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345A > Stimulants Attention- Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder > Flashcards

Stimulants Attention- Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Flashcards

1
Q

ADHD is a Developmental neuropsychiatric disorder what does it mean that it s developmental

A

Impairment of growth/development

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2
Q

Developmental neuropsychiatric disorder what does it mean that it is neuropsychiatric

A

Neurological abnormality resulting in impaired ability to function.

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3
Q

when is its onset

A

childhood

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4
Q

is there such thing as adult onset

A

not well documented may be confounded with substance use

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5
Q

are ADHD and ODD similar

A

no different things

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6
Q

what are the 3 subtypes

A

inattentive
impulsive
combined

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7
Q

the H in ADHD refers to … not behaviour

A

brain function

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8
Q

which type was marketed as demon child

A

ADHD

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9
Q

T: Fidgety/restlessness, hyperactivity, difficulty waiting and
remaining seated, immature behaviours

A

impulsive types

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10
Q

T: Distracted, disorganized, forgetful, poor concentration, daydreaming

A

inattentive type

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11
Q

innatentive type is a deficit in …

A

Vigilant concentration

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12
Q

T: executive function (shifting attention), memory, attention= inattention

A

Vigilant concentration

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13
Q

impulsive type is a problem with the … instead of executive component

A

Cognitive alertness

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14
Q

T: motor and behavioural inhibition

A

Cognitive alertness

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15
Q

what is the most common type of ADHD

A

combined type

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16
Q

Hyperactivity refers to brain function, not behavioural description!

A

t

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17
Q

what do we use to stay on task and read extra pages

A

vigilant concentration

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18
Q

what are the 3 features of vigilant concentration

A

monitoring rules, updating system and response execulion

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19
Q

if you don’t see shift in card game rules what part of vigilant concentration is not working

A

monitoring rules

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20
Q

seeing which part of the task are completed and which are not :T

A

updating system

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21
Q

wait for the cue and then respond :T

A

response execution

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22
Q

what brain areas account for the lack of vigilant concentration in ADHD 3

A

norepinephrine system

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23
Q

what brain areas are involved in norepinephrine

A

Reticular activating system

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24
Q

what are the 2 subareas of the reticular formation involved in nonep staying on task

A

basal forebrain and locus coreruleys

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25
Q

what brain areas are ADHD people recruiting instead in reticular?

A

temporal compensating = verbal systems

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26
Q

T: continuing the same way and staying on task

A

preseverence

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27
Q

less nonep = less

A

perserverance

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28
Q

the lack of nonep also leads to a lack of …

A

reward dependance = sensitivity to rewards

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29
Q

attention focused internally not externally = not noticing existing in own thoughts

A

cognitive alertness

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30
Q

what kind of test would get at cognitive alertness

A

orienting (“noticing”) tasks

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31
Q

what are the 2 parts of cognitive awareness

A

sensory awareness

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32
Q

??• Detection: Monitoring, reaction

A

?

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33
Q

Cog alertness: how does sensory awareness present

A

Inability to ignore stimuli (lack of inhibition)

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34
Q

what brain area is involved in cognitive alertness

A

Mesolimbic/mesocortical pathway

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35
Q

how is not following through and making too big of promises related to reward 2

A

reward sensitive hypoactive

no delay discounting

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36
Q

what NT is impaired with the mesolimbic pathway

A

dopamine

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37
Q

we can tell if someone has ADHD based on their responses to prisoners dilemma

A

f thats subjective

brain activation in response to receiving unfair reward

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38
Q

how does brain activation in response to receiving unfair reward differ in ADHD

A

basoganglia active in control in ADHD does not respond selectively to unfair
they will accept it

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39
Q

how is dopamine involved in ADHD

A

cognitive alterness:

motivational significance to stimuli associated with reward

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40
Q

dopamine allows one to set a value on rewards

A

?

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41
Q

T: technical term for the domino effect

A

Temporal contiguity

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42
Q

what doesTemporal contiguity look like behaviourally

A

if you cannot focus you don’t develop skills= compounded &cascade

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43
Q

neuropsychiatric what do the 2 parts of this word mean

A

brain and chemical

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44
Q

can you see ADHD in the brain

A

yes it has an anatomical basis

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45
Q

what’s the difference between ADHD and acting out

A

anatomical profile= biological no Differentiate from emotional/cognitive disruption

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46
Q

how does ADHD brain respond differently to unfair rewards

A

basal ganglia does not respond selectively to unfair= no inhibition

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47
Q

T: intensive concentration on interesting and non-routine activities accompanied by temporarily diminished perception of the environment

A

hyperfocus

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48
Q

is there evidence for hyper focus symptom of ADHD

A

they begin to manifest in adulthood, not a symptom of adult onset, new symptom emerges as a result of development

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49
Q

hyper focus may be due to different effects of what NT

A

seretonin

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50
Q

3 key components of hyperfocus ?

