Respiratory System Introduction Flashcards
Conductive system
Nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx and bronchi
Pseudostratified columnar or ciliated columnar
Secretory goblet and serous cells
Function of the conductive system
Produce mucus layer to trap larger particles
Transitional system
Bronchioles (no cartilage or glands)
Clara cells (detoxification of xenobiotics and produce surfactant)
Function of the transitional system
Transition between the conductive and gas exchange systems
Gas exchange system
Alveoli
Type 1 pneumocytes: gas exchange
Type 2 pneumocytes: proliferative ability, maintain alveolar fluid balance, produce surfactant, metabolize xenobiotics
Function of the bronchi and bronchioles
Anti-inflammatory and microbial products
Mucocilary apparatus
Metabolization and surfactant production
Function of the alveoli
Gas exchange and surfactant production
Lung
Rapid gas exchange (in alveolus)
Ciliated cells
Expels mucus, inhaled particles and microbes by ciliary action
Mucus
Traps inhaled particles and microbes, neutralize soluble gases
Surfactant
Protects alveolar walls and enhances phagocytosis
Lysozymes
Antimicrobial enzyme
Abs
Prevents microbial attachment to cell membranes
Opsonization (bacteria rendered more susceptible to phagocytosis)
Transferrin and lactoferrin
Suppression of bacterial growth
Alveolar macrophage
Phagocytosis, main line of defense against inhaled particles and microbes
Inflammation
Rhinitis (inflamm of the nasal mucosa)
Sinusitis (inflamm of the sinuses)
Occur together: rhinosinusitis with nasal discharge
Serous rhinitis
Mildest form
Hyperemia of mucosa
↑ production of clear fluid
What is serous rhnitis caused by?
Mild irritants or cold air, early stages of viral infection or mild allergic reactions
Catarrhal Rhinitis
More severe than serous
Secretion of serous substance mixed with mucus
Mucus of catarrhal rhinitis
Due to↑ goblet cell activity
Thick, translucent or slightly turbid exudate
Leukocytes and cells debris
Suppurative rhinitis
From serve injury, associated with mucosal necrosis and secondary bacterial infections
Neutrophilic exudate (thick, opaque from white to green)
Fibrinous rhinitis
When nasal injury causes a severe ↑ in vascular permeability
Yellow, tan or grey rubbery mat on nasal mucosa
Types of fibrinous rhinitis
Diphtheritic: removal = ulcerated mucosa
Pseudodiptheritic: removal= mucosa intact
Granulomatous rhinitis
Infiltration of macrophages, lymphocytes and plasma cells int he mucosa and submucosa
Assoc with systemic fungal diseases, tuberculosis or FB