Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

345A > Stimulants caffeine > Flashcards

Stimulants caffeine Flashcards

1
Q

how we we usually define stimulants

A

drug effects

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what are the different ways we operationalize stimulants

A 
biological= medical
behavioural= psychological
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

a substance that raises levels of physiological or nervous activity (CNS) in the body.:T

A

biological/ medical definition of a stimulant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

T: Chemicals that induce temporary improvements in mental/physical function

A

psychological / behavioural definition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what is the purpose of the biological definition

A

can be quantified by counts and limits

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

how is the biological definition paradoxical

A

suppressant enhances inhibition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

T: Mimic/simulate activity of the sympathetic nervous

system

A

sympathomimetic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what are the 2 effects stimulants have on the CNS

A
  1. Physiological arousal of “fight or flight”

2. Parasympathetic suppression

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what is an effect of the physiological arousal = sympa

A

alert and aroused = positive mood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what is an effect of the parasympathetic suppression suppression

A

• Anorectic effects (appetite suppressant)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

the behavioural improvements to function mean improved accuracy

A

f faster and more if it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Behav: what determines the subjective effects of stimulants

A

determined by ranges, comparisons to baseline= fine line between arousal that causes happy mood vs panic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

“Improvement” is dependant on … of behaviour

A

functionality

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

why don’t we opperationlize based on mood?

A

because fine line between happy and panic but this relates to function= Alert vs. Anxious

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

ambiguity in arousal. what is the effect of this

A

Ambiguity in attribution may allow for different interpretation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Behav: T: emotion is equivalent to the range of physiological arousal caused by external events

A

James Lange theory of emotion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Characteristics of stimulants: main 2?

A

speed accuracy trade off

state dependant memory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

T: Memory retrieval is more efficient under similar

conditions to memory encoding

A

state dependant memory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

T: how fast a task can be performed and how many mistakes are made in performing the task

A

speed accuracy tradeoff

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what is the debate with state depedant memory

A

does it have to do with encoding, consolidation, retrieval, or all?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Formation of neuronal pathway is aversively affected with stimulant use on … what stage

A

state dependant memory (encoding)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

in state department memory Consolidative mechanisms do not show selectivity due to …, what stage?

A

hyperactivation

consolidation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what in state department memory would this effect occur failure to get back to memory

A

retrieval

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what behaviours does speed accuracy tradeoff aid vs lead to worse performance

A

new behaviour (don’t see tradeoff for learned behaviours)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

T: faster you do something the worse you will preform

A

speed accuracy trade off

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

technical name of caffeine?

A

(Methyl)xanthines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

T: methylxanthines Naturally found in plants and human body

A

alkaloid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

what does it mean to say methylxanthines are organic- solvent soluble

A

solvent soluble, moderately water-soluble, bind to things you put in your latte

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

through an evolutionary lens why would caffeine be in plants

A

bi-directional relationship between plants and

humans= eat or be eaten!!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

caffeine is Generally poisonous at larger amounts

A

yes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

what are the metabolites of caffeine

A

theophylline and theobromine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

what is the name of the chemical compound that then effects your body after caffeine and its metabolites act on body

A

paraxanthine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

if protein powder says its caffeine free how do they still get you with caffeine

A

add theobromine or theophylline and the metabolites are active

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

why do you get such long lasting effects off caffeine

A

drug and metabolites both active

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

what are the 3 NT caffeine is structurally similar to

A

Structurally similar to Serotonin, Histamine, Dopamine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

how does caffeines similarity to dopamine influence function

A

wanting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

how does caffeines similarity to serotonin influence function

A

good mood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

how does caffeines similarity to histamine influence function

A

sleep wake

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

T: A chemical used by a neuron to communicate to other neurons about their function

A

neuromodulator

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

neuromodulators acitvate neurons as well

A

f only communicate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

2 things neuromodulators regulate?

