Lower resp. diseases of ruminants and equine

Question 1

Lower respiratory distribution

Answer 1

Cranial ventral fibrin, suppurative: bacteria
In lung parenchyma: viral
Multifocal and nodular: neoplasia

Question 2

Bovine enzootic pneumonia (calf pneumonia)

Answer 2

Begins with an acute resp. viral infection or Mycoplasma sp.

Question 3

What causes bovine enzootic pneumonia

Answer 3

From environment (poor ventilation, humidity, crowing) or genetic predispositions (BLAD)

Question 4

Bovine respiratory syncytial virus

Answer 4

Pneumovirus, resp. disease in cattle
Interstitial pneumonia with necrosis of bronchioles, bronchi and alveolar epithelium
Multi-nucleated cells with intracytoplasmic IBS

Question 5

Shipping fever

Answer 5

Acute resp. disease in cattle
M. haemolytica and P.multocida
Poor nutrition, fatigue, extreme conditions, shipping and viral infection

Question 6

M. haemolytica

Answer 6

Biotype A causes severe lesions
Alone incapable of causing disease due to rapid clearance

Question 7

Gross appearance of an animal with shipping fever

Answer 7

Fibrinous bronchopneumonia, fibrous pleuritis, pleural effusion, distension of interlobular septae by fibrin and edema, fibrous adhesions (chornic)

Question 8

Histopathic lesions of shipping fever

Answer 8

Areas of necrosis rimmed by degenerate neutrophils (oat cells), macros, edema and fibrin

Question 9

Histophilus Somni

Answer 9

Colonizes nasal cavity of normal cattle
Stress predisoposes to infection
Small, G- coccobacillus

Question 10

H. Somni can survive in ____________

Answer 10

Bovine monocytes

Question 11

Respiratory histophilosis

Answer 11

Produces suppurative and fibrinous bronchopneumonia
Predisposing conditions are stress or viral infection

Question 12

Mycobacterium

Answer 12

G+ rod, acid fast stain
Prevents lysosomal activity → survives in macros

Question 13

What do mycobacterium produce

Answer 13

Tubercle with aggregates of macros, lymphos, and multinucleated giant cells in LNs and @ primary site

Question 14

Tuberculosis

Answer 14

Cattle with M. bovis
Humans infected by drinking unpasteurized milk
Inhalation of organism and spread through lymphatics

Question 15

Gross lesions of tuberculosis

Answer 15

Nodules on lungs and pleura → emaciation
Central necrosis and suppuration

Question 16

Histopath lesions of tuberculosis

Answer 16

Granulomatous response
Macros and giant cells surrounding a center of necrosis
Mineralization

Question 17

Acute bovine pulmonary edema and emphysema

Answer 17

Atypical interstitial pneumonia
Caused by pneumotoxins and hypersensitivity rx (environment and reinfected with D. viviparous)

Question 18

Pneumotoxins causing edema and emphysema

Answer 18

Lush green pasutre
Moldy sweet potato
Perilla mint

Question 19

Ovine Pneumonic manheimiosis

Answer 19

Similar to shipping fever
Most common and significant resp. disease of sheep
M. haemolytica present with Biberstenia trehalosi → septicemic pasteurellosis

Question 20

What causes septicemic pasteurellosis

Answer 20

B. trehalosi in sheep >5 months
M. haemolytica in sheep <2 months

Question 21

Effects of septicemic pasteurellosis

Answer 21

Necrotizing pharyngitis and tonsillitis
Pulmonary congestion and edema with petecchiation
Hepatic necrosis

Question 22

Ovine progressive pneumonia (visna/ maedi virus)

Answer 22

Small ruminant lentivirus
Transmitted via ingestion of colostrum and inhalation of resp. secretion
Persistent life-long infection of sheep

Question 23

Cs of ovine progressive pneumonia

Answer 23

Dyspnea and progressive emaciation with good appetite
Death inevitable once signs develop
Maedi (shortness of breath)

Question 24

Lesions of OPP

Answer 24

Gross: severe interstitial pneumonia, lungs fail to collapse , rib imprints in lung tissue
Histo: infiltration of lymphos

Question 25

Caprine arthritis- encephalitis (CAE)

Answer 25

Small ruminant lentivirus- retroviral disease of goats
Can cause lymphocytic interstitial pneumonia

Question 26

Forms of CAE

Answer 26

CNS of kids: nonsuppurative leukoencephalomyelitis
Joints of adults: nonsuppurative arthritis and synovitis

Question 27

Which bacteria causes Tuberculosis in small ruminants

Answer 27

M. bovis or M. avium

Question 28

Equine influenza

Answer 28

Orthomyxovirus Type A influenza virus
Reportable
Mild self-limiting interstitial to bronchointerstitial pneumonia

Question 29

Equine viral rhinopneumonitis

Answer 29

Weanlings between 4-8months
Equine herpesvirus 1 and 4
Bronchointerstitial pneumonia associated with secondary bacteria infections

Question 30

Equine viral arteritis (EVA)

Answer 30

Arterivirus
Transmitted by vectors (mosquitos), resp. route and venearal

Question 31

Lesions of EVA

Answer 31

Serous or mucopurulent rhinitis, conjunctivitis, palpebral edema, hemorrhage
Vasculitis, interstitial pneumonia with hyperplasia of type 2 pneumocytes

Question 32

Rhodococcosis

Answer 32

Cause of morbidity and mortality in foals
Associated with immunosuppression
Causes fatal bronchopneumonia and ulcerative enterocolitis

Question 33

Pathogenesis of Rhodococcosis

Answer 33

Enter lung → destruction of macros → release of bacterial cytotoxins → extensive necrosis
Pyogranulomatous pneumonia and lymphadentitis with abscesses

Question 34

Chlamydophila psittaci

Answer 34

Lime green diarrhea, keratoconjunctivitis, etc.

Question 35

Pneumocystis carinii and adenovirus

Answer 35

Combined immunodeficiency (CID) foals
Large basophilic intranuclear inclusions (adeno)
Eosinophilic granular exudate in alveolar spaces (pneumocystis)