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345A > Mixed stimulants- hallucinogens > Flashcards

Mixed stimulants- hallucinogens Flashcards

1
Q

what does MDMA stand for

A

Methylenedioxymethamphetamine

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2
Q

street names for MDMA

A

ecstacy XTC molly (no more)

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3
Q

Controversy: … is a cocktail, … is the active ingredient

A

Ecstasy, MDMA

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4
Q

meth is street name

A

for crystal meth

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5
Q

Phenethylamine is which drug

A

MDMA

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6
Q

is MDMA a stim or halu

A

both

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7
Q

what does it mean to say MDMA has psycydellic properties

A

effect way people perceive enviro

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8
Q

what is MDMA similar to structurally

A

mescaline (hallucinogen)

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9
Q

what is MDMA more similar to functionally

A

amphetamine

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10
Q

does MDMA have any connection to seretonin

A

YES! provided the Evidence for the serotonin connection of stimulants

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11
Q

MDMA is an extract of … tree

A

sassafras

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12
Q

what part of sassafras tree

A

bark: MDMA

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13
Q

what are the leaves used for

A

file powder (trace amount)

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14
Q

when was MDMA patented

A

1914

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15
Q

1970 replaced … and MDA on streets, legal until 1985

A

LSD

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16
Q

MDMA intake

A

ingestion

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17
Q

how long does MDMA take to the onset

A

30 to 60 min depending on individual

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18
Q

how long does MDMA last

A

3.5h

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19
Q

how does Highly lipid-soluble influence individual difference

A

fat= need more more trace amounts

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20
Q

which part of MDMA is psychoactive

A

both drug and metabolite (pushes hit)

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21
Q

what contributes to longer high time

A

active metabolite

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22
Q

why do users report subjective difference

A

you need an enzyme to break it down

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23
Q

how many people dont have the MDMA enzyme

A

10%

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24
Q

what is the enzyme break down MDMA

A

CYP2D6

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25
Q

why does adding MDMA to SSRIs have bad effects

A

both use same enzyme= hit toxicity fast

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26
Q

… inhibit enzyme responsible for decomposing

MDMA

A

SSRIs ((toxic) complication)

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27
Q

4 things MDMA does?

A

step A123 and B

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28
Q

are all 4 functions of MDMA at same location

A

no

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29
Q

what is step B

A

MAO-A inhibitor (like antidepressants= mood elevation)

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30
Q

do you get cheese reaction with MDMA

A

no does not effect MAO B

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31
Q

3 steps of step A? in brain

A
  1. competitive reuptake inhibitor
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32
Q

why are A123 grouped together

A

all in brain

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33
Q

if MDMA or NT are facing off at receptor who goes in first

A

NT (eventually can squeeze in)

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34
Q

how does reuptake inhibition increase amount of chemical in synapse

A

Enters the neuron in place of the transmitter leaving more in the synapse

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35
Q

what drug does Competitive reuptake inhibitor resemble

A

amphet

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36
Q

how is MDMA mechanism of action similar to amphet

A

leaky vesicles and Competitive reuptake inhibitor

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37
Q

what is step A2

A

leaky vesicles and reverse transport

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38
Q

how does leaky vesicles contribute to NT release

A

NT from boxes break open= leaking into cleft

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39
Q

T: eject NT into cleft

A

reverse transport

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40
Q

how is reverse transport dose depedant

A

Low levels:Serotonin (mood)

High levels: Serotonin & Dopamine

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41
Q

what is targeting in amphet vs MDMA

A 
MDMA= seretonin 
amphet = nonep and dopamine
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42
Q

MDMA act like amphet but target a different NT

A

t

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43
Q

MDMA Effects on Dopamine weaker than those on Serotonin

A

t

44
Q

how does MDMA influence nonep

A

Effects of Norepinephrine release is still in question/unclear (should since related to amphet)

45
Q

what is step A3

A

on post neuron: agonist

46
Q

what 2 receptors does MDMA agonise

A

5-HT1 and 5-HT2 receptor

47
Q

what NTreceptor makes MDMA a hallucinogen

A

5 HT2

48
Q

MDMA agonist of 5 HT Facilitates release of …

A

oxytocin

49
Q

what system is oxytocin infleunce

A

Limbic system

50
Q

the physiologically acute effects of MDMA are …

A

sympathomimetic (ramped up feeling)

51
Q

which effects of MDMA are amphet like

A

sympathomimetic physiological response

52
Q

what part of the effects of MDMA can lead to complications

A

sudden and extreme onset of sympathy response

53
Q

can you tell the difference between amphet and LSD

A

Stimulus discrimination between Amphetamine and LSD

54
Q

T: teeth-grinding

A

bruxism

55
Q

what happens if sudden and extreme onset is too much = toxic level

A

Loss of consciousness, brain hemorrhaging, tachycardia

56
Q

what is the debate with the acute effects of MDMA

A

are they enhanced by club conditions (exertion, high temp.)

