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.pathology > Skeletal Diseases > Flashcards

Skeletal Diseases Flashcards

1
Q

Osteoblasts

A

Bone formimg cells that produce the organic matrix (single nuclei)

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2
Q

Osteocytes

A

In lacunae
Regulates minute to minute Ca flux with osteoblasts

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3
Q

Osteoclasts

A

Bone removing cells (multinucleate)
Restores bone by secreting H+ and metalloproteinases

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4
Q

____________ is up inhibitor of osteoclasts

A

Calcitonin

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5
Q

Endochondrial ossification

A

Bone forms and replaces a cartilage model

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6
Q

Osteoclasts bone resorption

A

Activation of osteoblasts —> resorption of lamina limitans —> exposure of mineralized tissue for osteoclasts —> attachment of osteoclast and resorption

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7
Q

What stimulates osteoclast activity?

A

PTH
Tension on bone
IL1, IL6, TNFa, PGE2a, RANK, Ligand

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8
Q

Deformities/ anomalies of development

A

Abnorm. Modeling into appropriate shape
Inadequate growth during development
Defective endochondral ossification @ physis of articular- epiphyseal complexes
Genetic and acquired

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9
Q

Types of chondrodysplasia and skeletal dysplasia

A

Dwarfism
Angular deformities (foals and sheep)
Amelia/ hemimelia
Skull/ mandible abnormalities (prognathism, brachygnathism, chiari malformation)

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10
Q

What causes chondrodysplasia and skeletal dysplasia?

A

Genetic defects
Teratogens (veratrum californicum and thalidomide)
Nutritional abnormalities (iodine deficient goiter in foals)

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11
Q

Osteochondrosis (dissecans)

A

Focal defect in endochondral ossification
Articular- Epiphyseal (AE) complex —> OCD
Disease of animals bred to rapid long bone growth

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12
Q

Lesions associated with OCD

A

Plug of necrotic cartilage
Defect/ flap of articular cartilage
Uneven joint surface and subchondral bone

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13
Q

OCD pathogenesis

A

Premature vessel closure —> AE ischemia —> cartilage necrosis —> necrotic cartilage breaks free into joint

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14
Q

Loss of bone

A

Osteoclastic resorption exceeds bone production
Diffuse: osteoporosis and osteopenia
Focal: bone lysis

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15
Q

Hyperostosis

A

↑ amount of bone production
Caused by compression, periosteal/ endosteal injury

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16
Q

Osteosclerosis

A

Abnormally dense bone due to failure of osteoclasts (↓ # and activity of osteoclasts)

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17
Q

Osteopetrosis

A

Diffuse osteosclerosis
Marble bone disease
Defective osteoclast bone resorption (no trabeculae)

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18
Q

Fractures

A

Fx through the physis results in premature closure
Fx healing → callus formation
Remodeling

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19
Q

Osteoporosis

A

Atrophy of bone (& mineralized cancellous bone)
↑ resorption than formation
Causes: lack of vit. D

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20
Q

What causes osteoporosis?

A

Normal aging, malnutrition, excess Vit. A, deficiencies of Ca and P, disuse, parasitism, declining estrogen

21
Q

Gross lesions associated with osteoporsis?

A

↑ fragility
Reduction in cancellous bone and thinning of cortices of compact bone
Enlargement of marrow cavities

22
Q

Histo lesions associated with osteoporosis?

A

Reduction in #s of trabeculae
Abnormal activity of osteoblasts and osteoclasts

23
Q

Osteopenia

A

↓ in bone density and mass with no CS

24
Q

Osteomalacia

A

Softened bone (membranous bone formation)
In adult animals
Excessive bone resorption + unmineralized osteoid
Deficient in Vit. D or calcium

25
Q

Rickets

A

Softened, bowed bones (endochondral and membranous bone)
In juvenile animals
Failure of deposition of Ca salts in the matrixes
Deficient in Vit. D or calcium

26
Q

Rickets pathogenesis

A

Chondrocytes proliferate and don’t mature and degenerate → cartilage retained and widens growth plate

27
Q

Gross lesions of rickets

A

Enlargement of ends of long bones and costo-chondral articulations
Epiphyseal cartilage wide
Bones soft (severe)

28
Q

Fibrous osteodystrophy (FOD)

A

Prolonged hyperparathyroidism
↑ osteoclastic resorption of bone
Deposition of immature fibrous tissue, IM and periosteal

29
Q

What causes Fibrous osteodystrophy?

A

Any mechanism that ↓ serum Ca: low dietary Ca, high dietary P, Vit. D deficiency, chronic renal failure

30
Q

Toxic osteodystrophies

A

Hypervitaminosis A and D
Lead intoxication

31
Q

Lesions associated with Fibrous osteodystrophy

A

Diffuse osteoclastic bone resorption
Proliferation of fibrous tissue in bone

32
Q

Nutritional FOD

A

↓ dietary Ca or ↑ dietary P
↓ Vit. D → ↓ serum Ca → ↑ PTH

33
Q

Species affected by nutrional FOD

A

Horses with high bran diet (High P) → big head disease
Dogs, reptile with all meat diet (high P)
Reptiles with all fruit diet (low Ca)

34
Q

Renal FOD

A

↓ TGFR → ↑ serum P (can’t excrete) → ↓ D3 production ↓ serum Ca →↑ PTH → secondary soft tissue mineralization (nephrocalcinosis)

35
Q

Fibrous osterodystrophy is associated with __________

A

Parathyroid adenoma (check the kidneys and parathyroid glands!!)

36
Q

Gross effects of FOD

A

Bone pliable
Changes in bones of face and mandible (thickened)- in horses and dogs

37
Q

Microscopic effects of FOD

A

Haversian canals enlarged
Osteoclasts line receding bone
Spaces OG with calcified bone now have fibrous CT

38
Q

Hypovitaminosis D

A

Physeal chondrodystrophy (Rickets)
Osteomalacia
FOD

39
Q

Osteonecrosis

A

Death of bone cells and medullary tissue
Due to ischemia, bacterial toxins, heat and cold
Necrotic bone in situ until osteoclastic removal

40
Q

Osteitis

A

Inflammation of the bone

41
Q

Periosteitis

A

Inflammation of the periosteum and medullary cavity

42
Q

Osteromyelitits

A

Inflammation of the medullary cavity and bone

43
Q

Parts of the joint capsule

A

Fibrous layer, loos fibrovascular layer and synoviocyte layer

44
Q

What makes up the articular cartilage?

A

Chondrocytes
Collagen matrix
Proteoglycan/ GAG matrix
Water

45
Q

___________ is the nutritional source for chondrocytes

A

Synovial fluid

46
Q

Chondromalacia

A

Thinning and fibrillation of cartilage due to matrix loss
↑ wear and tear due to loss of lubrication

47
Q

Eburnation

A

Subchondral bone hyperstosis
↑ focal compression on subchondral plate due to loss of cartilage and abnormal joint loading

48
Q

Joint response to inflammation

A

Synovial villi hypertrophy
↑ synovial fluid volume
↓ synovial fluid viscosity
Fibrinous exudate
Neutrophil-rich exudate
Neutrophil enzymes → cartilage erosion
Septic artritis in more than one joint

.pathology (20 decks)

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