Stimulants caffeine Flashcards
1
Q
how we we usually define stimulants
A
drug effects
2
Q
what are the different ways we operationalize stimulants
A
biological= medical behavioural= psychological
3
Q
a substance that raises levels of physiological or nervous activity (CNS) in the body.:T
A
biological/ medical definition of a stimulant
4
Q
T: Chemicals that induce temporary improvements in mental/physical function
A
psychological / behavioural definition
5
Q
what is the purpose of the biological definition
A
can be quantified by counts and limits
6
Q
how is the biological definition paradoxical
A
suppressant enhances inhibition
7
Q
T: Mimic/simulate activity of the sympathetic nervous
system
A
sympathomimetic
8
Q
what are the 2 effects stimulants have on the CNS
A
- Physiological arousal of “fight or flight”
2. Parasympathetic suppression
9
Q
what is an effect of the physiological arousal = sympa
A
alert and aroused = positive mood
10
Q
what is an effect of the parasympathetic suppression suppression
A
• Anorectic effects (appetite suppressant)
11
Q
the behavioural improvements to function mean improved accuracy
A
f faster and more if it
12
Q
Behav: what determines the subjective effects of stimulants
A
determined by ranges, comparisons to baseline= fine line between arousal that causes happy mood vs panic
13
Q
“Improvement” is dependant on … of behaviour
A
functionality
14
Q
why don’t we opperationlize based on mood?
A
because fine line between happy and panic but this relates to function= Alert vs. Anxious
15
Q
ambiguity in arousal. what is the effect of this
A
Ambiguity in attribution may allow for different interpretation
16
Q
Behav: T: emotion is equivalent to the range of physiological arousal caused by external events
A
James Lange theory of emotion
17
Q
Characteristics of stimulants: main 2?
A
speed accuracy trade off
state dependant memory
18
Q
T: Memory retrieval is more efficient under similar
conditions to memory encoding
A
state dependant memory
19
Q
T: how fast a task can be performed and how many mistakes are made in performing the task
A
speed accuracy tradeoff
20
Q
what is the debate with state depedant memory
A
does it have to do with encoding, consolidation, retrieval, or all?
21
Q
Formation of neuronal pathway is aversively affected with stimulant use on … what stage
A
state dependant memory (encoding)
22
Q
in state department memory Consolidative mechanisms do not show selectivity due to …, what stage?
A
hyperactivation
consolidation
23
Q
what in state department memory would this effect occur failure to get back to memory
A
retrieval
24
Q
what behaviours does speed accuracy tradeoff aid vs lead to worse performance
A
new behaviour (don’t see tradeoff for learned behaviours)
25
T: faster you do something the worse you will preform
speed accuracy trade off
26
technical name of caffeine?
(Methyl)xanthines
27
T: methylxanthines Naturally found in plants and human body
alkaloid
28
what does it mean to say methylxanthines are organic- solvent soluble
solvent soluble, moderately water-soluble, bind to things you put in your latte
29
through an evolutionary lens why would caffeine be in plants
bi-directional relationship between plants and
| humans= eat or be eaten!!
30
caffeine is Generally poisonous at larger amounts
yes
31
what are the metabolites of caffeine
theophylline and theobromine
32
what is the name of the chemical compound that then effects your body after caffeine and its metabolites act on body
paraxanthine
33
if protein powder says its caffeine free how do they still get you with caffeine
add theobromine or theophylline and the metabolites are active
34
why do you get such long lasting effects off caffeine
drug and metabolites both active
35
what are the 3 NT caffeine is structurally similar to
Structurally similar to Serotonin, Histamine, Dopamine
36
how does caffeines similarity to dopamine influence function
wanting
37
how does caffeines similarity to serotonin influence function
good mood
38
how does caffeines similarity to histamine influence function
sleep wake
39
T: A chemical used by a neuron to communicate to other neurons about their function
neuromodulator
40
neuromodulators acitvate neurons as well
f only communicate
41
2 things neuromodulators regulate?