57
Q

what are the acute psychological effects

A

empathogenic

58
Q

T: increased emotional warmth/empathy, lowered

defensiveness, increase in verbal behaviour

A

empathogenic

59
Q

in the acute psycholoigcal effects of MDMA is there euphoria

A

Mild euphoria due to oxytocin

60
Q

what finding supports that oxytocin plays a role in empathogenic effects

A

Females more susceptible to MDMA effects (f more oxytocin release = like these feelings more, more bang for buck with girls)

61
Q

the acute psychological effects have what kind of onset

A

Sudden and extreme onset

62
Q

does this sudden and extreme onset always lead to positive psycholoigcal expereinces

A

f Paranoia, panic, delirium hallucinations

63
Q

what does a MDMA OD look like

A

impulsive irrational behaviour

64
Q

what are the 3 main negative effects

A

Sub-acute effects
Chronic / post-withdrawal phase
Selective serotonergic neurotoxin

65
Q

what are the negative sub acute effects

A

suicide Tuesday (Depression and lethargy)

66
Q

when does sucide tuesday hit

A

within 24 hours, lasts for 1 week

67
Q

SUICIDE TUESDAY is Symptomatically similar to …

A

MDD

68
Q

what is the debate around what causes suicide tuesday

A

serotonin-related downregulation or subjective

comparison?

69
Q

what evidence is there that suicide tuesday is caused by seretonin

A

sleep disturbances

70
Q

how is let down from cocaine and MDMA different

A 
cocaine= rapidly 
MDMA= similar = within next 24-48 hours
71
Q

the fact that MDMA targets seretonin and they get sucicide tuesday teels us what about dperession

A

is a relationship with serotonin

72
Q

what happens with Chronic / post-withdrawal phase

A

Substance-induced paranoid psychosis

73
Q

what typifies Substance-induced paranoid psychosis

A

Temporary state of “false yet feasible beliefs” of threat or danger to the individual

74
Q

how long after use can post withdrawl symptoms emerge

A

7 years later

75
Q

MDMA can cause schiz

A

no paranoid psychoses is symptom of schizoids but is substance induced

76
Q

MDMA negative effect: Selective … neurotoxin

A

serotonergic

77
Q

what negative effect of MDMA Relapse of pre-existing illness

A

Selective serotonergic neurotoxin

78
Q

the relapse effects of Selective serotonergic neurotoxin in what dosirders and is it only if off their meds

A

Schizophrenia, bi-polar= even on med

79
Q

MDMA lowers seisure threshold

A

t

80
Q

what does MDMA use do to seretonin system

A

doesn’t kill neutron but connections between them

81
Q

seretonin effects sleep and siesures

A

t

82
Q

what is the tolerance in MDMA like if constant usage

A

rapid down regulation and less serotonin release

83
Q

how long will it take for tolerance to develope

A

Diminished effects after first 7 uses (DOESNT HAVE SAME EFFECT)

84
Q

what is tolerance like if spaced out

A

individual differences: between hit system can return to original state

85
Q

effects of MDMA tolerance wear off after …. of abstinence

A

1 year

86
Q

what do users say about MDMA

A

some subjective report of MDMA tablets getting weaker

87
Q

why is it so hard to find out long term effects of MDMA

A

never getting pure MDMA

88
Q

the debate with MDMA tolerance if Same/Different mechanism as …

A

DMT

89
Q

what is depedance like in MDMA

A

uncertain if it happens

90
Q

what effects do people show tolerance to in MDMA

A

tolerance to physiological factors without withdrawl behaviours

91
Q

is there psychological dependance in MDMA

A

no but is reported sadness before use?

92
Q

whats our main problem figuring out hthe effects of MDMA

A

might not be MDMA

93
Q

what does MDMA often contain

A

bath salts, caffeine, methamphetamine, methadone sometimes no MDMA at all

94
Q

4 synthetic analogs of MDMA

A

MDA
MDE
MMDA
MBDB

95
Q

T: “Love drug”

– More stimulating, similar effect – Twice as neurotoxic

A

MDA

96
Q

T: “Eve”

– Introspective experience

A

MDE

97
Q

T: “brain movies”

– Closed-eye hallucinations

A

MMDA

98
Q

T: Similar to MDA

A

MBDB

99
Q

why take less MDA

A

we don’t know if its potency or bioavailibtiy making it toxic ( flooding vs protracted activation)

100
Q

Long-term MDMA users, Long-term Marijuana users, Non-drug users tested on Verbal working memory: what were results (Implicit memory word stems, simple recall, semantic
clustering, word pairs)

A

MDMA users showed poorer performance on all task

101
Q

how did MDMA group apply stategies

A

did no self generate strategies and even struggled when given to them

102
Q

what did this study conclude

A

long-term deficits in verbal memory

103
Q

hiw did high vs not high compare on Reading the Mind in the Eyes Test (RMET)

A

improved recognition of positive emotions, decreased

recognition of negative emotions

104
Q

how did sober vs high compare on Morphed Facial Expression Task (mFER)

A

Decreased ability to recognize angry and fearful faces,

no impact on happy expressions

105
Q

MDMA selectively impacts … social perceptions.

A

negative

345A (20 decks)

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