Mixed stimulants- hallucinogens Flashcards
1
Q
what does MDMA stand for
A
Methylenedioxymethamphetamine
2
Q
street names for MDMA
A
ecstacy XTC molly (no more)
3
Q
Controversy: … is a cocktail, … is the active ingredient
A
Ecstasy, MDMA
4
Q
meth is street name
A
for crystal meth
5
Q
Phenethylamine is which drug
A
MDMA
6
Q
is MDMA a stim or halu
A
both
7
Q
what does it mean to say MDMA has psycydellic properties
A
effect way people perceive enviro
8
Q
what is MDMA similar to structurally
A
mescaline (hallucinogen)
9
Q
what is MDMA more similar to functionally
A
amphetamine
10
Q
does MDMA have any connection to seretonin
A
YES! provided the Evidence for the serotonin connection of stimulants
11
Q
MDMA is an extract of … tree
A
sassafras
12
Q
what part of sassafras tree
A
bark: MDMA
13
Q
what are the leaves used for
A
file powder (trace amount)
14
Q
when was MDMA patented
A
1914
15
Q
1970 replaced … and MDA on streets, legal until 1985
A
LSD
16
Q
MDMA intake
A
ingestion
17
Q
how long does MDMA take to the onset
A
30 to 60 min depending on individual
18
Q
how long does MDMA last
A
3.5h
19
Q
how does Highly lipid-soluble influence individual difference
A
fat= need more more trace amounts
20
Q
which part of MDMA is psychoactive
A
both drug and metabolite (pushes hit)
21
Q
what contributes to longer high time
A
active metabolite
22
Q
why do users report subjective difference
A
you need an enzyme to break it down
23
Q
how many people dont have the MDMA enzyme
A
10%
24
Q
what is the enzyme break down MDMA
A
CYP2D6
25
why does adding MDMA to SSRIs have bad effects
both use same enzyme= hit toxicity fast
26
... inhibit enzyme responsible for decomposing
| MDMA
SSRIs ((toxic) complication)
27
4 things MDMA does?
step A123 and B
28
are all 4 functions of MDMA at same location
no
29
what is step B
MAO-A inhibitor (like antidepressants= mood elevation)
30
do you get cheese reaction with MDMA
no does not effect MAO B
31
3 steps of step A? in brain
1. competitive reuptake inhibitor
32
why are A123 grouped together
all in brain
33
if MDMA or NT are facing off at receptor who goes in first
NT (eventually can squeeze in)
34
how does reuptake inhibition increase amount of chemical in synapse
Enters the neuron in place of the transmitter leaving more in the synapse
35
what drug does Competitive reuptake inhibitor resemble
amphet
36
how is MDMA mechanism of action similar to amphet
leaky vesicles and Competitive reuptake inhibitor
37
what is step A2
leaky vesicles and reverse transport
38
how does leaky vesicles contribute to NT release
NT from boxes break open= leaking into cleft
39
T: eject NT into cleft
reverse transport
40
how is reverse transport dose depedant
Low levels:Serotonin (mood)
| High levels: Serotonin & Dopamine
41
what is targeting in amphet vs MDMA
```
MDMA= seretonin
amphet = nonep and dopamine
```
42
MDMA act like amphet but target a different NT
t
43
MDMA Effects on Dopamine weaker than those on Serotonin
t
44
how does MDMA influence nonep
Effects of Norepinephrine release is still in question/unclear (should since related to amphet)
45
what is step A3
on post neuron: agonist
46
what 2 receptors does MDMA agonise
5-HT1 and 5-HT2 receptor
47
what NTreceptor makes MDMA a hallucinogen
5 HT2
48
MDMA agonist of 5 HT Facilitates release of ...
oxytocin
49
what system is oxytocin infleunce
Limbic system
50
the physiologically acute effects of MDMA are ...
sympathomimetic (ramped up feeling)
51
which effects of MDMA are amphet like
sympathomimetic physiological response
52
what part of the effects of MDMA can lead to complications
sudden and extreme onset of sympathy response
53
can you tell the difference between amphet and LSD
Stimulus discrimination between Amphetamine and LSD
54
T: teeth-grinding
bruxism
55
what happens if sudden and extreme onset is too much = toxic level
Loss of consciousness, brain hemorrhaging, tachycardia
56
what is the debate with the acute effects of MDMA
are they enhanced by club conditions (exertion, high temp.)
