Stimulants Attention- Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Flashcards
1
Q
ADHD is a Developmental neuropsychiatric disorder what does it mean that it s developmental
A
Impairment of growth/development
2
Q
Developmental neuropsychiatric disorder what does it mean that it is neuropsychiatric
A
Neurological abnormality resulting in impaired ability to function.
3
Q
when is its onset
A
childhood
4
Q
is there such thing as adult onset
A
not well documented may be confounded with substance use
5
Q
are ADHD and ODD similar
A
no different things
6
Q
what are the 3 subtypes
A
inattentive
impulsive
combined
7
Q
the H in ADHD refers to … not behaviour
A
brain function
8
Q
which type was marketed as demon child
A
ADHD
9
Q
T: Fidgety/restlessness, hyperactivity, difficulty waiting and
remaining seated, immature behaviours
A
impulsive types
10
Q
T: Distracted, disorganized, forgetful, poor concentration, daydreaming
A
inattentive type
11
Q
innatentive type is a deficit in …
A
Vigilant concentration
12
Q
T: executive function (shifting attention), memory, attention= inattention
A
Vigilant concentration
13
Q
impulsive type is a problem with the … instead of executive component
A
Cognitive alertness
14
Q
T: motor and behavioural inhibition
A
Cognitive alertness
15
Q
what is the most common type of ADHD
A
combined type
16
Q
Hyperactivity refers to brain function, not behavioural description!
A
t
17
Q
what do we use to stay on task and read extra pages
A
vigilant concentration
18
Q
what are the 3 features of vigilant concentration
A
monitoring rules, updating system and response execulion
19
Q
if you don’t see shift in card game rules what part of vigilant concentration is not working
A
monitoring rules
20
Q
seeing which part of the task are completed and which are not :T
A
updating system
21
Q
wait for the cue and then respond :T
A
response execution
22
Q
what brain areas account for the lack of vigilant concentration in ADHD 3
A
norepinephrine system
23
Q
what brain areas are involved in norepinephrine
A
Reticular activating system
24
Q
what are the 2 subareas of the reticular formation involved in nonep staying on task
A
basal forebrain and locus coreruleys
25
what brain areas are ADHD people recruiting instead in reticular?
temporal compensating = verbal systems
26
T: continuing the same way and staying on task
preseverence
27
less nonep = less
perserverance
28
the lack of nonep also leads to a lack of ...
reward dependance = sensitivity to rewards
29
attention focused internally not externally = not noticing existing in own thoughts
cognitive alertness
30
what kind of test would get at cognitive alertness
orienting (“noticing”) tasks
31
what are the 2 parts of cognitive awareness
sensory awareness
32
??• Detection: Monitoring, reaction
?
33
Cog alertness: how does sensory awareness present
Inability to ignore stimuli (lack of inhibition)
34
what brain area is involved in cognitive alertness
Mesolimbic/mesocortical pathway
35
how is not following through and making too big of promises related to reward 2
reward sensitive hypoactive
| no delay discounting
36
what NT is impaired with the mesolimbic pathway
dopamine
37
we can tell if someone has ADHD based on their responses to prisoners dilemma
f thats subjective
| brain activation in response to receiving unfair reward
38
how does brain activation in response to receiving unfair reward differ in ADHD
basoganglia active in control in ADHD does not respond selectively to unfair
they will accept it
39
how is dopamine involved in ADHD
cognitive alterness:
| motivational significance to stimuli associated with reward
40
dopamine allows one to set a value on rewards
?
