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345A > Drug classifications > Flashcards

Drug classifications Flashcards

1
Q

what is a psychoactive drug

A

Substances that impact the nervous system to alter a person’s mood, per-ceptions, or level of consciousness (as

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2
Q

T: Substances that impact the nervous system to alter a person’s mood, per-ceptions, or level of consciousness (as

A

psychoactive drug

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3
Q

4 names a drug can have

A

a chemical name, a generic name, and a trade name and street name

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4
Q

what makes up the generic name

A

the generic name was derived by combining parts of the chemical name, and these names are still in use.

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5
Q

what does it mean to use a stem in a generic name

A

The stem is usually the last part of the generic name, although it could be at the beginning or in the middle. (For example, oxetine is a stem that indicates an antidepressant drug. Thus, if you see the name fluoxetine or duloxetine)

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6
Q

Initially, the generic name was derived by …

A

combining parts of the chemical name

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7
Q

Most scientific journals and textbooks published in North America (including this book) use what drug classification for their generic names

A

United States Adopted Names (USAN).

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8
Q

SKF 10,047. what do the letters and numbers in this stand for

A

The letters refer to the drug company (in this case, Smith, Kline, and French), and the numbers are a unique code for the drug.

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9
Q

review table 1.1 generic names stems

A

…

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10
Q

what are the 3 steps in the Process

of Pharmaceutical Drug Development

A

preclinical testing
clinical testing
off label use

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11
Q

what are the 2 methods to conduct preclinical testing

A

Some of this research is conducted in vitro (in cells in a test tube or culture dish) and some in vivo (in experimental animals, usually rats or mice).

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12
Q

what are the 4 phases of clinical testing

A

Phase I: Pharmacokinetic and Safety Testing.
Phase II: Small-Scale effectiveness Testing
Phase III: Large-Scale effectiveness Testing. (goes public)
Phase IV: Postmarketing Studies.

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13
Q

T: that the drug has other potential benefits and prescribe it to treat other disorders

A

off label use

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14
Q

what name is the drug sold as

A

trade name

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15
Q

By the time the drug is fully developed and granted approval for sale, … of patent remain while the drug is on the market.

A

about 7 to 12 years

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16
Q

one drug has one trade name

A

f can have many labelled and sold by different companies

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17
Q

Trade names can be distinguished from generic names how?

A

because their first letter is capitalized.

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18
Q

may contain a number of other ingredients—fillers, coloring agents, binding agents, fla-vors, preservatives, and coatings—T:

A

collectively referred to as excipients.

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19
Q

a drug with the same active ingredient that dissolves slowly or fast are = drugs

A

f may change how effective it is

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20
Q

The excipients and the active ingredient are combined in a particular way, and this is known as the drug’s ..

A

formulation

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21
Q

ecstacy is what kind of name

A

street name

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22
Q

All of modern science uses the metric system and drug doses are nearly always stated in…

A

milligrams (mg)

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23
Q

research done with rats and mice often uses doses that appear excessive in human terms. why?

A

need more due to fast metabolisms

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24
Q

what does the horizontal and vertical axis on a DEC or DRCrepresent

A

The effect of this range of doses is plotted on a graph, with the dose indicated on the horizontal axis and the effect on the vertical axis.

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25
Q

how are drug classifications determined

A

by their effects

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26
Q

4 main types of drugs

A

stimulants
depressants
hallucinogens
antipsychotics

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27
Q

which drug class Do not affect sensory perception

A

stimulants (might just not be able to focus)

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28
Q

which alter perception

A

hallucinogens

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29
Q

why is saying stimulants are mood elevators deceptive

A

not emotions but arousal

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30
Q

what is a depressant

A

anything that inhibits CNS

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31
Q

what happens if you inhibit an inhibitor

A

more pain but still a depressant

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32
Q

what is term for pain killers

A

narcotics = depressants

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33
Q

what does depressant do to perception

A

Hinders perception= too sleepy only responding to loud stuff

34
Q

what classifies a hallucinogen

A

anything that makes you see things

35
Q

what is an antipsychotic

A

anything depeding on if you use it to Treatment of psychotic symptoms

36
Q

4 problems with classifying drugs

A
  1. Lack of consistency regarding the operationalization of “effects”(effects look same)
  2. S.O.A. differs
  3. Neurotransmitterinteractions
  4. BehavioralEffects
37
Q

which operationalization of drug class is more objective

A

depressant

38
Q

Stimulants/Hallucinogens are determined by …., Depressants by …, Anti-psychotics by the …

A 
behaviour
chemical interaction
alleviation of (psychological) symptoms
39
Q

what’s the problem with SOA differences

A

doesn’t take you what SOA is or what its going to do bcs it differs = Body vs. Brain, Primary/Secondary/Side-effects

