatory shock/ collapse
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16
Q

Incidence of GDV

A

Incidence of GDV ↑ with age and weight

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17
Q

Gross changes associated with GDV

A

Severe abdominal distention
Clock-wise rotation on a ventrodorsal axis
Hemorrhagic venous infarction
Rupture of the stomach
V-shaped bending of enlarged spleen
Congestion, hypoxia, infarction of intestines and pancreas

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18
Q

How does GDV affect the pancreas

A

Myocardial depressant factor
↓ contractility of the heart

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19
Q

Left dorsal colon displacement

A

Entrapement by spleen and body nephrosplenic or phrenicosplenic ligament

20
Q

Gastric volvulus in swine

A

Sudden death in adult sow
Excitement and anticipation of feeding after long interval
Rapid ingestion of feed, water and air

21
Q

Cs of gastric volvulus in swine

A

Anorexia → abdominal distention → dyspnea and drooling

22
Q

Abomasal displacement

A

Common in high producing dairy cattle (older animals) @ time of parturition
Commonly ventral and left- suspended loosely by the greater and lesser omentum on ventral part of the abdomen

23
Q

Sequelae to LDA and RDA

A

Ulceration and fibrous adhesions
Venous infarction
Peritonitis

24
Q

15% of are right displacements which often progress to _________

A

Abomasal volvulus

25
What does severe volvulus cause?
Obstruction of BV to the omasum and trauma to vagus nerves
26
Gastric/ abomasal impaction causes
Low quality roughage , low water intake, poor mastication Vagal nerve damage, pyloric stenosis
27
What does gastric/ abomasal impaction cause
Hypochloremia, hypokalemia, metabolic alkalosis Abomasal emptying defect (Suffolk sheep)
28
Gastric Ulcers etiologic factors
Idiopathic Local mucosal injury Steroids and NSAIDs Diet, infections uremia Helicobacter
29
High gastric acidity causing gastric ulcers
Mast cell tumors (histamine) → stimulates HCl secretion through release Zollinger- Ellison syndrome (hypergastrinemia) → pancreatic gastrinomas
30
Steroids/ NSAIDs causing gastric ulcers (aspirin)
Interference with PG synthesis: PGE2 and PGI2 Direct epithelial necrosis
31
Foal gastric ulcers
Common (idiopathic) 1/2 foals under 4 months Squamous mucosa Stress
32
Equine gastric ulcers
Gastric ulcer syndrome (glandular stomach- pylorus) 40-90% of competitive and performance horses NSAIDs (phenhybutazone)
33
Gastric ulcers in pigs
Common with severe hemorrhage and anemia Penned pigs fed finely ground grain or pellets Stress, heat, inconsistent feeding
34
What do gastric ulcers affect in pigs?
Stratified squamous epithelium Esophageal portion of cardia Fermentative commensal bacteria: Lactobacillus, bacillus
35
Gastric ulcers in dairy cow
Heavy grain feeding (lactic acidosis) Parturition Displacement of the abomasum and BVD
36
What is subsequent to gastric ulcers in dairy cows?
Chronic perforation (omentum seals abomasal ulcers) Large perforation occurs → septic peritonitis
37
CS of gastric ulcers
Anemia secondary to gastric bleeding Melena (digested blood in feces) Coffee ground like material (hematemesis)
38
Uremic Gastritis (uremic gastropathy)
Congestion and edema of gastric mucosa caused by injured capillaries within the lamina propria Assoc. with ↑ conc. of nitrogen derived metabolic waste
39
Chronicity of uremic gastritis
Mineralization of gastric mucosa Fine white stippling and lines in the mucosa
40
Squamous cell carcinoma (horses)
Hypercalcemia Hypophosphatemia Paraneoplastic production of PTH-rp
41
Adenocarcinoma (dogs, siamese cats)
Ulcerated plaques or nodules Marked scirrhous rx (desmoplasia) High metastatic potential (70% dogs diagnosed)
42
Other gastric neoplasias
Adenomas Leiomyomas and leimyosarcomas Lyphoma Bovine leukemia virus
43
Where are gastric neoplasias common
Abomasum, right atrium, LNs and uterus
44
20% of ________________ develop in the stomach
K9 GI mast cell tumors
45
Chemical gastritis
Diffuse gastric congestion Hemorrhage, ulceration, necrosis
46
What causes chemical gastritis
Arsenic, thallium, formalin NSAIDs Blister beetle horses
47
Blister beetles
Cantharid toxin Few beetles enough to kill a horse Causes ulceration of GI and urinary track, myocardial necrosis