Marijuana: Nov 20-22 Flashcards
1
Q
what parts of the Cannabis plant do you use
A
resin and leaf
2
Q
what is the drug that comes from the leaf vs the resin
A
resin= hash leaf= mj
3
Q
did they start using the resin or the leaf first
A
resin 2737 BCE China, 1000 CE North Africa
4
Q
when was THC first isolated and synthesized
A
for horses in 1964
5
Q
street names often differ. what do they refer to
A
method of intake and preparation e.g. inhalation=Blunt, doobie, joint, refeer
6
Q
is hemp a drug
A
no it is the plant fibres used for material items
7
Q
does the resin and leaf have the same potency
A
no
8
Q
can someone like mj but not hashish
A
yes they have different chemicals = 2 separate things
9
Q
what does phytocanabinoid get its name from
A
phyto= plant cannabinoid= class of chemical
10
Q
Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinoid :T
A
THC
11
Q
generic name for THC
A
dronabinol= medical mj
12
Q
is the potency of medical mj always the same
A
not to original plant substance
13
Q
are Δ9-THC metabolites active or inactive
A
active
14
Q
what are the 2 metabolites of Δ9-THC
A
cannabinol and cannabidiol
15
Q
does Δ9-THC cannabinol and cannabidiol have the same effects
A
no all different
16
Q
Cannabinol, cannabidiol are only produced by THC metabolites
A
f can be indepedently found in the leaf
17
Q
when ingested …. is formed in the liver from THC
A
11-hydroxy-Δ9-THC
18
Q
if you smoked or ate THC changes the active chemical compounds in your body
A
t
19
Q
Δ9-THC: what are the effects
A
depends on route of admin
20
Q
what’s wrong with all the hype around THC
A
there are unique effects of metabolites which can potentiate or interact with THC compounds
21
Q
what is it you actually want
A
the canabidiol THC will give you a panic attack
22
Q
why are buttery cocoay pot brownies the best way to make an edible
A
Highly lipid-soluble (butter), however molecule is protein- bound (coca) = problem for fat people drug testing
23
Q
Highly lipid-soluble, however molecule is protein- bound why is this a complication
A
potency and distribution differ widely
24
Q
2 things synthetics try and do
A
- interact with receptor without molecule looking like original molecule
- try to derive the molecule from everything else= get it on its own
25
what is a partial vs a full synthetic
```
partial= dereiviate
full= generate in lab
```
26
street names for synthetic cannabinoid alternatives
K2 or spice
27
what 2 systems do synthetic cannabinoids target
seretonin and cannabinoid
28
synthetics Emerged from scientific research meant to study the
effects on ...
receptors
29
3 types of synthetics
classic, non classical and hybrid
30
what is an example of a classic synthetic
dronabinol =derived from chemical choosing pieces you need
31
T: synthesized analgesics
nonclassical
32
Aminoalkylindoles what can we tell from this name
indole= seretonin
33
synthetic anti-inflamatory, antihyperalgesia :T
Aminoalkylindoles
34
synthetic: synthesized endo; immune response, pain
| perception :T
eicosanoid (look at molecule in body not leaf)
35
3 quadrants of syntheitcs?
classical, aminoalkylindoles, eicosanoid
36
which of the 3 quadrants of synthetics is focused on for medical use
aminoalkylindoles
37
synthetic can are Marketed under different street names what are 2
“potpourri” and “incense”
38
why called incense
you don't smoke it you burn and inhale it
39
synthetic cannabinoids show properties of what 2 drug classes
stimulant and hallucinogen
40
are synthetic cannabinoids partial or full agoinsts
full
41
what is the problem with synthetic can
contamination with other chemicals
42
4 things synthetic can are cut with
Oleamide, harmine/harmaline, cathinone, MAO-I
43
are synthetic can strictly street drugs
they have them in pharm research but not being distributed
44
is hashish more potent than Mj
hard to say
45
3 problems in deciphering if hash or mj is more potent
1. dose depedant
2. variable concentrations in modern strains
3. stews comparing these 2 in research
46
why can't you just give same dose of hash and mj
how much inhaled smoking mj vs inhaling resin and doses vary due to strain
47
THC: ...% in 1980s to ...% in 2000’s depending on strain
2, 8-20
48
high potency makes it easier to have a good time
f a bad time
49
T: marijuana of a variety that has a particularly high concentration of psychoactive agents.
