Respiratory System Introduction

Question 1

Conductive system

Answer 1

Nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx and bronchi
Pseudostratified columnar or ciliated columnar
Secretory goblet and serous cells

Question 2

Function of the conductive system

Answer 2

Produce mucus layer to trap larger particles

Question 3

Transitional system

Answer 3

Bronchioles (no cartilage or glands)
Clara cells (detoxification of xenobiotics and produce surfactant)

Question 4

Function of the transitional system

Answer 4

Transition between the conductive and gas exchange systems

Question 5

Gas exchange system

Answer 5

Alveoli
Type 1 pneumocytes: gas exchange
Type 2 pneumocytes: proliferative ability, maintain alveolar fluid balance, produce surfactant, metabolize xenobiotics

Question 6

Function of the bronchi and bronchioles

Answer 6

Anti-inflammatory and microbial products
Mucocilary apparatus
Metabolization and surfactant production

Question 7

Function of the alveoli

Answer 7

Gas exchange and surfactant production

Question 8

Lung

Answer 8

Rapid gas exchange (in alveolus)

Question 9

Ciliated cells

Answer 9

Expels mucus, inhaled particles and microbes by ciliary action

Question 10

Mucus

Answer 10

Traps inhaled particles and microbes, neutralize soluble gases

Question 11

Surfactant

Answer 11

Protects alveolar walls and enhances phagocytosis

Question 12

Lysozymes

Answer 12

Antimicrobial enzyme

Question 13

Abs

Answer 13

Prevents microbial attachment to cell membranes
Opsonization (bacteria rendered more susceptible to phagocytosis)

Question 14

Transferrin and lactoferrin

Answer 14

Suppression of bacterial growth

Question 15

Alveolar macrophage

Answer 15

Phagocytosis, main line of defense against inhaled particles and microbes

Question 16

Inflammation

Answer 16

Rhinitis (inflamm of the nasal mucosa)
Sinusitis (inflamm of the sinuses)
Occur together: rhinosinusitis with nasal discharge

Question 17

Serous rhinitis

Answer 17

Mildest form
Hyperemia of mucosa
↑ production of clear fluid

Question 18

What is serous rhnitis caused by?

Answer 18

Mild irritants or cold air, early stages of viral infection or mild allergic reactions

Question 19

Catarrhal Rhinitis

Answer 19

More severe than serous
Secretion of serous substance mixed with mucus

Question 20

Mucus of catarrhal rhinitis

Answer 20

Due to↑ goblet cell activity
Thick, translucent or slightly turbid exudate
Leukocytes and cells debris

Question 21

Suppurative rhinitis

Answer 21

From serve injury, associated with mucosal necrosis and secondary bacterial infections
Neutrophilic exudate (thick, opaque from white to green)

Question 22

Fibrinous rhinitis

Answer 22

When nasal injury causes a severe ↑ in vascular permeability
Yellow, tan or grey rubbery mat on nasal mucosa

Question 23

Types of fibrinous rhinitis

Answer 23

Diphtheritic: removal = ulcerated mucosa
Pseudodiptheritic: removal= mucosa intact

Question 24

Granulomatous rhinitis

Answer 24

Infiltration of macrophages, lymphocytes and plasma cells int he mucosa and submucosa
Assoc with systemic fungal diseases, tuberculosis or FB

Question 25

Granulomatous rhinitis may lead to the formation of _____________

Answer 25

Polyp

Question 26

What bacteria causes granulomatous rhinitis?

Answer 26

Rhinosporidium seeberi

Question 27

Sinusitis

Answer 27

Secondary to septic wounds, improper dehorning or tooth infections

Question 28

Chronic sinusitis may lead to…

Answer 28

Osteomyelitis or extend through the bone causing meningitis or encephalitis

Question 29

Classification of pneumonia

Answer 29

Bronchopneumonia (bacteria)
Interstitial (virus)
Embolic (bacteria or tumor)
Granulomatous (fungal)
Verminous (parasitic)

Question 30

Bronchopneumonia

Answer 30

Firm/ hard texture
Cranioventral distribution
Initial injury on mucosa of bronchioles → deep alveoli or up to bronchi

Question 31

CS of Bronchopneumonia

Answer 31

Inflammatory cells
Necrotic cell debris
Edema and hemorrhage within airways

Question 32

What causes Bronchopneumonia?

Answer 32

Bacteria via inhalation
Manheimia haemolytica, histophilus somni, actinobacillus pleuropneomiae, mycoplasma

Question 33

Interstitial Pneumonia

Answer 33

Rubbery/ elastic texture
Diffuse distribution
Result of hematogenous agents (aerogenous injury, virus, toxic gases)
Complicated by secondary bacterial pneumonia

Question 34

CS of interstitial pneumonia

Answer 34

Chronic form results in alveolar fibrosis, hyperplasia of type 2 pneumocytes and lymphocytic inflammation

Question 35

Where does interstitial pneumonia injury take place?

Answer 35

Any layer of the alveolar walls and the bronchiolar interstitium

Question 36

Granulomatous pneumonia

Answer 36

Locally to multi focally extensive and nodular
Central necrosis +/- mineralization
Fungal etiology, entry aerogenous or hematogenous

Question 37

What’s significant about the agents causing granulomatous pneumonia

Answer 37

Resistant to killing by phagocytic cells
Cryptococcus, coccidiodes, histoplasma and blastomyces with mycobactrium and rhodococcus

Question 38

Embolic pneumonia

Answer 38

Widespread and multifocal distribution
Abscesses common sequelae
Common source: valvular endocarditis (right side of heart)
Metastatic neoplasia embolic

Question 39

Verminous pneumonia

Answer 39

Caudodorsal distribution

Question 40

Gritty/ granular texture

Answer 40

Mineralization