A

don’t understand how time passes
aware of things they ignore but cannot give up what they’re doing
Prefrontal activation in word fluency

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51
Q

what about hyper focus implies serotonin is getting involved

A

the hypnotic spell of time passing

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52
Q

what brain area is activated when processing word fluency for. ADHD

A

prefrontal activation

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53
Q

T: Associated with mood and conduct disorders, OCD

A

depleted seretonin

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54
Q

what is the chemical name for Ritalin

A

methylphenidate

55
Q

why use a stimulant to treat depression

A

activate the inhibitory centers because ADHD brain needs suppressant

56
Q

what brain structures does methylphenidate target

A

mesolimbic structures

57
Q

what NT does Methylphenidate focus on blocking

A

dopamine and nonep

58
Q

Methylphenidate is derived from….

A

phenethylamine

59
Q

phenethylamine is more potent than cocaine

A

t

60
Q

phenethylamine is more potent than cocaine= more likely to be abused

A

f because the timing of saturation was so slow

61
Q

methylphenidate is a More potent … than cocaine

A

inhibitor

62
Q

Esther any euphoria associated with methylphenidate

A

no because it Enters the brain more slowly

63
Q

why would you want More dopamine available for ADHD patients?

A

increase reinforcement

64
Q

what did go no go task measure

A

inhibitory control

65
Q

what did go no go task measure

A

inhibitory control

66
Q

how did the go no go task get after the speed accuracy trade off

A

would get faster if doing better

67
Q

what was the difference in reaction time between groups

A

none

68
Q

what was the difference between groups then

A

accuracy (same for TD and on methylphenidate but more errors for ADHD not on meds)

69
Q

in ADHD without treatment was it the false alarms or the misses that increased

A

both

70
Q

were people with ADHDaware of their mistakes

A

yes

71
Q

what do the false alarms and misses in ADHD tell us about their processing?

A

Delayed processing mechanism

72
Q

this task was done in an FMRI what did this tell us about 2

A

parietal control = no brakes

frontal areas processesing mistakes = no intellectual impairment

73
Q

list all the meds that can be used to treat ADHD

A

Dexedrine, adderall, methylphenidate

74
Q

what does the dextrose in (Dextro)Amphetamines mean

A

R turning

75
Q

what are the 2 (Dextro)Amphetamines

A

Dexedrine, Adderall

76
Q

…. financed by US Air Force for sustained flight

A

Dexedrine

77
Q

Dexedrine was called a … pill

A

go pill “no go pills” given after to ensure rest

78
Q

what were the no go pills given after

A

benzo, nonbenzo

79
Q

benzo, nonbenzo worked on what NT

A

GABA receptor modulator= increase GABA activity

80
Q

what were the side effects of Dexedrine

A

tweaking and aggressive behaviours

81
Q

who first discovered L and R rotating molecules

A

US Air Force

82
Q

what did they find were the perks of R rotating molecules 2

A
  1. no body response

2. psychoactive components

83
Q

R rotating Psychostimulants acted without the … usually accompanying this effect in the body

A

vasoconstriction

84
Q

Incidents caused for decline in popularity related to what property of dexoamphetamines

A

psychoactive

85
Q

how did Adderall get around patenting restrictions around naturally occurring substances

A

75% Dex, 25% Levo

Patenting possible because of the blend of salts

86
Q

how does Dexedrine differ from Adderall

A

only in the % of R and L rotating

87
Q

what do dexoamphetamines block reuptake of

A

dopamine and nonpenepherine

88
Q

other than blocking reuptake how does dexoamphet work on dopamine

A

acts as an agonist= causes an action

89
Q

how do dexo act as an agonist

A

reverse dopamine transporter which dumps out dopamine

90
Q

what do dexo amphet do thats different from amphet

A

block non ep and dopamine

91
Q

what are the 3 key features of why dexo amphet are so effective

A
  • block
  • leaky vesicles = more dumped out
  • both nonep and dopamine
92
Q

what aspect of dexo Allows more dopamine to be dumped

A

leaky vesicles

93
Q

dexoamphet are promoted for ADHD treatment all over world

A

f only in North America

94
Q

what about the dexoamphet induce euphoria

A

levo

95
Q

if you take more dexoamphet the more effect

A

f more all or none but true for rhitalin

96
Q

is there a problem of overprescription? what is the cause of this

A

culture

97
Q

what aspects of culture in the 1980s relate to overprescription

A

Conflict erodes self-image= Self-Esteem” movement

98
Q

Biology & Brain as a reason for maladaptive behaviour was apart of the cultural belief