gene expression and set points
42
what is the neuromodulator used in caffeine
adenosine
43
if neuromodulators don't directly affect firing what 3 things do they do
formation look and activation of firing of other neurones
44
what kind of effect does adenosine have
inhibitory
45
what does adenosine do
saturates receptors and gives you tired feeling
46
where are the places adenosine communicates to and what does is effected there
brainstem =striatum = sleep wake cycle
47
what are the behavioural effects of adenosine effect on glutamate receptors
excitatory neurotransmitter that is released by nerve cells in the brain. It is responsible for sending signals between nerve cells, and under normal conditions it plays an important role in learning and memory= when your tired you are out of it
48
where are the 3 areas adenosine has its inhibitory effects
sleep/ arousal
cognition/ memory/ learning
everywhere else in body
49
why can't you learn while you're tired
dopamine system needed to code for reward can't act with adenosine sitting on it
50
what brain area and what receptor does adenosine inhibit to hinder cognition memory and learning
– hippocampus
| – Dopamine Antagonist
51
caffeine is excitatory
f its antagonizing an antagonist= why you feel fake up
52
what are the adenosine receptors
A1, A2, A2a, A3
53
what is the Adenosine (A1) receptor associated with
Slowing metabolic function
54
A1 what are the behavioural effects of adenosine Slowing metabolic function
it is priority everything else stops = sleep while driving
55
A1 T: Retrograde messenger in the synapse that has to do with building receptor channels on membrane
NMDA
56
A1 what does adenosine do to NMDA
Postsynaptic depression of NMDA* receptor= stop building other receptor channels
57
A1 what does NMDA facilitate 2
memory, synaptic plasticity (hebbian learning)
58
A1 what does Caffeine dot NMDA
it keeps going
59
A1 what does caffeine do to metabolic system
keeps it going
60
A1 Caffeine facilitates memory and synaptic plasticity
t .. TOO A POINT!
61
A1 Hyper activation results in ...
inability to focus – “jitters”= James Lange
62
A1 caffeine causes migranes
f adenosine does caffine alleviates them by opening vasculature
63
A1 & A2a responsible for 2
O2 in blood especially to brain
| Reducing heart rate
64
why does caffeine be used in o2 deficit infant
gets O2 flowing to the brain
65
...2 used to avoid hypoxia (stimulate respiration)
caffeine and theophylline
66
why is taking coffee after your meds a bad idea
caffeine limits permeability of blood brain barrier
67
adenosine closes the blood brain barrier
f Opening the blood-brain barrier
68
where are A3 receptors and what do they do
on cancerous skin cells Can be used to inhibit melanoma cells= collapse with adenosine antagonism
69
what does caffeines effects on A3 cells effect
interfere with destruction of cancer cells
70
T: adenosine receptor used as a Anti-inflammatory agent
A2a
71
so what does caffeine on A2a do
Caffeine would thus allow inflammation, however it also directly promotes inflammation reduction
72
caffeine and ... plants are cousin plants
cocaine
73
can you get addicted to cocaine 3 reasons
yes system begins to tolerate chemical
dopaminergic system
adrenaline= attention arousal
74
2 main behavioural effects of coffee
mood elation or performance enhancement
75
can makes you feel happy and alert because of dopamine
f dopamine makes you feel rewarded not happy
76
why does cafe increase mood
reward feels good and placebo feel better by comparison
77
does caffeine actually improve performance
yes and no
78
when does caffeine enhance performance
```
boring and simple tasks where you otherwise would have quit
decreases fatigue (still = tired)
```
79
when does caffeine inhibit performance
disruptive in
complex tasks= frustrated
physical tasks
80
e.g. which finger to move? learning pattern and moving fast but not correctly
physical taks
81
difference between fatigue and tired
tired is feeling fatigue is observable
82
if you are still =ly tired on caffeine why do people use it
still =ly tired (brain not moving as fast) just don't feel as bad about it
83
does caffeine have a sobering effect?
