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345A > stimulants Amphetamine > Flashcards

stimulants Amphetamine Flashcards

1
Q

chemical name of amphetamines

A

Phenethylamine

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2
Q

what are the different kinds of Phenethylamine

A

ephedrine

amphetamines

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3
Q

what was the other name for Phenethylamine

A

ephedrine or nowadays called pseduephidrine

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4
Q

what was ephedrine used for

A

homeopathic remedy for athsma so we know breathing component

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5
Q

what does ephedrine do in the body

A

acts as a Sympathomimetic (mimics sympathetic NS)

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6
Q

what receptors does ephedrine work on and where

A

A and B2 receptors in respiratory system (psuedaephidrine targets)

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7
Q

is phenethylamine natural

A

its an alkaloid with botanical origin

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8
Q

3 things ephedrine does as a sympathomimetic

A
  1. vasoconstriction
  2. relax smooth muscle
  3. parasympathetic agonist
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9
Q

on ephedrine what happens to blood pressure

A

increase by shrinking blood vessels

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10
Q

what are the impacts of ephedrine being a vasoconstrictor

A

Decrease inflammation, increase fluid retention

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11
Q

how does vasoconstriction aid the common cold

A

blood doesn’t move as quickly so liquids stay in place , mucis stays put= decongestant

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12
Q

opening up the airways is the product of which effect of ephedrine sympathomimetic properties (athsma cure)

A

relaxing smooth muscle = bronchial dialation

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13
Q

ephedrine has …. effects due to its ability to antagonize the parasympathetic NS

A

anoretic = weight loss through surpassing appetite

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14
Q

is ephedrine used for weight loss

A

no

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15
Q

how does ephedrine aid Priapism

A

relax smooth muscle

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16
Q

T: intended to prevent disease.

A

prophylactic

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17
Q

how do decongestants have a night version if its a sympathomimetic

A 
can cause anxiety 
add antihistamine (adding a stimulant and a dissociative)
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18
Q

what is phelylephrine used for? is it helpful when added to decongestants?

A

no has to be used topically (if applied to sinus)

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19
Q

what the street name for amphetamines

A

speed

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20
Q

what does it mean to say ampet is synthesized

A

?

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21
Q

what is the usual route of admin for amphetamines

A

oral

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22
Q

2 types of amphetamines

A

Benzedrine, Methylated Amphetamine

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23
Q

street names for benzidrine

A

white cross, bennies

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24
Q

what were benzedrines 2 uses

A

decongestant and appetite suppressant (sympathomimetic)

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25
Q

what is the other name for Methylated Amphetamine

A

methampletamine

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26
Q

what are the 4 street names for meth

A

crank, ice, crystal, meth (it was leaked early= street use)

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27
Q

why were they looking at methylated versions of amphetamines

A

they got through they blood brain barrier much easier

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28
Q

street names for amphetamines used for ADHD 4

A

black beauty, Cadillac, dexies, vitamin R

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29
Q

what are the two different names for L and R turning molecules

A 
dex= right 
Levo = left
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30
Q

how does the way the molecule turns effect potency and effects

A 
r = higher binding affinity but less potent 
l = more potent but harder time saturating receptors
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31
Q

where are L turning usually found

A

body

32
Q

where are R turning usually found

A

in brain

33
Q

levo is more effective because its more potent

A

f don’t stick

34
Q

amphetamines binds to receptors but what do they do there? 2

A

leaky vesicles

block reuptake molecules

35
Q

what does it mean that amphetamines causes leaky vesicles

A

packages of NT breaker open= free floating NT in buton= more easy to get to cleft

36
Q

what NT does amphet target

A

Norepinephrine (x9 main target), Dopamine, Serotonin negligible

37
Q

what was the problem with the mechanism of action of amphet

A

increasing dosages create agonistic effects with 5-HT

38
Q

T: central nervous system deficiency of indoleaminergic transmission, while not sufficient to cause an affective disorder, must be present for such a disorder to occur.

A

permissive hypothesis

39
Q

increasing dosages create agonistic effects with 5-HT related to the permissive hypothesis which states

A

low ser causes low nonep and dopamine

40
Q

2 main effects amphet has on mechanisms of action

A
  1. Leaky vesicles, reuptake inhibitor

2. Inhibit monoamine oxidase (MAO)

41
Q

what does MAO monoamine oxidase do?

