Drug classifications Flashcards
what is a psychoactive drug
Substances that impact the nervous system to alter a person’s mood, per-ceptions, or level of consciousness (as
T: Substances that impact the nervous system to alter a person’s mood, per-ceptions, or level of consciousness (as
psychoactive drug
4 names a drug can have
a chemical name, a generic name, and a trade name and street name
what makes up the generic name
the generic name was derived by combining parts of the chemical name, and these names are still in use.
what does it mean to use a stem in a generic name
The stem is usually the last part of the generic name, although it could be at the beginning or in the middle. (For example, oxetine is a stem that indicates an antidepressant drug. Thus, if you see the name fluoxetine or duloxetine)
Initially, the generic name was derived by …
combining parts of the chemical name
Most scientific journals and textbooks published in North America (including this book) use what drug classification for their generic names
United States Adopted Names (USAN).
SKF 10,047. what do the letters and numbers in this stand for
The letters refer to the drug company (in this case, Smith, Kline, and French), and the numbers are a unique code for the drug.
review table 1.1 generic names stems
…
what are the 3 steps in the Process
of Pharmaceutical Drug Development
preclinical testing
clinical testing
off label use
what are the 2 methods to conduct preclinical testing
Some of this research is conducted in vitro (in cells in a test tube or culture dish) and some in vivo (in experimental animals, usually rats or mice).
what are the 4 phases of clinical testing
Phase I: Pharmacokinetic and Safety Testing.
Phase II: Small-Scale effectiveness Testing
Phase III: Large-Scale effectiveness Testing. (goes public)
Phase IV: Postmarketing Studies.
T: that the drug has other potential benefits and prescribe it to treat other disorders
off label use
what name is the drug sold as
trade name
By the time the drug is fully developed and granted approval for sale, … of patent remain while the drug is on the market.
about 7 to 12 years
one drug has one trade name
f can have many labelled and sold by different companies
Trade names can be distinguished from generic names how?
because their first letter is capitalized.
may contain a number of other ingredients—fillers, coloring agents, binding agents, fla-vors, preservatives, and coatings—T:
collectively referred to as excipients.
a drug with the same active ingredient that dissolves slowly or fast are = drugs
f may change how effective it is
The excipients and the active ingredient are combined in a particular way, and this is known as the drug’s ..
formulation
ecstacy is what kind of name
street name
All of modern science uses the metric system and drug doses are nearly always stated in…
milligrams (mg)
research done with rats and mice often uses doses that appear excessive in human terms. why?
need more due to fast metabolisms
what does the horizontal and vertical axis on a DEC or DRCrepresent
The effect of this range of doses is plotted on a graph, with the dose indicated on the horizontal axis and the effect on the vertical axis.
how are drug classifications determined
by their effects
4 main types of drugs
stimulants
depressants
hallucinogens
antipsychotics
which drug class Do not affect sensory perception
stimulants (might just not be able to focus)
which alter perception
hallucinogens
why is saying stimulants are mood elevators deceptive
not emotions but arousal
what is a depressant
anything that inhibits CNS
what happens if you inhibit an inhibitor
more pain but still a depressant
what is term for pain killers
narcotics = depressants
what does depressant do to perception
Hinders perception= too sleepy only responding to loud stuff
what classifies a hallucinogen
anything that makes you see things
what is an antipsychotic
anything depeding on if you use it to Treatment of psychotic symptoms
4 problems with classifying drugs
- Lack of consistency regarding the operationalization of “effects”(effects look same)
- S.O.A. differs
- Neurotransmitterinteractions
- BehavioralEffects
which operationalization of drug class is more objective
depressant
Stimulants/Hallucinogens are determined by …., Depressants by …, Anti-psychotics by the …
behaviour chemical interaction alleviation of (psychological) symptoms
what’s the problem with SOA differences
doesn’t take you what SOA is or what its going to do bcs it differs = Body vs. Brain, Primary/Secondary/Side-effects
its not so much which about which NT but more about which…
receptor because NT have more than one function
3 different types of NT interactions that can occur that classifications can’t account for
Agonism, antagonism and potentiation
what is the behavioural effects problem with drug classification
inidividual differences in how people process drugs
difference between pharmacogenetics and phargenomics
genetics= genes doesn't mean they are active genomics= depends on other things
what are the other things in pharmacogenomics that influence individual differences
metabolization
experience
the study of how genes affect a person’s response to drugs. This relatively new field combines pharmacology (the science of drugs) and genomics (the study of genes and their functions) to develop effective, safe medications and doses that will be tailored to a person’s genetic makeup:T
pharmacogenetics
Biological differences in metabolization of
pharmaceuticals refers to what 3 things
enzymes (how important for drug)
develop stages
epigenetics (genes and enviro)
what are the 4 types of enzyme producers
ultra, exensive, intermediate, poor
what gives red bull its name
torine= red
how does epigenetics influence drug classification
stress= cortisol, nonep= chemical interactions differ
chemical use= body Changs
2 ways experiences influence individuals differences
tolerance, cross tolerance
drug interactions
what does it mean to say individual differences in experience are bidirectional relationships
experience effects way you use a drug
way you use a drug effects experience
what is another form of drug classification system
related to stages in commercial development
2 stages in com development?
Preliminary Research (effects not known) Post-research (effects known)
Preliminary Research (effects not known)
Post-research (effects known)
during research what are these named in com development
prelim= chemical name= structure post= generic= label
how does the industry name drugs during prim and post research
prim= code name post= commercial (trade) name
what is the code name
patent number
what name do people recognize
trade/ commercial
in which quadrant is the PL code
post, industry = commercial name
what does the PL code tell you
tell you what’s the same drug with Dif branding
generic name is the same as generic drug
f
what is a generic drug vs generic name
generic name can be a combination drug, doesn’t have to be pure drug
generic drug is pure form
3 ways to classify drugs?
commercial way
determined by effects
controlled drugs and substances act
Controlled Drugs and Substances Act deciders drugs based on drug abuse potential
f based on level of criminality (at what level is this drug not allowed= control over substance)
which schedule is the worst = illegal to posses
1
T: legal to posses with prescription/license, illegal to traffic or produce
3
T: Legal (illegal to export)
5
T: illegal to possess, traffic, or produce over a certain amount
2
T: Legal to posses for personal use, but illegal to acquire, traffic or
produce
4
2 added schedules?
6 and 7
what is schedule 6
precursors (how far back is this going? you can make hallucinogen from Tylenol)
what is schedule 7,8
cannabis
what was the first legit use for cocaine
anesthetic (loss of sensation)
who used cocaine at first
intellectuals but was still associated with crime
war
hippies
… similar in chemical structure to cocaine. less potent than amphetamine but more so than caffeine with negligible effects on the gastrointestinal system and appetite
methylphenidate
methylphenidate trade name
ritalin
5 things methenidate treats
ADHD treatment of nar-colepsy, chronic fatigue, depression, and neurocognitive impairment in elderly people
what are the routes of admin
absorption
injection
smoked
snorted
why when amphetamines are used medically they are always given orally
slows rate of absorption = steady blood levels
When taken on an empty stomach, a single dose of Adderall IR reaches peak blood plasma concentrations in about …
3 hours.
When administered intravenously, d-amphetamine reaches peak blood plasma concentrations in about …
20 min
Within the amphetamines family, …
has the greatest abuse potential.
methamphetamine
4 reasons meth is so potent and fast acting
Its higher lipophilicity, better penetration of the blood–brain barrier, and greater stability against enzymatic degradation by monoamine oxidase (MAO) render it more potent and faster-acting compared to amphetamine