40
Q

its not so much which about which NT but more about which…

A

receptor because NT have more than one function

41
Q

3 different types of NT interactions that can occur that classifications can’t account for

A

Agonism, antagonism and potentiation

42
Q

what is the behavioural effects problem with drug classification

A

inidividual differences in how people process drugs

43
Q

difference between pharmacogenetics and phargenomics

A 
genetics= genes doesn't mean they are active 
genomics= depends on other things
44
Q

what are the other things in pharmacogenomics that influence individual differences

A

metabolization

experience

45
Q

the study of how genes affect a person’s response to drugs. This relatively new field combines pharmacology (the science of drugs) and genomics (the study of genes and their functions) to develop effective, safe medications and doses that will be tailored to a person’s genetic makeup:T

A

pharmacogenetics

46
Q

Biological differences in metabolization of

pharmaceuticals refers to what 3 things

A

enzymes (how important for drug)
develop stages
epigenetics (genes and enviro)

47
Q

what are the 4 types of enzyme producers

A

ultra, exensive, intermediate, poor

48
Q

what gives red bull its name

A

torine= red

49
Q

how does epigenetics influence drug classification

A

stress= cortisol, nonep= chemical interactions differ

chemical use= body Changs

50
Q

2 ways experiences influence individuals differences

A

tolerance, cross tolerance

drug interactions

51
Q

what does it mean to say individual differences in experience are bidirectional relationships

A

experience effects way you use a drug

way you use a drug effects experience

52
Q

what is another form of drug classification system

A

related to stages in commercial development

53
Q

2 stages in com development?

A 
Preliminary Research (effects not known)
Post-research (effects known)
54
Q

Preliminary Research (effects not known)
Post-research (effects known)
during research what are these named in com development

A 
prelim= chemical name= structure 
post= generic= label
55
Q

how does the industry name drugs during prim and post research

A 
prim= code name
post= commercial (trade) name
56
Q

what is the code name

A

patent number

57
Q

what name do people recognize

A

trade/ commercial

58
Q

in which quadrant is the PL code

A

post, industry = commercial name

59
Q

what does the PL code tell you

A

tell you what’s the same drug with Dif branding

60
Q

generic name is the same as generic drug

A

f

61
Q

what is a generic drug vs generic name

A

generic name can be a combination drug, doesn’t have to be pure drug
generic drug is pure form

62
Q

3 ways to classify drugs?

A

commercial way
determined by effects
controlled drugs and substances act

63
Q

Controlled Drugs and Substances Act deciders drugs based on drug abuse potential

A

f based on level of criminality (at what level is this drug not allowed= control over substance)

64
Q

which schedule is the worst = illegal to posses

A

1

65
Q

T: legal to posses with prescription/license, illegal to traffic or produce

A

3

66
Q

T: Legal (illegal to export)

A

5

67
Q

T: illegal to possess, traffic, or produce over a certain amount

A

2

68
Q

T: Legal to posses for personal use, but illegal to acquire, traffic or
produce

A

4

69
Q

2 added schedules?

A

6 and 7

70
Q

what is schedule 6

A

precursors (how far back is this going? you can make hallucinogen from Tylenol)

71
Q

what is schedule 7,8

A

cannabis

72
Q

what was the first legit use for cocaine

A

anesthetic (loss of sensation)

73
Q

who used cocaine at first

A

intellectuals but was still associated with crime
war
hippies

74
Q

… similar in chemical structure to cocaine. less potent than amphetamine but more so than caffeine with negligible effects on the gastrointestinal system and appetite

A

methylphenidate

75
Q

methylphenidate trade name

A

ritalin

76
Q

5 things methenidate treats

A

ADHD treatment of nar-colepsy, chronic fatigue, depression, and neurocognitive impairment in elderly people

77
Q

what are the routes of admin

A

absorption
injection
smoked
snorted

78
Q

why when amphetamines are used medically they are always given orally

A

slows rate of absorption = steady blood levels

79
Q

When taken on an empty stomach, a single dose of Adderall IR reaches peak blood plasma concentrations in about …

A

3 hours.

80
Q

When administered intravenously, d-amphetamine reaches peak blood plasma concentrations in about …

A

20 min

81
Q

Within the amphetamines family, …

has the greatest abuse potential.

A

methamphetamine

82
Q

4 reasons meth is so potent and fast acting

A

Its higher lipophilicity, better penetration of the blood–brain barrier, and greater stability against enzymatic degradation by monoamine oxidase (MAO) render it more potent and faster-acting compared to amphetamine

345A (20 decks)

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