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345A > Hallucinations: Psilocybin > Flashcards

Hallucinations: Psilocybin Flashcards

1
Q

street name for psilocybin

A

shrooms

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2
Q

does psilocybin do anything for you

A

no its not active ingredient is psilocin

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3
Q

how many species of psilocybin mushrooms

A

200

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4
Q

how can you tell its a psilocybin shroom

A

bluish tinge

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5
Q

is it similar to LSD

A

Lipid-soluble indole similar to LSD and in tryptamine class

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6
Q

intake method?

A

ingestion

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7
Q

what if you inject the chemical what happens to high time

A

reduce it by half = enzyme that gives you the metabolite is mostly in digestive tract

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8
Q

is the chemical itself effective at all?

A

no Metabolites are effective, not the chemical

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9
Q

what are the qualitative differences in effects between low and high doses of psilocybin

A

Low (4-5 mg): social, warm, and “down-to-earth” feelings (less confusion, more grounded with self)
• High (15mg+): resemble LSD, but extremely prone to “bad trips”

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10
Q

why the difference in high and low dose effects?

A

high perception gets involved

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11
Q

does the dose influence the high time

A

no 2-5 hours no matter what

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12
Q

what does set and setting mean

A

“tone” or valence of trip related to, and based on pleasantness/aversiveness of the environment (enviro colors tone of the trip)

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13
Q

is set and setting only apply to things outside of the individual

A

no internal state = mood changes interpretation (top down)

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14
Q

how is what shrooms do similar to LSD

A

doing the same thing but less intense= partial instead of full 5HT 2a agonist

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15
Q

does shrooms target 5HT 1a and 2a?

A

no only 2a

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16
Q

what effects of shrooms is most investigated in the literature

A

Distort time perception, timing, and rhythm

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17
Q

what happens to experience of time on shrooms

A

Prefrontal subjective feeling of “slowingdown” = time passing slower

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18
Q

riase your hand after 5 seconds have passed when do they put up hand when on shrooms

A

after 10 seconds

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19
Q

the way they experience time does not influence their ability to keep up with faced paced activites

A

f Inability to coordinate with any tempo above 2-2.5 tal cortex

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20
Q

what happens to sense of humour

A

low doses increase sense of humour

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21
Q

the inability to coordinate tempo and rhythm suggests what 2 brain areas

A

cerebellum (match and coordinate), PFC (perceive fast things)

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22
Q

what brain area involved in imporved sense of humour

A

insula= conciousness and integrating sensory signals = humour is all about states of con e.g. mood

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23
Q

how does the insula play a role in metacognition

A

need it to integrate the lower level sensory perceptions to reflect on

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24
Q

does humour effect suggest dopamine is involved?

A

no good evidence (no affinity to D2 receptor) (dont see stimulation that you would expect with dopamine activation)

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25
Q

Speculation about dopamine: this might involve timed performance= what area of dopamine pathway

A

basal ganglia (movement and memory)= accounts for timing and memory?

26
Q

there is speculation that dopamine May relate to the “permissive” hypothesis (excess seretonin gets turned into dopamine)… what is the problem with this speculation?

A

responsible for relaxed feelings at low doses

27
Q

how long does it take for tilerance to occur

A

4-7 days = acute

28
Q

what happens if you try and take shroom within a week of last time taking it

A

diminished effects

29
Q

how does shrooms tolernace mechanisms relate to dependance

A

not likely to elicit drug seeking behaviours= due to atmoshphere and if it doesnt work within week anyways likely wont take

30
Q

is there any cross tolerance

A

yes with LSD & phenethylamines

31
Q

what else is a phemethylamine

A

DMT and MDMA

32
Q

what happens when you take shrooms in conguction with MAO inhibitors

A

prolongs the high (MAO must be involved in taking apart psilocybin)

33
Q

what is the complication for people with MDD taking shrooms

A

both target same system and enzymes

34
Q

any potentiation (increase strength) with shrooms

A

MAO inhibitors prolong the “high”

35
Q

only problem with mushrooms?

A

people taking the wrong ones

36
Q

any depedance?

A

no

37
Q

what disorders does shrroms have therepudic effects on

A

OCD (lasting effects from single dose

38
Q

what mechanism of shrooms led to its therepudic use?

A

reduction of seretonin 5HT2a receptors

39
Q

most OCD drugs target seretonin so it makes sense shrooms can be used to trat

A

f target dopamine

40
Q

what does shrooms treat

A

OCD and anxiety disorders `

41
Q

were the obsessions or the compulsions treated by shrooms

A

both

42
Q

Reduction occurs even after high doses of shrooms what does this imply about how it treats disorders

A

Implies biochemical, not emotional effect

43
Q

how did taking shrooms on good friday infleunce how these people experienced this day

A

Increase mystical/spiritual meaning, positive changes in attitude/behaviour even years later

44
Q

what hal has been used in religious setting to Increase mystical/spiritual meaning, positive changes in attitude/behaviour

A

mescaline

45
Q

are there long term changes from taking shrooms

A

Effects can be seen for weeks/months after treatment

46
Q

3 reasons shrooms should be used for treatment

A

Higher effectiveness, lower chances for toxicity, no known

side-effects

47
Q

how does treatment with shrooms compare to treatment with LSD

A

Evidence for similar effects with LSD, except with diminished likelihood for bad trips.

48
Q

Ibotenic Acid street name

A

none

49
Q

ibotenic acid is Structurally Similar to …

A

Glutamate

50
Q

how does ibotenic acid act on glutamate

A

Non-selective glutamate receptor agonist (ATTACH TO ALL GLUTAMATE receptors: anything glutamate attaches to)

51
Q

what is ibotenic acid functionally similar to

A

Ach

52
Q

how is it functionally similar to Ach

A

triggering seond messenger system: agonist to NMDA

53
Q

what happens if you put too much glutamate into the system

A

a person has a seizure (is it delirium or hal/0

54
Q

what does NMDA do

A

is very important for controlling synaptic plasticity and memory function. (increase receptors for cells that fire and wire together)

55
Q

is the metabolite of ibotenic acid also active? whats it called

A

yes muscimol (protracted effects =highly potent)

56
Q

how is it experienced = subjetive (acid)?

A

after 1 hour Euphoria, vivid coloured hallucinations

57
Q

when ibotenic acid taken what is objective effects

A

Sedation, Dissociation

58
Q

what causes the subjective effects

A

Excitotoxicity leading to brain-damage causes subjective

effects

59
Q

what is Dextromethorphan

A

cough syrups with opiods

60
Q

how does Dextromethorphan interact with ibotenic acid

A

sits on receptor= protects against excitoxicity

61
Q

what is ibotenic acid acting on

A

dont know but Implies similar mechanism to dextromethorphan

345A (20 decks)

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