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.pathology > Neurotoxicities and Neurodegenerative Dz of the CNS > Flashcards

Neurotoxicities and Neurodegenerative Dz of the CNS Flashcards

1
Q

Malacia

A

Softening (necrosis of tissue in the CNS)
Encephalomalacia/ myelomalacia/ encephalomyelomalacia

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2
Q

Poliomalacia

A

Softening of gray matter

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3
Q

Leukomalacia

A

Softening of white matter

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4
Q

Primary causes of laminar neuronal cortical necrosis (Polioencephalomalacia)

A

Thiamine deficiency (bracken fern)
Sulfur excess
Lead/heavy metal toxicosis
Salt toxicity

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5
Q

Polioencephalomalacia

A

Multifocal/ diffuse yellow areas of malacia(necrosis) in the cerebral cortex

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6
Q

Lead toxicity

A

Acute poisoning = death in 12-24 hrs
Polioencephalomalacia
Seen in cattle

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7
Q

Lead toxicity CS

A

Calves: stagger, muscle tremor, recombinant
Adult: Head pressing, blindness with death and convulsions

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8
Q

Salt poisoning (NaCl)

A

Swine most susceptible, sheep resistant
Prevented by free access to water of low saline

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9
Q

CS of salt poisoning in swine

A

Swine: convulsions start with tremors of snout → clonic spasms of neck → jerky opisthotonus that causes the pig to walk backward to sit

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10
Q

CS of salt poisoning in cattle

A

Drag hindfeet or knuckle at the level of their fetlocks

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11
Q

Microscopic lesions of salt poisoning

A

Esosinophilic meningoencephalitis and encephalomalacia
Laminar necrosis of cerebral cortex

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12
Q

Bracken fern (thiamine deficiency)

A

↑ thiaminase
Causes polioencephalomalacia in horses (bracken staggers)

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13
Q

T/F: cattle are resistant to thiamine deficiency

A

TRUE
due to production of thiamine in ruminal flora

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14
Q

Yellow star thistle

A

Centaurea solstitialis, Rhaponticum repens (russian knapweed)
Causes Chewing dz in horses

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15
Q

CS of yellow star thistle toxicosis

A

Difficult in prehension of food and water
Death from starvation

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16
Q

Lesions of yellow star thistle

A

Malacic lesions in the globus pallidus and substantia nigra (nigropallidal encephalomalacia)

17
Q

Moldy corn toxicosis

A

Corn contaminated with Fusarium moniliforme fungus
Fumonisin B1 toxin produced
Equine and rabbits most susceptible

18
Q

__________________ is associated with moldy corn and is the cause of _______________

A

Leukoencephalomalacia
Porcine pulmonary edema

19
Q

CS of moldy corn toxicosis

A

Drowsiness, impaired vision, pharyngeal paralysis, weakness, circling, staggering

20
Q

Perennial ryegrass toxicity (ryegrass staggers) pathogenesis

A

Ryegrass infected with epichloe festucae
Ca-acting K+ channel inhibitor → prolonged depolar. and sustained motor end plate impulses

21
Q

Botulism

A

From C. bolulinum that produces toxins → release of ACh At NT junctions
In decaying carcasses and vegetation

21
Q

Perennial ryegrass toxicity

A

In horses, cattle, sheep and camelids
In pacific NW

21
Q

Perennial ryegrass toxicity CS

A

Muscle tremors starting @ face
Hypermetric gait, ataxia
Recumbency
Signs from loud noises, being frightened or exercise

21
Q

Tetanus (lockjaw) pathogenesis

A

C. tetani that produces toxin → internalized by presyn. termininays @ NJ and transported retrograde to the SC → blocks NT release from spinal inhibitory neurons

22
Q

CS of Botulism

A

Flaccid muscle paralysis, resp. distress then death

23
Q

Tetanus (Lockjaw)

A

Wound contamination with contaminated soil

24
Q

CS of Tetanus

A

Spastic paralysis, hypertonicity, hyperstimulatory
Saw horse stance

25
Q

Degenerative diseases

A

Progressive loss of destruction of neurons
Cerebellar abiotrophy of foals, equine myeloencephalopathy, equine motor dz

26
Q

Cerebellar abiotrophy of foals

A

Progressive neurodegenerative dz of cerebellar neurons
Autosomal recessive
Arabians and their cross breeds affected

27
Q

CS of Cerebellar abiotrophy of foals

A

Normal @ birth, starts 6w-18m
Head tremor, ataxia, falling, wide-based stance, difficult rising, exaggerated gait

28
Q

Equine Degenerative Myeloencephalopathy (equine neuroaxonal dystrophy)

A

Progressive degeneration of spinal neurons, axons and myelin → ataxia and weakness
Developed in the first year of life
Associated with Vit. E deficiency and genetic predisposition

29
Q

Prevention of Equine Degenerative Myeloencephalopathy

A

Dam and foals have access to green pasture
Measure serum from alpha-tocopherol (Vt. E supplementation need)

30
Q

Equine motor dz

A

Progressive degeneration of LMN in horses >2yr
Quarter horses
Prolonged Vit. E deficiency

31
Q

CS of equine motor dz

A

Weakness, trembling, shifting pelvic limbs, muscle atrophy
Hindlimb under body with head lowered

32
Q

Lesions of equine motor dz

A

Degenerative lesions in the sarcodorsalis cadualis muscle or spinal accessory nerve

.pathology (20 decks)

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