stimulants Amphetamine

Question 1

chemical name of amphetamines

Answer 1

Phenethylamine

Question 2

what are the different kinds of Phenethylamine

Answer 2

ephedrine

amphetamines

Question 3

what was the other name for Phenethylamine

Answer 3

ephedrine or nowadays called pseduephidrine

Question 4

what was ephedrine used for

Answer 4

homeopathic remedy for athsma so we know breathing component

Question 5

what does ephedrine do in the body

Answer 5

acts as a Sympathomimetic (mimics sympathetic NS)

Question 6

what receptors does ephedrine work on and where

Answer 6

A and B2 receptors in respiratory system (psuedaephidrine targets)

Question 7

is phenethylamine natural

Answer 7

its an alkaloid with botanical origin

Question 8

3 things ephedrine does as a sympathomimetic

Answer 8

1. vasoconstriction
2. relax smooth muscle
3. parasympathetic agonist

Question 9

on ephedrine what happens to blood pressure

Answer 9

increase by shrinking blood vessels

Question 10

what are the impacts of ephedrine being a vasoconstrictor

Answer 10

Decrease inflammation, increase fluid retention

Question 11

how does vasoconstriction aid the common cold

Answer 11

blood doesn’t move as quickly so liquids stay in place , mucis stays put= decongestant

Question 12

opening up the airways is the product of which effect of ephedrine sympathomimetic properties (athsma cure)

Answer 12

relaxing smooth muscle = bronchial dialation

Question 13

ephedrine has …. effects due to its ability to antagonize the parasympathetic NS

Answer 13

anoretic = weight loss through surpassing appetite

Question 14

is ephedrine used for weight loss

Answer 14

no

Question 15

how does ephedrine aid Priapism

Answer 15

relax smooth muscle

Question 16

T: intended to prevent disease.

Answer 16

prophylactic

Question 17

how do decongestants have a night version if its a sympathomimetic

Answer 17

can cause anxiety 
add antihistamine (adding a stimulant and a dissociative)

Question 18

what is phelylephrine used for? is it helpful when added to decongestants?

Answer 18

no has to be used topically (if applied to sinus)

Question 19

what the street name for amphetamines

Answer 19

speed

Question 20

what does it mean to say ampet is synthesized

Answer 20

?

Question 21

what is the usual route of admin for amphetamines

Answer 21

oral

Question 22

2 types of amphetamines

Answer 22

Benzedrine, Methylated Amphetamine

Question 23

street names for benzidrine

Answer 23

white cross, bennies

Question 24

what were benzedrines 2 uses

Answer 24

decongestant and appetite suppressant (sympathomimetic)

Question 25

what is the other name for Methylated Amphetamine

Answer 25

methampletamine

Question 26

what are the 4 street names for meth

Answer 26

crank, ice, crystal, meth (it was leaked early= street use)

Question 27

why were they looking at methylated versions of amphetamines

Answer 27

they got through they blood brain barrier much easier

Question 28

street names for amphetamines used for ADHD 4

Answer 28

black beauty, Cadillac, dexies, vitamin R

Question 29

what are the two different names for L and R turning molecules

Answer 29

``` dex= right Levo = left ```

Question 30

how does the way the molecule turns effect potency and effects

Answer 30

``` r = higher binding affinity but less potent l = more potent but harder time saturating receptors ```

Question 31

where are L turning usually found

Answer 31

body

Question 32

where are R turning usually found

Answer 32

in brain

Question 33

levo is more effective because its more potent

Answer 33

f don't stick

Question 34

amphetamines binds to receptors but what do they do there? 2

Answer 34

leaky vesicles | block reuptake molecules

Question 35

what does it mean that amphetamines causes leaky vesicles

Answer 35

packages of NT breaker open= free floating NT in buton= more easy to get to cleft

Question 36

what NT does amphet target

Answer 36

Norepinephrine (x9 main target), Dopamine, Serotonin negligible

Question 37

what was the problem with the mechanism of action of amphet

Answer 37

increasing dosages create agonistic effects with 5-HT

Question 38

T: central nervous system deficiency of indoleaminergic transmission, while not sufficient to cause an affective disorder, must be present for such a disorder to occur.

Answer 38

permissive hypothesis

Question 39

increasing dosages create agonistic effects with 5-HT related to the permissive hypothesis which states

Answer 39

low ser causes low nonep and dopamine

Question 40

2 main effects amphet has on mechanisms of action

Answer 40

1. Leaky vesicles, reuptake inhibitor | 2. Inhibit monoamine oxidase (MAO)

Question 41

what does MAO monoamine oxidase do?