sinsemilla (skunk)
50
“buzz” -> “high” -> “stoned” what does each of these feel like
Light-headed, tingling → euphoric, exhilarated → calm, relaxed
51
2 most popular methods of intake
inhalation and ingestion
52
how long does ti take for it to hit you when you're inhaling it and how long does it last
1 min – 2/4 hr (how long it lasts depends on strain, and what in joint)
53
... of the Δ9-THC is released into smoke
Only 50%
54
how much of that 50 % is then absorbed into lungs
20%
55
what effects absorption in lungs
time held in lungs
56
T: second-hand inhalation can result in
| psychoactive levels
contact high
57
is contact high really a thing
Little evidence that this is a possibility in casual social situations
58
how long to kick in and how long did it last with ingestion
1hr- 4/6hr (slowly released into blood stream)
59
first-pass metabolism deactivates ...% of THC
50
60
ingestion: Requires... more to achieve comparable high to inhalation
x3 (because of slow onset)
61
Requires x3 more to achieve comparable high to inhalation why does this make it dangerous
slow onset: people don't realize they are high
62
is a pot brownie or smoking more detectable on a drug test
pot brownie bcs highly lipid soluble
63
4-5 days of use leads to ~ ... day long-term pharmacological action
7 (still in urine- lingers)
64
problem with the long lasting action of ingested canniboids
1. potency- if you eat again 4 days after your adding to what's already in system
2. LT effects? cannabinoid hypermesis syndrome
65
Debate with ingestion: Evolutionary “gatekeeper” mechanism?
??
66
at what dose do you get euphoria
high
67
problem with ingestion?
lack of immediate effects makes users eat more
68
4-5 days of use leads to ~ ... day long-term pharmacological action
7
69
when endogenous system cannaboids work on
endocannabinoid
70
"Gateway” or “Stepping-stone” Theory was supported by the process of illicit drug use: what were the 3 stages in the process
Alcohol → Marijuana → stim/opioid/halluc.
71
does this route support gateway theory
no has nothing to do with the way the drug makes you feel but about availability in societies
72
any evidence for gateway
no support for process not for outcome
73
2 problems with process supporting gateway
Not all users progress to the next step (~ only 10-20%) – Users still make use of earlier process drugs
74
T: Drug use is accounted for by the user’s
| characteristics (i.e. propensity for drug use)
correlated vulnerabilities
75
what does correlated vulnerability theory say the relationship between cannabis and elicit drug use is
Users will use anything, not a function of kind of drug (psychological state of user not drug itself)
76
what LT effects found in users vs non users cognitively 2
users= lower Verbal fluency & Divided attention (correlation not causation)
77
LT mj users showed ... focus on one task = no divided attention
perseverating (struggle with attention)
78
differences found b/wn heavy users, former heavy
| users, light users, and nonusers?
Intellectual impairment reversed with abstinence (heavy users spew intellectual impairments)
79
how were heavy users impaired
severe verbal IQ deficits(maybe these people had less schooling)
80
heavy users had 40% higher chance for .... 3
schizophrenia, GAD, and depression
81
how did heavy users brains differ
Changes in dopaminergic pathway (developmental trend in those who started use before 17= LT changes in endocan system)
82
re adverse consequences caused by changes to endocannabinoid system
no brain changes maybe interacts with dopamine pathway which could cause adverse effects
83
3 confounds that could also account for adverse effects from correlational study
reflect effect of cannabis on development, traits of user, or social ramification of use?
84
is there tolerance with cannabinoids
yes but rapidly dissipate
85
in the 8 week, in-lab study; 1-4 weeks free access to joints how did how many joints they took a day change
Day 1: 1 per day, Day 21: 19 per day
86
what were the reports from participants during tolerance study
Participants complained joints were becoming weak
87
what were the negative outcomes by the end of tolerance study with heavy use
suspiciousness, paranoid, agitated, apathetic,
| withdrawn and depressed
88
what did the in lab joint study tell us about tolerance
Implies downregulation of receptors
89
what happened when they cut people off from the joints? week 5
irritability, uncooperativeness, resistance, and hostility, appetite suppression, insomnia (tolerance mechanisms)
90
does mj have an effect on seretonin
yes
91
what happened at week 6
symptoms dissipate
92
2 cannabis related syndromes?
cannabis dependance and cannabis withdrawl syndrome
93
does light use do to tolerance
none= no dependance
94
T: general criteria of substance dependence
cannabis dependance
95
T: 3 of the following
• Irritability, anger/aggression, anxiety, depressed mood, difficulty sleeping, decreased appetite, and physical symptoms
cannabis withdrawl syndrome
96
why separate dependance from withdrawl syndrome
might have life disruptions without having withdrawl
97
unique withdrawl symptom to mj?
