Mixed stimulants- hallucinogens Flashcards
what does MDMA stand for
Methylenedioxymethamphetamine
street names for MDMA
ecstacy XTC molly (no more)
Controversy: … is a cocktail, … is the active ingredient
Ecstasy, MDMA
meth is street name
for crystal meth
Phenethylamine is which drug
MDMA
is MDMA a stim or halu
both
what does it mean to say MDMA has psycydellic properties
effect way people perceive enviro
what is MDMA similar to structurally
mescaline (hallucinogen)
what is MDMA more similar to functionally
amphetamine
does MDMA have any connection to seretonin
YES! provided the Evidence for the serotonin connection of stimulants
MDMA is an extract of … tree
sassafras
what part of sassafras tree
bark: MDMA
what are the leaves used for
file powder (trace amount)
when was MDMA patented
1914
1970 replaced … and MDA on streets, legal until 1985
LSD
MDMA intake
ingestion
how long does MDMA take to the onset
30 to 60 min depending on individual
how long does MDMA last
3.5h
how does Highly lipid-soluble influence individual difference
fat= need more more trace amounts
which part of MDMA is psychoactive
both drug and metabolite (pushes hit)
what contributes to longer high time
active metabolite
why do users report subjective difference
you need an enzyme to break it down
how many people dont have the MDMA enzyme
10%
what is the enzyme break down MDMA
CYP2D6
why does adding MDMA to SSRIs have bad effects
both use same enzyme= hit toxicity fast
… inhibit enzyme responsible for decomposing
MDMA
SSRIs ((toxic) complication)
4 things MDMA does?
step A123 and B
are all 4 functions of MDMA at same location
no
what is step B
MAO-A inhibitor (like antidepressants= mood elevation)
do you get cheese reaction with MDMA
no does not effect MAO B
3 steps of step A? in brain
- competitive reuptake inhibitor
why are A123 grouped together
all in brain
if MDMA or NT are facing off at receptor who goes in first
NT (eventually can squeeze in)
how does reuptake inhibition increase amount of chemical in synapse
Enters the neuron in place of the transmitter leaving more in the synapse
what drug does Competitive reuptake inhibitor resemble
amphet
how is MDMA mechanism of action similar to amphet
leaky vesicles and Competitive reuptake inhibitor
what is step A2
leaky vesicles and reverse transport
how does leaky vesicles contribute to NT release
NT from boxes break open= leaking into cleft
T: eject NT into cleft
reverse transport
how is reverse transport dose depedant
Low levels:Serotonin (mood)
High levels: Serotonin & Dopamine
what is targeting in amphet vs MDMA
MDMA= seretonin amphet = nonep and dopamine
MDMA act like amphet but target a different NT
t
MDMA Effects on Dopamine weaker than those on Serotonin
t
how does MDMA influence nonep
Effects of Norepinephrine release is still in question/unclear (should since related to amphet)
what is step A3
on post neuron: agonist
what 2 receptors does MDMA agonise
5-HT1 and 5-HT2 receptor
what NTreceptor makes MDMA a hallucinogen
5 HT2
MDMA agonist of 5 HT Facilitates release of …
oxytocin
what system is oxytocin infleunce
Limbic system
the physiologically acute effects of MDMA are …
sympathomimetic (ramped up feeling)
which effects of MDMA are amphet like
sympathomimetic physiological response
what part of the effects of MDMA can lead to complications
sudden and extreme onset of sympathy response
can you tell the difference between amphet and LSD
Stimulus discrimination between Amphetamine and LSD
T: teeth-grinding
bruxism
what happens if sudden and extreme onset is too much = toxic level
Loss of consciousness, brain hemorrhaging, tachycardia
what is the debate with the acute effects of MDMA
are they enhanced by club conditions (exertion, high temp.)