Answer 41

enzyme that has many functions in body | inhibit the activity of one or both monoamine oxidase enzymes

Question 42

what does inhibiting MAO do

Answer 42

more nonep and dopamine in body = acted as antidepressants

Question 43

why do people feel happy on amphet? does it change mood?

Answer 43

increased dopamine and nonep

Question 44

what does MAO break down

Answer 44

non ep dopamine serotonin breaks down a bunch of shit

Question 45

what was the mechanism of action in the methylated amphet

Answer 45

instead of just stopping the reuptake inhibitor? reverse it. took free floating NT from button and pumped it out

Question 46

what does the methylated version do to transcription factors

Answer 46

trigger them

Question 47

T: proteins involved in the process of converting, or transcribing, DNA into RNA.

Answer 47

transcription factor

Question 48

methylated version was ... to dopamine and serotonin receptors

Answer 48

neurotoxic

Question 49

what was methylated versions Neurotoxic to ? 2

Answer 49

DA & 5-HT

Question 50

what kind of neurotoxicity did methylated version cause and why

Answer 50

Exitotoxcity: going at receptors so fast triggered apoptosis (cell death)

Question 51

do methylated versions do all the same things as regular amphet

Answer 51

yes but more

Question 52

Da and 5 HT are along for the ride in regular amphet but in meth what happens to these 2

Answer 52

removed from system to focus on nonep

Question 53

the tolerance mechanisms of aphet are what kind of tolerance

Answer 53

Tachyphylaxis

Question 54

why can we consider it Tachyphylaxis

Answer 54

rapid up and down regulation within a few hours tolerance occurs

Question 55

in the 15-day residential study (3 day quadrants ofdrug vs placebo) Days 4-6, 10-12 received meth (1-3, 5-9 placebos) how did they feel on days 4 and 10

Answer 55

exhilarated and happy

Question 56

in the 15-day residential study (3 day quadrants ofdrug vs placebo) Days 4-6, 10-12 received meth (1-3, 5-9 placebos) how did they feel on days 6 and 12

Answer 56

flu like symptoms and not feeling well but felt better on next hit

Question 57

Results: reported positive effects on day 4/10, flulike symptoms on 6/12 day. Sleep disrupted and food intake decreased. what does this tell us about amphet tolerance

Answer 57

rapid up and down regulation of receptors in the system rapid tolerance then rapid rehomeostatic principles

Question 58

what does dependance look like for aphet

Answer 58

Psychological (“craving”)

Question 59

how does dependance of cocaine compare to ampet

Answer 59

not as rapid and intense of depression in amphet

Question 60

why do people who take workout supplements say they can't workout without them

Answer 60

dependance

Question 61

what does the Psychological “craving” (depedence) of amphet look like behaviourally

Answer 61

Depression, anxiety, sleep disturbances

Question 62

what does depednace look like in meth

Answer 62

“wanting”

Question 63

the “wanting” of meth is the result of what changes in body

Answer 63

Meth associated with allostatic/degenerative changes = physiological component = much for dangerous

Question 64

the pathological process by which neurons are damaged and killed by the overactivations of receptors for the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate :T

Answer 64

excitotoxicity

Question 65

withdrawal only happens in methylated amphet

Answer 65

f in all cases (meth has more pronounced features)

Question 66

difference between dysthymia and depression?

Answer 66

depressed mood vs depression

Question 67

what do people feel when they are withdrawing from amphet

Answer 67

Lethargy, dysthymia (depressed mood)= body | meth it may be due to brain injury =brain

Question 68

the Lethargy, dysthymia (depressed mood) is due to what NT

Answer 68

seretonin

Question 69

what are the 3 factors of amphet psychosis

Answer 69

tweaking delusions/ hallucinations panic paranoia

Question 70

T: perceiving bugs crawling under the skin

Answer 70

formication (panic parania)

Question 71

what are 2 behaviours that result from panic paranoia of amphet psychosis

Answer 71

– Formication: perceiving bugs crawling under the skin | – Compulsive/Repetitive behaviours to trivial aspects of life

Question 72

the compulsive behaviours in panic resemble OCD

Answer 72

f not OCD-like there is no "because". its just jitters

Question 73

what causes the Wild/bizarre delusions, hallucinations in anphet psychosis

Answer 73

Dopamine release in limbic system

Question 74

the Wild/bizarre delusions, hallucinations are similar to ...

Answer 74

paranoid schiz

Question 75

T: Irritability, paranoia, violent behaviour

Answer 75

tweaking

Question 76

what function of amphet causes tweaking

Answer 76

sleep deprivation or monoamine deficiency

Question 77

Lethargy, dysthymia is apart of amphet psychosis

Answer 77

f mechanism inducing more amphet use