no still intoxicated and in fact stressing system out more
84
Absorption and Elimination is constant amount people and amounts
f highly variable and dose dependant
85
what are the 2 weird things in how different doses influence people
developmental stage
| time to peak
86
how does time to peak change across doses
it doesn't ! should though if you think of saturation
87
how does caffeine influence kids vs adults
children need more due to different function of adenosine
88
why Time to peak does not change across doses
don't know
89
what is the absorption and elimination of caffeine like
highly variable
90
2 things absorb and elimination of caffeine relies on
experience and dose dependance
91
more experience with caffeine results in shorter elimination and absorption time
f results in longer times
92
how does smoking cigarettes change caffeine absorption and elimination
more caffeine results in slower absorption and metabolism
93
due to the dose dependant responses in caffeine time to peak changes between doses
f always same
94
why does caffeine time to peak in blood not change
gated/ binding mechanism of caffeine
95
dose dependance: what makes the concentration levels and time of caffeine decrease
presence of other sugars
96
do smokers eliminate coffee faster or slower
faster
97
do you get tolerance and withdrawal with caffeine
for physiological effects yes but not psychological ones
98
4 problems that confuse our understanding of tolerance and withdrawl mechanisms in caffeine ?
– variability of absorption (sugar metabolism)
– poor operationalization of dosage (how much is too much?) – individual differences
• behavioural tolerance, patterns of use – small rates (11%)
99
do you need to consume large amounts of caffeine to have withdrawal
no
100
4 criteria for caffeine use disorder
tolerance
withdrawl
desire to quit/ control use
continued use
101
are there consistent patterns of withdrawl and compulsion in caffeine
no
102
is caffeine safe
according to FDA yes!
103
how many grams per day would you need for it to be toxic
10
104
how many cups of coffee is toxic = 10 grams
57
105
energy drinks are a combination of
xanthine and potentiators (enhance sensitization)
106
if an energy drink is advertised as low caffeine is it ?
might have Highly variable in Xanthine content
107
in energy drinks: Caffeine is listed only if added (but not ...
naturally occurring
108
3 things that are not measured in energy drinks
metabolites, precursors, compounds
109
in energy drinks: Panax Ginseng Root (...), Guarana Seed (....)
potentiator
| xanthines
110
how do you compare the potencies of energy drinks
you can't
111
2 timing effects of energy drinks
kindling and excitoxicity
112
T: neurons are damaged and killed by the overactivations of receptors for the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate
excitotoxicity
113
taurine in energy drinks is similar to ... what NT
GABA
114
how does GABA act differently in kids and adults
(GABA) Inhibitory neurotransmitter in adults/Excitatory in children
115
3 problems with adding taurine to drinks
excitotoxicity, dosage, developmental effects
116
T: drug used to reduce anxiety
anxiolytics
117
what has anxiolytic effects
Taurine
118
what's the problem with the anxiolytic effects of taurine
boycotts natural warning mechanism
119
the similarity of taurine to gaba can have what effect on memory
antero/retrograde amnesia
120
problem with amnesia caused by taurine
boycotts learning mechanism
121
what does GABA do to memory
can't remember things
122
what does it mean to say taurine is a neuroprotectant (how can it be protective)
• Inhibit glutamate-induced exitotoxicity= inhibitor in schizoids and mania
123
the fact that taurine is a Trophic & inhibitory modulator contributes to its ... properties
neuroprotectant
124
Altered in neuropsychiatric disorders
??
125
why is it neuroprotective that taurine is a antioxidant
prevent oxidative stress
126
what happens when you combine caffeine and taurine
synergistic effect = caffeine effects potentiated
127
with the synergistic effects of taurine and caffeine what happens to performance
Accuracy vs. RT (bad performance believe doing really well)
128
with the synergistic effects of taurine and caffeine what happens to heart rate
“aerobic” heart pattern= stress factor
129
with the synergistic effects of taurine and caffeine what happens to mood
increase it Feeling less ill/negative
130
with the synergistic effects of taurine and caffeine decreased pain tolerance
t