```
Nausea, vomiting and colicky abdominal pain1 as a
result of (weekly) cannabis use2 following a history of cannabis use for years3 (why we used it for horses)
```
98
```
T: Nausea, vomiting and colicky abdominal pain1 as a
result of (weekly) cannabis use2 following a history of cannabis use for years3
```
cannabinoid hypermesis syndrome
99
what's interesting about can hyp syndrome
time frame
100
what is cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome caused by 2
toxicity or changes to hypothalamus
101
support for hypothalamus disregulation explanation for Cannabinoid Hyperemesis Syndrome
Compulsive hot baths (for symptom relief)= temp influ by hypothalamus
102
what is support for toxicity explanation of can hyp syndrome
buildup in tissue in intestine= toxicity
103
which explanation for can hyp syndrome explains temporal onset and defunct elimination
toxicity
104
Δ9-THC how many overdoses from this
none= low toxicity
105
T: is used to treat loss of appetite that causes weight loss in people with AIDS.
dronabinol (only Δ9-THC no other chemicals)
106
how many mg per kg is dronabinol prescribed at
30mg / kg = we do see toxicity because this is so much in pill
107
side effects of dronabinol
lethargy, decreased motor coordination, slurred speech, and postural hypotension
108
T: walking very thud thud torso swaying with heavy gait
postural hypotension
109
how accurate are people at telling if they are on THC or placebo
100% accuracy
110
could they discriminate between against benzodiazepine, opioid, or stimulant or THC
Accuracy of 100% on small doses, and 85% on larger doses
111
which drugs were THC confused with at high doses
Confound with analgesics and methylphenidate: sensitive to pain relief and attentional component of mj
112
what can we tell from discriminatory studies
Δ9-THC results in unique stimulus effects
113
could people discriminate between different doses
90% accuracy of “high” vs. “stoned” reports correlating with dosage= medium from high
114
people usually have a good first experience with mj
f have to be coached to engage in experience
115
T: First-time users require “instruction” to experience effects
learned response = guided = not only physiological?
116
... affect positive or negative outcome
Attitudes
117
what parts of mj have pain relieving and relaxing effects
cannabidiol and cannabinol
118
2 natural endocannaboids
anaamide, 2-AG
119
what kind of receptor is CB1
Metabotoropic (G-protein coupled) Receptors
120
3 areas of brain CB1 causes motor inhibiton
basal ganglia, substantia nigra, cerebellum
121
3 areas where CB1 causes mood elevation and psychosis
nucleus accumbens, ventral tegmental area, hippocampus
122
where does CB1 effect memory
hippocampus
123
where does CB1 cause cognition and pain relief
cerebral cortex
124
where does CB1 cause pain relief
spinal cord and thalamus
125
where does CB1 effect appetite
hypothalamus
126
what kind of agonism in cannabis
partial
127
what NT and where is stimulating effect of cannabinoids
increased dopamine in the NA
128
T: modulates release of neurotransmitter, reducing firing rate
retrograde NT molecule
129
what effect does the retrograde NT molecule
calming
130
what does CB2 do and where is it made
in hippocampus, immunofacilitative function
131
where are CB2 receptors
on glial cells, [white blood cells, leukocytes, and mast cells]
132
Lack of 2-AG correlated with ....
bowel cancer
133
Cancer has CB2 receptors that when triggered causes ...
apoptosis (cell death)
134
Behavioural Effects of Δ9-THC
dose dependent
135
how are ❖Motor coordination and reaction time influenced
Low dosage: increase in motor activity decrease coordination • High dosage: decrease motor activity increase in reaction time
136
.... to disruptions in vigilance
Compensatory reactions
137
T: Persistent lack of motivation to engage in productive activities
amotivational syndrome
138
is there evidence for motivational syndrome
No evidence for the effects of cannabinoids in research focusing on reward-based strategies
but maybe for self motivated or unrewarded tasks
Not found in cross-cultural studies
139
how did cannabis make effortful tasks seem
less effortful but were worse at it
140
are both the behavioural and cognitive effects dose dep
yes
141
what happens to ST memory
```
low= memory deficit with no attentional impairment
high= memory reasoning and attentional impairment
```
142
how were cognitive deficits shown in the brain
less LTP in hippocampus
143
what did developmental persistence studies find
permenant decline for every 5 mj years of exposure (strategies, proactive/retroactive interference)
144
T: perception of time is slowed down= cognitive effect
decelerated time
145
what phase of high does decelerated time occur
stoned
146
what's happening in brain that accounts for decelerated time
reduced blood flow to cerebellum
147
T: alteration in perceptions associated with time
temporal disintegration
148
e.g. of temporal disintegration
tempo and sequence errors
149
T: Spontaneous, seemingly random ideas
flight of ideas
150
what causes flight of ideas
orienting and time perception deficits (?)
| • Cognitive threshold impairment (?)
151
Debate: low should cause confusion, high should cause “numbing”
??
152
how are executive functions altered
Shift/Inhibit activities= impaired while abstinent for chronic users
153
Debate: associated with developmental milestones
??