41
T: technical term for the domino effect
Temporal contiguity
42
what doesTemporal contiguity look like behaviourally
if you cannot focus you don't develop skills= compounded &cascade
43
neuropsychiatric what do the 2 parts of this word mean
brain and chemical
44
can you see ADHD in the brain
yes it has an anatomical basis
45
what's the difference between ADHD and acting out
anatomical profile= biological no Differentiate from emotional/cognitive disruption
46
how does ADHD brain respond differently to unfair rewards
basal ganglia does not respond selectively to unfair= no inhibition
47
T: intensive concentration on interesting and non-routine activities accompanied by temporarily diminished perception of the environment
hyperfocus
48
is there evidence for hyper focus symptom of ADHD
they begin to manifest in adulthood, not a symptom of adult onset, new symptom emerges as a result of development
49
hyper focus may be due to different effects of what NT
seretonin
50
3 key components of hyperfocus ?
don't understand how time passes
aware of things they ignore but cannot give up what they’re doing
Prefrontal activation in word fluency
51
what about hyper focus implies serotonin is getting involved
the hypnotic spell of time passing
52
what brain area is activated when processing word fluency for. ADHD
prefrontal activation
53
T: Associated with mood and conduct disorders, OCD
depleted seretonin
54
what is the chemical name for Ritalin
methylphenidate
55
why use a stimulant to treat depression
activate the inhibitory centers because ADHD brain needs suppressant
56
what brain structures does methylphenidate target
mesolimbic structures
57
what NT does Methylphenidate focus on blocking
dopamine and nonep
58
Methylphenidate is derived from....
phenethylamine
59
phenethylamine is more potent than cocaine
t
60
phenethylamine is more potent than cocaine= more likely to be abused
f because the timing of saturation was so slow
61
methylphenidate is a More potent ... than cocaine
inhibitor
62
Esther any euphoria associated with methylphenidate
no because it Enters the brain more slowly
63
why would you want More dopamine available for ADHD patients?
increase reinforcement
64
what did go no go task measure
inhibitory control
65
what did go no go task measure
inhibitory control
66
how did the go no go task get after the speed accuracy trade off
would get faster if doing better
67
what was the difference in reaction time between groups
none
68
what was the difference between groups then
accuracy (same for TD and on methylphenidate but more errors for ADHD not on meds)
69
in ADHD without treatment was it the false alarms or the misses that increased
both
70
were people with ADHDaware of their mistakes
yes
71
what do the false alarms and misses in ADHD tell us about their processing?
Delayed processing mechanism
72
this task was done in an FMRI what did this tell us about 2
parietal control = no brakes
| frontal areas processesing mistakes = no intellectual impairment
73
list all the meds that can be used to treat ADHD
Dexedrine, adderall, methylphenidate
74
what does the dextrose in (Dextro)Amphetamines mean
R turning
75
what are the 2 (Dextro)Amphetamines
Dexedrine, Adderall
76
.... financed by US Air Force for sustained flight
Dexedrine
77
Dexedrine was called a ... pill
go pill “no go pills” given after to ensure rest
78
what were the no go pills given after
benzo, nonbenzo
79
benzo, nonbenzo worked on what NT
GABA receptor modulator= increase GABA activity
80
what were the side effects of Dexedrine
tweaking and aggressive behaviours
81
who first discovered L and R rotating molecules
US Air Force
82
what did they find were the perks of R rotating molecules 2
1. no body response
| 2. psychoactive components
83
R rotating Psychostimulants acted without the ... usually accompanying this effect in the body
vasoconstriction
84
Incidents caused for decline in popularity related to what property of dexoamphetamines
psychoactive
85
how did Adderall get around patenting restrictions around naturally occurring substances
75% Dex, 25% Levo
| Patenting possible because of the blend of salts
86
how does Dexedrine differ from Adderall
only in the % of R and L rotating
87
what do dexoamphetamines block reuptake of
dopamine and nonpenepherine
88
other than blocking reuptake how does dexoamphet work on dopamine
acts as an agonist= causes an action
89
how do dexo act as an agonist
reverse dopamine transporter which dumps out dopamine
90
what do dexo amphet do thats different from amphet
block non ep and dopamine
91
what are the 3 key features of why dexo amphet are so effective
- block
- leaky vesicles = more dumped out
- both nonep and dopamine
92
what aspect of dexo Allows more dopamine to be dumped
leaky vesicles
93
dexoamphet are promoted for ADHD treatment all over world
f only in North America
94
what about the dexoamphet induce euphoria
levo
95
if you take more dexoamphet the more effect
f more all or none but true for rhitalin
96
is there a problem of overprescription? what is the cause of this
culture
97
what aspects of culture in the 1980s relate to overprescription
Conflict erodes self-image= Self-Esteem” movement
98
Biology & Brain as a reason for maladaptive behaviour was apart of the cultural belief
true
99
what was the White, middle to upper-class belief that lead to problems with ADHD
wanted the advantage for their kids too
100
T: higher achievement leads to stability, resources are depleting= giving an edge
educational paranoia
101
how did self esteem movement contribute to ADHD
no attempt at behavioural control= would not accept behavioural interventions
102
how did policy influence over prescription of ADHD
accommodations gave kids an edge
103
what are the 3 biases in ADHD
sex, age, ethnicity
104
how did limited resources aspect of change in policy influence?