A

gene expression and set points

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

what is the neuromodulator used in caffeine

A

adenosine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

if neuromodulators don’t directly affect firing what 3 things do they do

A

formation look and activation of firing of other neurones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

what kind of effect does adenosine have

A

inhibitory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

what does adenosine do

A

saturates receptors and gives you tired feeling

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

where are the places adenosine communicates to and what does is effected there

A

brainstem =striatum = sleep wake cycle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

what are the behavioural effects of adenosine effect on glutamate receptors

A

excitatory neurotransmitter that is released by nerve cells in the brain. It is responsible for sending signals between nerve cells, and under normal conditions it plays an important role in learning and memory= when your tired you are out of it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

where are the 3 areas adenosine has its inhibitory effects

A

sleep/ arousal
cognition/ memory/ learning
everywhere else in body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

why can’t you learn while you’re tired

A

dopamine system needed to code for reward can’t act with adenosine sitting on it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

what brain area and what receptor does adenosine inhibit to hinder cognition memory and learning

A

– hippocampus

– Dopamine Antagonist

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

caffeine is excitatory

A

f its antagonizing an antagonist= why you feel fake up

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

what are the adenosine receptors

A

A1, A2, A2a, A3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

what is the Adenosine (A1) receptor associated with

A

Slowing metabolic function

54
Q

A1 what are the behavioural effects of adenosine Slowing metabolic function

A

it is priority everything else stops = sleep while driving

55
Q

A1 T: Retrograde messenger in the synapse that has to do with building receptor channels on membrane

A

NMDA

56
Q

A1 what does adenosine do to NMDA

A

Postsynaptic depression of NMDA* receptor= stop building other receptor channels

57
Q

A1 what does NMDA facilitate 2

A

memory, synaptic plasticity (hebbian learning)

58
Q

A1 what does Caffeine dot NMDA

A

it keeps going

59
Q

A1 what does caffeine do to metabolic system

A

keeps it going

60
Q

A1 Caffeine facilitates memory and synaptic plasticity

A

t .. TOO A POINT!

61
Q

A1 Hyper activation results in …

A

inability to focus – “jitters”= James Lange

62
Q

A1 caffeine causes migranes

A

f adenosine does caffine alleviates them by opening vasculature

63
Q

A1 & A2a responsible for 2

A

O2 in blood especially to brain

Reducing heart rate

64
Q

why does caffeine be used in o2 deficit infant

A

gets O2 flowing to the brain

65
Q

…2 used to avoid hypoxia (stimulate respiration)

A

caffeine and theophylline

66
Q

why is taking coffee after your meds a bad idea

A

caffeine limits permeability of blood brain barrier

67
Q

adenosine closes the blood brain barrier

A

f Opening the blood-brain barrier

68
Q

where are A3 receptors and what do they do

A

on cancerous skin cells Can be used to inhibit melanoma cells= collapse with adenosine antagonism

69
Q

what does caffeines effects on A3 cells effect

A

interfere with destruction of cancer cells

70
Q

T: adenosine receptor used as a Anti-inflammatory agent

A

A2a

71
Q

so what does caffeine on A2a do

A

Caffeine would thus allow inflammation, however it also directly promotes inflammation reduction

72
Q

caffeine and … plants are cousin plants

A

cocaine

73
Q

can you get addicted to cocaine 3 reasons

A

yes system begins to tolerate chemical
dopaminergic system
adrenaline= attention arousal

74
Q

2 main behavioural effects of coffee

A

mood elation or performance enhancement

75
Q

can makes you feel happy and alert because of dopamine

A

f dopamine makes you feel rewarded not happy

76
Q

why does cafe increase mood

A

reward feels good and placebo feel better by comparison

77
Q

does caffeine actually improve performance

A

yes and no

78
Q

when does caffeine enhance performance

A 
boring and simple tasks where you otherwise would have quit 
decreases fatigue (still = tired)
79
Q

when does caffeine inhibit performance

A

disruptive in
complex tasks= frustrated
physical tasks

80
Q

e.g. which finger to move? learning pattern and moving fast but not correctly

A

physical taks

81
Q

difference between fatigue and tired

A

tired is feeling fatigue is observable

82
Q

if you are still =ly tired on caffeine why do people use it

A

still =ly tired (brain not moving as fast) just don’t feel as bad about it

83
Q

does caffeine have a sobering effect?