A

enzyme that has many functions in body

inhibit the activity of one or both monoamine oxidase enzymes

42
Q

what does inhibiting MAO do

A

more nonep and dopamine in body = acted as antidepressants

43
Q

why do people feel happy on amphet? does it change mood?

A

increased dopamine and nonep

44
Q

what does MAO break down

A

non ep dopamine serotonin breaks down a bunch of shit

45
Q

what was the mechanism of action in the methylated amphet

A

instead of just stopping the reuptake inhibitor? reverse it. took free floating NT from button and pumped it out

46
Q

what does the methylated version do to transcription factors

A

trigger them

47
Q

T: proteins involved in the process of converting, or transcribing, DNA into RNA.

A

transcription factor

48
Q

methylated version was … to dopamine and serotonin receptors

A

neurotoxic

49
Q

what was methylated versions Neurotoxic to ? 2

A

DA & 5-HT

50
Q

what kind of neurotoxicity did methylated version cause and why

A

Exitotoxcity: going at receptors so fast triggered apoptosis (cell death)

51
Q

do methylated versions do all the same things as regular amphet

A

yes but more

52
Q

Da and 5 HT are along for the ride in regular amphet but in meth what happens to these 2

A

removed from system to focus on nonep

53
Q

the tolerance mechanisms of aphet are what kind of tolerance

A

Tachyphylaxis

54
Q

why can we consider it Tachyphylaxis

A

rapid up and down regulation within a few hours tolerance occurs

55
Q

in the 15-day residential study (3 day quadrants ofdrug vs placebo) Days 4-6, 10-12 received meth (1-3, 5-9 placebos) how did they feel on days 4 and 10

A

exhilarated and happy

56
Q

in the 15-day residential study (3 day quadrants ofdrug vs placebo) Days 4-6, 10-12 received meth (1-3, 5-9 placebos) how did they feel on days 6 and 12

A

flu like symptoms and not feeling well but felt better on next hit

57
Q

Results: reported positive effects on day 4/10, flulike symptoms on 6/12 day. Sleep disrupted and food intake decreased. what does this tell us about amphet tolerance

A

rapid up and down regulation of receptors in the system rapid tolerance then rapid rehomeostatic principles

58
Q

what does dependance look like for aphet

A

Psychological (“craving”)

59
Q

how does dependance of cocaine compare to ampet

A

not as rapid and intense of depression in amphet

60
Q

why do people who take workout supplements say they can’t workout without them

A

dependance

61
Q

what does the Psychological “craving” (depedence) of amphet look like behaviourally

A

Depression, anxiety, sleep disturbances

62
Q

what does depednace look like in meth

A

“wanting”

63
Q

the “wanting” of meth is the result of what changes in body

A

Meth associated with allostatic/degenerative changes = physiological component = much for dangerous

64
Q

the pathological process by which neurons are damaged and killed by the overactivations of receptors for the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate :T

A

excitotoxicity

65
Q

withdrawal only happens in methylated amphet

A

f in all cases (meth has more pronounced features)

66
Q

difference between dysthymia and depression?

A

depressed mood vs depression

67
Q

what do people feel when they are withdrawing from amphet

A

Lethargy, dysthymia (depressed mood)= body

meth it may be due to brain injury =brain

68
Q

the Lethargy, dysthymia (depressed mood) is due to what NT

A

seretonin

69
Q

what are the 3 factors of amphet psychosis

A

tweaking
delusions/ hallucinations
panic paranoia

70
Q

T: perceiving bugs crawling under the skin

A

formication (panic parania)

71
Q

what are 2 behaviours that result from panic paranoia of amphet psychosis

A

– Formication: perceiving bugs crawling under the skin

– Compulsive/Repetitive behaviours to trivial aspects of life

72
Q

the compulsive behaviours in panic resemble OCD

A

f not OCD-like there is no “because”. its just jitters

73
Q

what causes the Wild/bizarre delusions, hallucinations in anphet psychosis

A

Dopamine release in limbic system

74
Q

the Wild/bizarre delusions, hallucinations are similar to …

A

paranoid schiz

75
Q

T: Irritability, paranoia, violent behaviour

A

tweaking

76
Q

what function of amphet causes tweaking

A

sleep deprivation or monoamine deficiency

77
Q

Lethargy, dysthymia is apart of amphet psychosis

A

f mechanism inducing more amphet use

345A (20 decks)

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