57
what are the acute psychological effects
empathogenic
58
T: increased emotional warmth/empathy, lowered
| defensiveness, increase in verbal behaviour
empathogenic
59
in the acute psycholoigcal effects of MDMA is there euphoria
Mild euphoria due to oxytocin
60
what finding supports that oxytocin plays a role in empathogenic effects
Females more susceptible to MDMA effects (f more oxytocin release = like these feelings more, more bang for buck with girls)
61
the acute psychological effects have what kind of onset
Sudden and extreme onset
62
does this sudden and extreme onset always lead to positive psycholoigcal expereinces
f Paranoia, panic, delirium hallucinations
63
what does a MDMA OD look like
impulsive irrational behaviour
64
what are the 3 main negative effects
Sub-acute effects
Chronic / post-withdrawal phase
Selective serotonergic neurotoxin
65
what are the negative sub acute effects
suicide Tuesday (Depression and lethargy)
66
when does sucide tuesday hit
within 24 hours, lasts for 1 week
67
SUICIDE TUESDAY is Symptomatically similar to ...
MDD
68
what is the debate around what causes suicide tuesday
serotonin-related downregulation or subjective
| comparison?
69
what evidence is there that suicide tuesday is caused by seretonin
sleep disturbances
70
how is let down from cocaine and MDMA different
```
cocaine= rapidly
MDMA= similar = within next 24-48 hours
```
71
the fact that MDMA targets seretonin and they get sucicide tuesday teels us what about dperession
is a relationship with serotonin
72
what happens with Chronic / post-withdrawal phase
Substance-induced paranoid psychosis
73
what typifies Substance-induced paranoid psychosis
Temporary state of “false yet feasible beliefs” of threat or danger to the individual
74
how long after use can post withdrawl symptoms emerge
7 years later
75
MDMA can cause schiz
no paranoid psychoses is symptom of schizoids but is substance induced
76
MDMA negative effect: Selective ... neurotoxin
serotonergic
77
what negative effect of MDMA Relapse of pre-existing illness
Selective serotonergic neurotoxin
78
the relapse effects of Selective serotonergic neurotoxin in what dosirders and is it only if off their meds
Schizophrenia, bi-polar= even on med
79
MDMA lowers seisure threshold
t
80
what does MDMA use do to seretonin system
doesn't kill neutron but connections between them
81
seretonin effects sleep and siesures
t
82
what is the tolerance in MDMA like if constant usage
rapid down regulation and less serotonin release
83
how long will it take for tolerance to develope
Diminished effects after first 7 uses (DOESNT HAVE SAME EFFECT)
84
what is tolerance like if spaced out
individual differences: between hit system can return to original state
85
effects of MDMA tolerance wear off after .... of abstinence
1 year
86
what do users say about MDMA
some subjective report of MDMA tablets getting weaker
87
why is it so hard to find out long term effects of MDMA
never getting pure MDMA
88
the debate with MDMA tolerance if Same/Different mechanism as ...
DMT
89
what is depedance like in MDMA
uncertain if it happens
90
what effects do people show tolerance to in MDMA
tolerance to physiological factors without withdrawl behaviours
91
is there psychological dependance in MDMA
no but is reported sadness before use?
92
whats our main problem figuring out hthe effects of MDMA
might not be MDMA
93
what does MDMA often contain
bath salts, caffeine, methamphetamine, methadone sometimes no MDMA at all
94
4 synthetic analogs of MDMA
MDA
MDE
MMDA
MBDB
95
T: “Love drug”
| – More stimulating, similar effect – Twice as neurotoxic
MDA
96
T: “Eve”
| – Introspective experience
MDE
97
T: “brain movies”
| – Closed-eye hallucinations
MMDA
98
T: Similar to MDA
MBDB
99
why take less MDA
we don't know if its potency or bioavailibtiy making it toxic ( flooding vs protracted activation)
100
Long-term MDMA users, Long-term Marijuana users, Non-drug users tested on Verbal working memory: what were results (Implicit memory word stems, simple recall, semantic
clustering, word pairs)
MDMA users showed poorer performance on all task
101
how did MDMA group apply stategies
did no self generate strategies and even struggled when given to them
102
what did this study conclude
long-term deficits in verbal memory
103
hiw did high vs not high compare on Reading the Mind in the Eyes Test (RMET)
improved recognition of positive emotions, decreased
| recognition of negative emotions
104
how did sober vs high compare on Morphed Facial Expression Task (mFER)
Decreased ability to recognize angry and fearful faces,
| no impact on happy expressions
105
MDMA selectively impacts ... social perceptions.
negative