Physician with no background in psychology!!!!(prescription) not Psychologist (diagnosis)
105
what is the abuse potential of Ritalin, Adderall, Dexedrine
in td people
106
what schedule is ADHD meds
They're legal, but they're considered dangerous because of their high risk of abuse and dependence.= schedule 2
107
what is the educational advantage of abuse potential
used as a study aid
108
how does it benefit people as a study aid
Modest effects on working & episodic memory
109
how do these drugs influence long term memory
No effects on cognition or long-term memory
110
how did these drugs influence work on difficult or boring tasks
didn't get better but kept going
111
why do these drugs sometimes not even work on working & episodic memory
state dependant memory
112
also termed sustained concentration, is defined as the ability to maintain concentrated attention over prolonged periods of time :T
vigilance
113
how do Ritalin, Adderall, Dexedrine act as athletic performance enhancer 2
– perseverance
| – Confound with accommodation benefits
114
T: Prolonged abstinence related with school dismissal
drug holidays
115
T: Belief that medication use will result in drug-seeking
| behaviours
gateway drug
116
what are the subjective effects of drug holidays
Lethargy, lack of motivation, depression
117
what happens to TD patients vigilance when on study aid drugs
did not get more vigilant but did keep going = No vigilance reduction
118
what happened to feedback mechanisms on study aids
more sensitive to feedback (enhanced awareness of errors)
119
what are the 2 problems with underprescritopn
drug holidays
| gateways drug fallacy
120
the "withdrawl" assiociated with drug holidays is actually caused by what
rebound = return fo symptoms
121
what causes the anxiety and depression during drug holidays
result of external problems caused by social problems of symptoms recurring
122
how does drug abuse relate to ADHD drug use
Non-treated ADHD results in higher drug abuse rates
123
why does untreated ADHD lead to more drug use
self medicate
| using meds Decrease of impulsivity = heightened inhibition
124
how does the abuse potential of cocaine compare to rhit
much more addictive because much more potent
125
what schedule is cocaine
1
126
why is cocaine so much more addictive than rhitalin
Shorter time to produce euphoria
127
why is cocaine preferred for recreational use
more potent more euphoria
128
how does abuse potential of cocaine compare to Amphetamine/Bath Salts
cocaine has Less aversive effects when “high”= cognition on bath salts
129
does cocanine effect cognition
no arousal and mood
130
why is cocaine less dangerous than the amphet
(no) physical withdrawal in cocaine only changes in system = no needing
131
are amphet and bath salts or cocaine preferred for recreational use
Cocaine preferred for recreational use
132
how does cocaine change reinforcement schedules
Not responsive to punishment
| Not responsive to positive reinforcement
133
how do you get someone off cocaine
Sensitive to combination of punishment and reinforcement (not for everyone though)
134
what happens to the delayed gratification in people addicted to cocaine
can't do
