Respiratory System Introduction Flashcards

1
Q

Conductive system

A

Nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx and bronchi
Pseudostratified columnar or ciliated columnar
Secretory goblet and serous cells

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2
Q

Function of the conductive system

A

Produce mucus layer to trap larger particles

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3
Q

Transitional system

A

Bronchioles (no cartilage or glands)
Clara cells (detoxification of xenobiotics and produce surfactant)

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4
Q

Function of the transitional system

A

Transition between the conductive and gas exchange systems

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5
Q

Gas exchange system

A

Alveoli
Type 1 pneumocytes: gas exchange
Type 2 pneumocytes: proliferative ability, maintain alveolar fluid balance, produce surfactant, metabolize xenobiotics

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6
Q

Function of the bronchi and bronchioles

A

Anti-inflammatory and microbial products
Mucocilary apparatus
Metabolization and surfactant production

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7
Q

Function of the alveoli

A

Gas exchange and surfactant production

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8
Q

Lung

A

Rapid gas exchange (in alveolus)

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9
Q

Ciliated cells

A

Expels mucus, inhaled particles and microbes by ciliary action

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10
Q

Mucus

A

Traps inhaled particles and microbes, neutralize soluble gases

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11
Q

Surfactant

A

Protects alveolar walls and enhances phagocytosis

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12
Q

Lysozymes

A

Antimicrobial enzyme

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13
Q

Abs

A

Prevents microbial attachment to cell membranes
Opsonization (bacteria rendered more susceptible to phagocytosis)

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14
Q

Transferrin and lactoferrin

A

Suppression of bacterial growth

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15
Q

Alveolar macrophage

A

Phagocytosis, main line of defense against inhaled particles and microbes

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16
Q

Inflammation

A

Rhinitis (inflamm of the nasal mucosa)
Sinusitis (inflamm of the sinuses)
Occur together: rhinosinusitis with nasal discharge

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17
Q

Serous rhinitis

A

Mildest form
Hyperemia of mucosa
↑ production of clear fluid

18
Q

What is serous rhnitis caused by?

A

Mild irritants or cold air, early stages of viral infection or mild allergic reactions

19
Q

Catarrhal Rhinitis

A

More severe than serous
Secretion of serous substance mixed with mucus

20
Q

Mucus of catarrhal rhinitis

A

Due to↑ goblet cell activity
Thick, translucent or slightly turbid exudate
Leukocytes and cells debris

21
Q

Suppurative rhinitis

A

From serve injury, associated with mucosal necrosis and secondary bacterial infections
Neutrophilic exudate (thick, opaque from white to green)

22
Q

Fibrinous rhinitis

A

When nasal injury causes a severe ↑ in vascular permeability
Yellow, tan or grey rubbery mat on nasal mucosa

23
Q

Types of fibrinous rhinitis

A

Diphtheritic: removal = ulcerated mucosa
Pseudodiptheritic: removal= mucosa intact

24
Q

Granulomatous rhinitis

A

Infiltration of macrophages, lymphocytes and plasma cells int he mucosa and submucosa
Assoc with systemic fungal diseases, tuberculosis or FB

25
Granulomatous rhinitis may lead to the formation of _____________
Polyp
26
What bacteria causes granulomatous rhinitis?
Rhinosporidium seeberi
27
Sinusitis
Secondary to septic wounds, improper dehorning or tooth infections
28
Chronic sinusitis may lead to...
Osteomyelitis or extend through the bone causing meningitis or encephalitis
29
Classification of pneumonia
Bronchopneumonia (bacteria) Interstitial (virus) Embolic (bacteria or tumor) Granulomatous (fungal) Verminous (parasitic)
30
Bronchopneumonia
Firm/ hard texture Cranioventral distribution Initial injury on mucosa of bronchioles → deep alveoli or up to bronchi
31
CS of Bronchopneumonia
Inflammatory cells Necrotic cell debris Edema and hemorrhage within airways
32
What causes Bronchopneumonia?
Bacteria via inhalation Manheimia haemolytica, histophilus somni, actinobacillus pleuropneomiae, mycoplasma
33
Interstitial Pneumonia
Rubbery/ elastic texture Diffuse distribution Result of hematogenous agents (aerogenous injury, virus, toxic gases) Complicated by secondary bacterial pneumonia
34
CS of interstitial pneumonia
Chronic form results in alveolar fibrosis, hyperplasia of type 2 pneumocytes and lymphocytic inflammation
35
Where does interstitial pneumonia injury take place?
Any layer of the alveolar walls and the bronchiolar interstitium
36
Granulomatous pneumonia
Locally to multi focally extensive and nodular Central necrosis +/- mineralization Fungal etiology, entry aerogenous or hematogenous
37
What's significant about the agents causing granulomatous pneumonia
Resistant to killing by phagocytic cells Cryptococcus, coccidiodes, histoplasma and blastomyces with mycobactrium and rhodococcus
38
Embolic pneumonia
Widespread and multifocal distribution Abscesses common sequelae Common source: valvular endocarditis (right side of heart) Metastatic neoplasia embolic
39
Verminous pneumonia
Caudodorsal distribution
40
Gritty/ granular texture
Mineralization