A

true

99
Q

what was the White, middle to upper-class belief that lead to problems with ADHD

A

wanted the advantage for their kids too

100
Q

T: higher achievement leads to stability, resources are depleting= giving an edge

A

educational paranoia

101
Q

how did self esteem movement contribute to ADHD

A

no attempt at behavioural control= would not accept behavioural interventions

102
Q

how did policy influence over prescription of ADHD

A

accommodations gave kids an edge

103
Q

what are the 3 biases in ADHD

A

sex, age, ethnicity

104
Q

how did limited resources aspect of change in policy influence?

A

Physician with no background in psychology!!!!(prescription) not Psychologist (diagnosis)

105
Q

what is the abuse potential of Ritalin, Adderall, Dexedrine

A

in td people

106
Q

what schedule is ADHD meds

A

They’re legal, but they’re considered dangerous because of their high risk of abuse and dependence.= schedule 2

107
Q

what is the educational advantage of abuse potential

A

used as a study aid

108
Q

how does it benefit people as a study aid

A

Modest effects on working & episodic memory

109
Q

how do these drugs influence long term memory

A

No effects on cognition or long-term memory

110
Q

how did these drugs influence work on difficult or boring tasks

A

didn’t get better but kept going

111
Q

why do these drugs sometimes not even work on working & episodic memory

A

state dependant memory

112
Q

also termed sustained concentration, is defined as the ability to maintain concentrated attention over prolonged periods of time :T

A

vigilance

113
Q

how do Ritalin, Adderall, Dexedrine act as athletic performance enhancer 2

A

– perseverance

– Confound with accommodation benefits

114
Q

T: Prolonged abstinence related with school dismissal

A

drug holidays

115
Q

T: Belief that medication use will result in drug-seeking

behaviours

A

gateway drug

116
Q

what are the subjective effects of drug holidays

A

Lethargy, lack of motivation, depression

117
Q

what happens to TD patients vigilance when on study aid drugs

A

did not get more vigilant but did keep going = No vigilance reduction

118
Q

what happened to feedback mechanisms on study aids

A

more sensitive to feedback (enhanced awareness of errors)

119
Q

what are the 2 problems with underprescritopn

A

drug holidays

gateways drug fallacy

120
Q

the “withdrawl” assiociated with drug holidays is actually caused by what

A

rebound = return fo symptoms

121
Q

what causes the anxiety and depression during drug holidays

A

result of external problems caused by social problems of symptoms recurring

122
Q

how does drug abuse relate to ADHD drug use

A

Non-treated ADHD results in higher drug abuse rates

123
Q

why does untreated ADHD lead to more drug use

A

self medicate

using meds Decrease of impulsivity = heightened inhibition

124
Q

how does the abuse potential of cocaine compare to rhit

A

much more addictive because much more potent

125
Q

what schedule is cocaine

A

1

126
Q

why is cocaine so much more addictive than rhitalin

A

Shorter time to produce euphoria

127
Q

why is cocaine preferred for recreational use

A

more potent more euphoria

128
Q

how does abuse potential of cocaine compare to Amphetamine/Bath Salts

A

cocaine has Less aversive effects when “high”= cognition on bath salts

129
Q

does cocanine effect cognition

A

no arousal and mood

130
Q

why is cocaine less dangerous than the amphet

A

(no) physical withdrawal in cocaine only changes in system = no needing

131
Q

are amphet and bath salts or cocaine preferred for recreational use

A

Cocaine preferred for recreational use

132
Q

how does cocaine change reinforcement schedules

A

Not responsive to punishment

Not responsive to positive reinforcement

133
Q

how do you get someone off cocaine

A

Sensitive to combination of punishment and reinforcement (not for everyone though)

134
Q

what happens to the delayed gratification in people addicted to cocaine

A

can’t do

345A (20 decks)

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