what are the acute psychological effects
empathogenic
T: increased emotional warmth/empathy, lowered
defensiveness, increase in verbal behaviour
empathogenic
in the acute psycholoigcal effects of MDMA is there euphoria
Mild euphoria due to oxytocin
what finding supports that oxytocin plays a role in empathogenic effects
Females more susceptible to MDMA effects (f more oxytocin release = like these feelings more, more bang for buck with girls)
the acute psychological effects have what kind of onset
Sudden and extreme onset
does this sudden and extreme onset always lead to positive psycholoigcal expereinces
f Paranoia, panic, delirium hallucinations
what does a MDMA OD look like
impulsive irrational behaviour
what are the 3 main negative effects
Sub-acute effects
Chronic / post-withdrawal phase
Selective serotonergic neurotoxin
what are the negative sub acute effects
suicide Tuesday (Depression and lethargy)
when does sucide tuesday hit
within 24 hours, lasts for 1 week
SUICIDE TUESDAY is Symptomatically similar to …
MDD
what is the debate around what causes suicide tuesday
serotonin-related downregulation or subjective
comparison?
what evidence is there that suicide tuesday is caused by seretonin
sleep disturbances
how is let down from cocaine and MDMA different
cocaine= rapidly MDMA= similar = within next 24-48 hours
the fact that MDMA targets seretonin and they get sucicide tuesday teels us what about dperession
is a relationship with serotonin
what happens with Chronic / post-withdrawal phase
Substance-induced paranoid psychosis
what typifies Substance-induced paranoid psychosis
Temporary state of “false yet feasible beliefs” of threat or danger to the individual
how long after use can post withdrawl symptoms emerge
7 years later
MDMA can cause schiz
no paranoid psychoses is symptom of schizoids but is substance induced
MDMA negative effect: Selective … neurotoxin
serotonergic
what negative effect of MDMA Relapse of pre-existing illness
Selective serotonergic neurotoxin
the relapse effects of Selective serotonergic neurotoxin in what dosirders and is it only if off their meds
Schizophrenia, bi-polar= even on med
MDMA lowers seisure threshold
t
what does MDMA use do to seretonin system
doesn’t kill neutron but connections between them
seretonin effects sleep and siesures
t
what is the tolerance in MDMA like if constant usage
rapid down regulation and less serotonin release
how long will it take for tolerance to develope
Diminished effects after first 7 uses (DOESNT HAVE SAME EFFECT)
what is tolerance like if spaced out
individual differences: between hit system can return to original state
effects of MDMA tolerance wear off after …. of abstinence
1 year
what do users say about MDMA
some subjective report of MDMA tablets getting weaker
why is it so hard to find out long term effects of MDMA
never getting pure MDMA
the debate with MDMA tolerance if Same/Different mechanism as …
DMT
what is depedance like in MDMA
uncertain if it happens
what effects do people show tolerance to in MDMA
tolerance to physiological factors without withdrawl behaviours
is there psychological dependance in MDMA
no but is reported sadness before use?
whats our main problem figuring out hthe effects of MDMA
might not be MDMA
what does MDMA often contain
bath salts, caffeine, methamphetamine, methadone sometimes no MDMA at all
4 synthetic analogs of MDMA
MDA
MDE
MMDA
MBDB
T: “Love drug”
– More stimulating, similar effect – Twice as neurotoxic
MDA
T: “Eve”
– Introspective experience
MDE
T: “brain movies”
– Closed-eye hallucinations
MMDA
T: Similar to MDA
MBDB
why take less MDA
we don’t know if its potency or bioavailibtiy making it toxic ( flooding vs protracted activation)
Long-term MDMA users, Long-term Marijuana users, Non-drug users tested on Verbal working memory: what were results (Implicit memory word stems, simple recall, semantic
clustering, word pairs)
MDMA users showed poorer performance on all task
how did MDMA group apply stategies
did no self generate strategies and even struggled when given to them
what did this study conclude
long-term deficits in verbal memory
hiw did high vs not high compare on Reading the Mind in the Eyes Test (RMET)
improved recognition of positive emotions, decreased
recognition of negative emotions
how did sober vs high compare on Morphed Facial Expression Task (mFER)
Decreased ability to recognize angry and fearful faces,
no impact on happy expressions
MDMA selectively impacts … social perceptions.
negative