A

no still intoxicated and in fact stressing system out more

84
Q

Absorption and Elimination is constant amount people and amounts

A

f highly variable and dose dependant

85
Q

what are the 2 weird things in how different doses influence people

A

developmental stage

time to peak

86
Q

how does time to peak change across doses

A

it doesn’t ! should though if you think of saturation

87
Q

how does caffeine influence kids vs adults

A

children need more due to different function of adenosine

88
Q

why Time to peak does not change across doses

A

don’t know

89
Q

what is the absorption and elimination of caffeine like

A

highly variable

90
Q

2 things absorb and elimination of caffeine relies on

A

experience and dose dependance

91
Q

more experience with caffeine results in shorter elimination and absorption time

A

f results in longer times

92
Q

how does smoking cigarettes change caffeine absorption and elimination

A

more caffeine results in slower absorption and metabolism

93
Q

due to the dose dependant responses in caffeine time to peak changes between doses

A

f always same

94
Q

why does caffeine time to peak in blood not change

A

gated/ binding mechanism of caffeine

95
Q

dose dependance: what makes the concentration levels and time of caffeine decrease

A

presence of other sugars

96
Q

do smokers eliminate coffee faster or slower

A

faster

97
Q

do you get tolerance and withdrawal with caffeine

A

for physiological effects yes but not psychological ones

98
Q

4 problems that confuse our understanding of tolerance and withdrawl mechanisms in caffeine ?

A

– variability of absorption (sugar metabolism)
– poor operationalization of dosage (how much is too much?) – individual differences
• behavioural tolerance, patterns of use – small rates (11%)

99
Q

do you need to consume large amounts of caffeine to have withdrawal

A

no

100
Q

4 criteria for caffeine use disorder

A

tolerance
withdrawl
desire to quit/ control use
continued use

101
Q

are there consistent patterns of withdrawl and compulsion in caffeine

A

no

102
Q

is caffeine safe

A

according to FDA yes!

103
Q

how many grams per day would you need for it to be toxic

A

10

104
Q

how many cups of coffee is toxic = 10 grams

A

57

105
Q

energy drinks are a combination of

A

xanthine and potentiators (enhance sensitization)

106
Q

if an energy drink is advertised as low caffeine is it ?

A

might have Highly variable in Xanthine content

107
Q

in energy drinks: Caffeine is listed only if added (but not …

A

naturally occurring

108
Q

3 things that are not measured in energy drinks

A

metabolites, precursors, compounds

109
Q

in energy drinks: Panax Ginseng Root (…), Guarana Seed (….)

A

potentiator

xanthines

110
Q

how do you compare the potencies of energy drinks

A

you can’t

111
Q

2 timing effects of energy drinks

A

kindling and excitoxicity

112
Q

T: neurons are damaged and killed by the overactivations of receptors for the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate

A

excitotoxicity

113
Q

taurine in energy drinks is similar to … what NT

A

GABA

114
Q

how does GABA act differently in kids and adults

A

(GABA) Inhibitory neurotransmitter in adults/Excitatory in children

115
Q

3 problems with adding taurine to drinks

A

excitotoxicity, dosage, developmental effects

116
Q

T: drug used to reduce anxiety

A

anxiolytics

117
Q

what has anxiolytic effects

A

Taurine

118
Q

what’s the problem with the anxiolytic effects of taurine

A

boycotts natural warning mechanism

119
Q

the similarity of taurine to gaba can have what effect on memory

A

antero/retrograde amnesia

120
Q

problem with amnesia caused by taurine

A

boycotts learning mechanism

121
Q

what does GABA do to memory

A

can’t remember things

122
Q

what does it mean to say taurine is a neuroprotectant (how can it be protective)

A

• Inhibit glutamate-induced exitotoxicity= inhibitor in schizoids and mania

123
Q

the fact that taurine is a Trophic & inhibitory modulator contributes to its … properties

A

neuroprotectant

124
Q

Altered in neuropsychiatric disorders

A

??

125
Q

why is it neuroprotective that taurine is a antioxidant

A

prevent oxidative stress

126
Q

what happens when you combine caffeine and taurine

A

synergistic effect = caffeine effects potentiated

127
Q

with the synergistic effects of taurine and caffeine what happens to performance

A

Accuracy vs. RT (bad performance believe doing really well)

128
Q

with the synergistic effects of taurine and caffeine what happens to heart rate

A

“aerobic” heart pattern= stress factor

129
Q

with the synergistic effects of taurine and caffeine what happens to mood

A

increase it Feeling less ill/negative

130
Q

with the synergistic effects of taurine and caffeine decreased pain tolerance

A

t

345A (20 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions