Hallucinations: November 5th Flashcards
what does a psychedelic
positive connotation to hal: releasing the mind with drugs
what is the other posotive way hallucinogens were viewed?
generating the devine within
T: generating the devine within- liberating spiritual self
enthenogenic
what hal used in spiritual settings
ayawaska others because of pleasure
negative connotations to hal?
psychomimetic
what is psychomimetic
appearance of psychosis
T: negative connotation: mind distrupting and mind dissolving- loose sense of self
psychosleptic/ psycholytic
how do we operationalize hallucinogens
any chemical that induces perceptions of something that does not exist in the enviro
problem with the operationalization? 2
- according to this definition many hallucinogens arent hallucinogenic: arent changing what you see but how you interpret it = distorted reality
- anything can be hallucinogenic at high doses
what should hallucinogenics really be called
illusiongenic
… is a state in which individuals disconnected from enviro (perceptual state of being poisoned)
dellerium (relates to toxicity)
so how do we tell if its a hal or delirium
differentiate from primary or toxic effect
why is it hard to study hal effects
Hard to quantify subjective experience of hallucination/delusion and delirium
what drug fits closest with current definition of hal?
DMT
what are the 3 categories of hal we talk about?
psychedelics, dissociatives, deliriants
T: “reducing valve”; subjective feeling that the brain’s filter is being disabled by the drug (seeing beyond scope of brain and body)
psychedelics
“how did I not see it before” what drug
psychedelics
T: Physical “numbing” ; analgesia, amnesia, anesthesia
−Psychological detachment
dissociatives
which used as rape drugs
dissociatives
T: perception of dream-like state or unreal
Derealization
T: detached or removed from the body (out-of- body) not in control of body but not sedative= still awake
Depersonalization
which drug used as an anethetic
dissociatives bcs numbing
T: Confusion, inability to control behaviour, rage
deliriants
what system messed with that makes you feel detached from brain and body in dissociatives
thalamus= switchboard from signals from brain and body
problem with deliriants
toxic, dehydration, mydriasis
debate with deleriants?
is it a different category (deliriant state) or potency response = Quantitative or qualitative difference?
all deliriants are toxic
t
what happens on deliriants
Confusion, inability to control behaviour, rage (used before war)
what is mydriasis
pupil dialation
how do we make categorical distinctions
based on the receptors cells they target
which hal target 5 HT (2)
DMT and LSD (predominantly)
what hal target non ep (2)
ecstacy (MDMA) and mescaline
what targets Achetycholine
scopolamine
what does scopolamine do
makes you sleepy in gravol
what NT do PCP ketamine and salvia target
target second messenger systems and transcription factors so effect many NT
does targeting the same NT make the effects the same
no dif combo of effects= structural sim doesnt tell you about effects
what schedule are most hal?
3 =Legal to possess with prescription/license, illegal to produce or traffic= no big drug busts
what flower is illegal
peyote = mescaline
what kinds of sensory distortions?
visual, auditory and smell, taste touch
what 3 things change in visual feild?
size, color and contrast= low level sensory perceptions
what 2 things happen to sounds?
louder but not always clearer
T: crossing of sensory modality
synesthesia
is there euphoria in synesthesia
no
what are the 2 common stages all hal move through
1: visual images
2. meaningful images of people/animals/places
do the hallucinations exist even when external stimuli removed?
yes stimulation from inside
clearer percpetion of signals picked up on in stage 1= what is this expereinced as
categories crossed
how often do images change in stage 2
rapidly (in first stage changes will have a conceptual pattern)
why is rapidly changing images important to understanding moa
we know its top down
do people know the hallucinations arent real
yes unless high doeses= swept up in hal= freak out (toxicity?)
what does LSD stand for
Lysergic Acid Diethylamide
is LSD alkaloid
yes ergoline fungus similar analogue
what was LSD used for medically
Reduce bleeding/increase contractions
why is ergoline not used globally for medical use
extremely toxic
was LSD synthesized from ergoline?
isolated
when was LSD found
1943
street name for the indole nucleus that looks just like seretonin structurally
acid
what does it mean that acid is a volatile substance
interacts with water easily (stamps dont work as well)
what does it mean to say acid oxidates?
?
does acid react to sun
yes photosensitive
Powder “..”, gelatin “…”, “blotters”
pellets, chips
how potent is LSD
very
1 dose (“hit”) of LSD= ug
50 -150
what happens if you take more than the effective dose
doesnt do much more for you system is saturated
T: LSD Mimic/simulate activity of the sympathetic nervous
system
sympathomimetic
does nonep cause the increased altertness is LSD
no
2 ways LSD works on the system
- arouse sympa= fight or flight
2, supress para
what does arouse sympa effects of LSD do
Alertness, arousal: Increase blood pressure, temperature
what does supressing para effects of LSD
Anorectic effects (appetite suppressant)
does permissive hyp apply to hal?
more about chemicals have similar effects depending on which receptor site
an alteration in the rate, sequential ordering, and goal-directness of thinking processes
temporal disintegration (cannabis)
how would the sympathomimetic effects of hal be explained by permissive hyp
nonep system getting things started then influece seretonin= chemical reaction (focus on other reactions not these NT)
other explanation for sympatho response
emotional reaction to whats happening visually happening
what happens after forst 30 min after dropping LSD
nothing: no physiological effects, but sensation of relaxing or “release of tension”
what causes the relaxation before LSD trip
could be anticipation (opposite of sympathomimetic)
four stages that person goes through on LSD trip from 30 min to 2 h (as drugs manifest each area of brain)
1) “Images” with eyes closed (low level)
2) Synaesthesia
3) Perception of “multilevel reality” (can see beyond meaning)
4) Distorted (exaggerated/strange) visual input
which area of brain associated with each stage
- brainstem
- thalamus and insula
- insula (hearing angels?)
- Visual cortex/Locus Coeruleus
what additional function on top of seretonin influence is the drug having at peak
preffrontal= glutamate involved= reality monitoring effected
what stage do emotions get involved
stage 4 due to what they are experiencing or chemically induced mood changes
what time does peak occur
3-5 hour
3 things you experience at peak
1) Emotion/panic swings
2) Feelings of timelessness
3) Disembodiment or “ego-disintegration”
Disembodiment or “ego-disintegration” what does this mean
stop feeling seperate from their enviro= one with the universe= prefrontal
how does stage 1-4 differ from peak
sensory perceptual vs perceptual iterpretive
what are the chemical mechanisms in LSD
2 types of seretonin agonism
which 2 ser receptors
5-HT1A, 5-HT2A
which reeptor is infleunced in all the hal
5-HT2A
are the hal discriminatible from one another
yes due to their unique targets aside from 5HT2A
where are 5-HT1A, 5-HT2A infleuced in LSD
ocipital lobe
what is happening to ser receptors in ocip lobe
not inhibited but decrease activity
what does lateral inhibtition mean
when ones activated the other shuts up
how does brain code for neurons that are signalling input vs ones just firing to stay alive?
rhythms (when they syncronize they are just signaling to stay alive)
what is object model completion
filling in image
how is object model completion influenced in LSD
disruption (signal not getting past the noise)
would someone on LSD see the triangle from the 3 pac men
no
4 brain areas LSD goes through
brainstem visual cortex, locus coeruleus, cerebral cortex
in the LC what receptor gets the talking stick
5-HT2A active on both glutamate and GABA
excite 2A receptor on Glutamate1 and GABA2 what does this do to sensory signaling
some activated some inhibited: sensory signals getting through the threshold are decreasing
what happens to sensory threshold on LSD
lowering = noise getting through increase sensory signals
what happens to noise on LSD
decrease “spontaneous” signals
what does glutamate activation cause
spontaneous signals erratic= lower threshold and throwing signals around
2 roles of 5 ht 2A
1: increase sensory signals (threshold)
2: decrease “spontaneous” signals (noise)
what does LSDs effect on ht52A receptors do
Refinement and Salience of signals no longer occurs because of agonism = perceptions emerge as if they are there
how does synesthesia occur in regards to neuron signaling
coordinating between populations of neurons that are completely disconnected
what happens in the PFC
induce glutamate released not GABA
what part of LSD MOA explains why perception is altered
hyeractive cerebral cortex glutamate singals tell the brain to make snese of all that= illusions= apply logic to whats happening to you
how does james lange theory apply to LSD
react to our bodily responses based on whats happening in our enviro
Interaction between … and … explains psychotic actions (i.e. when things get scary)
Dopamine and Serotonin
is there tolerance in LSD
debate due to emotionality
the first LSD trip is scary second and third not so much why?
tachyphylaxis or expectation= knowing whats coming
how long does it take for LSD to work again
3 days to one week
what is the danger of LSD tolerance
people keep taking more to try and get high but cant in next week= toxicity
is there cross tolerance? to what
yes for other things in the Tryptamine family (shrooms, DMT)
is there dependance
no, no withdrawal psysiological
is there psycholoigcal dependance
no its not an easy high= 8 hour “trips” ; physically/psychologically exhausting
Alternating between pleasant and terrifying: how does this change psychological tolerance
(not as rewarding, unpredictable)
is there psysioligcal effects
yes Chronic pupil dilation (sympathomimetic: live life behind shades)
T: Chronic pupil dilation
Myadrasis
psychological effects if you keep taking LSD?
wont keep getting effect but saturating system in chemical that looks like seretonin
The accumulation of excess serotonin in the CNS that is psycholigcal effect of LSD :T
seretonin syndrome
3 categorites of symptoms of seretonin syndrome
cognitive, autonomic, somatic
coginitve effects of seretonin syndrome? 3
hypomania, confusion, hallucinations (see sports and shapes not on it)
autonomic effects of seretonin syndrome? 4
sweating, hyperthermia, vasoconstriction (BP up), tachycardia
somatic effects of seretonin syndrome?
tremor, twitchiness
what is lasting twitchiness of LSD called
myoclonus
seretonin syndrome feels like Lasting “… reactions”
Panic
Re-experiencing symptoms from the trip when sober “flashbacks” (somehow hal persisting in the system) :T
Hallucinogen Persisting Perception Disorder (HPPD)
HPPD: Chronic (mostly …) or episodic (..)
visual, all sensory modality)
when does HPPD hal happen most often
Before going to sleep, in darkness, driving, (stress)= low sensory stimulation
LSD Long-Term Effects? Used one of either LSD, Mescaline, or Psilocybin at any point of their lives= results
no difference in rates OR onset of the 11 indicators of mental-health problems when compared to controls
so is there no such thing as HPPD
found in non users as well… but was correlational study
