Hallucinations: Psilocybin Flashcards
street name for psilocybin
shrooms
does psilocybin do anything for you
no its not active ingredient is psilocin
how many species of psilocybin mushrooms
200
how can you tell its a psilocybin shroom
bluish tinge
is it similar to LSD
Lipid-soluble indole similar to LSD and in tryptamine class
intake method?
ingestion
what if you inject the chemical what happens to high time
reduce it by half = enzyme that gives you the metabolite is mostly in digestive tract
is the chemical itself effective at all?
no Metabolites are effective, not the chemical
what are the qualitative differences in effects between low and high doses of psilocybin
Low (4-5 mg): social, warm, and “down-to-earth” feelings (less confusion, more grounded with self)
• High (15mg+): resemble LSD, but extremely prone to “bad trips”
why the difference in high and low dose effects?
high perception gets involved
does the dose influence the high time
no 2-5 hours no matter what
what does set and setting mean
“tone” or valence of trip related to, and based on pleasantness/aversiveness of the environment (enviro colors tone of the trip)
is set and setting only apply to things outside of the individual
no internal state = mood changes interpretation (top down)
how is what shrooms do similar to LSD
doing the same thing but less intense= partial instead of full 5HT 2a agonist
does shrooms target 5HT 1a and 2a?
no only 2a
what effects of shrooms is most investigated in the literature
Distort time perception, timing, and rhythm
what happens to experience of time on shrooms
Prefrontal subjective feeling of “slowingdown” = time passing slower
riase your hand after 5 seconds have passed when do they put up hand when on shrooms
after 10 seconds
the way they experience time does not influence their ability to keep up with faced paced activites
f Inability to coordinate with any tempo above 2-2.5 tal cortex
what happens to sense of humour
low doses increase sense of humour
the inability to coordinate tempo and rhythm suggests what 2 brain areas
cerebellum (match and coordinate), PFC (perceive fast things)
what brain area involved in imporved sense of humour
insula= conciousness and integrating sensory signals = humour is all about states of con e.g. mood
how does the insula play a role in metacognition
need it to integrate the lower level sensory perceptions to reflect on
does humour effect suggest dopamine is involved?
no good evidence (no affinity to D2 receptor) (dont see stimulation that you would expect with dopamine activation)
Speculation about dopamine: this might involve timed performance= what area of dopamine pathway
basal ganglia (movement and memory)= accounts for timing and memory?
there is speculation that dopamine May relate to the “permissive” hypothesis (excess seretonin gets turned into dopamine)… what is the problem with this speculation?
responsible for relaxed feelings at low doses
how long does it take for tilerance to occur
4-7 days = acute
what happens if you try and take shroom within a week of last time taking it
diminished effects
how does shrooms tolernace mechanisms relate to dependance
not likely to elicit drug seeking behaviours= due to atmoshphere and if it doesnt work within week anyways likely wont take
is there any cross tolerance
yes with LSD & phenethylamines
what else is a phemethylamine
DMT and MDMA
what happens when you take shrooms in conguction with MAO inhibitors
prolongs the high (MAO must be involved in taking apart psilocybin)
what is the complication for people with MDD taking shrooms
both target same system and enzymes
any potentiation (increase strength) with shrooms
MAO inhibitors prolong the “high”
only problem with mushrooms?
people taking the wrong ones
any depedance?
no
what disorders does shrroms have therepudic effects on
OCD (lasting effects from single dose
what mechanism of shrooms led to its therepudic use?
reduction of seretonin 5HT2a receptors
most OCD drugs target seretonin so it makes sense shrooms can be used to trat
f target dopamine
what does shrooms treat
OCD and anxiety disorders `
were the obsessions or the compulsions treated by shrooms
both
Reduction occurs even after high doses of shrooms what does this imply about how it treats disorders
Implies biochemical, not emotional effect
how did taking shrooms on good friday infleunce how these people experienced this day
Increase mystical/spiritual meaning, positive changes in attitude/behaviour even years later
what hal has been used in religious setting to Increase mystical/spiritual meaning, positive changes in attitude/behaviour
mescaline
are there long term changes from taking shrooms
Effects can be seen for weeks/months after treatment
3 reasons shrooms should be used for treatment
Higher effectiveness, lower chances for toxicity, no known
side-effects
how does treatment with shrooms compare to treatment with LSD
Evidence for similar effects with LSD, except with diminished likelihood for bad trips.
Ibotenic Acid street name
none
ibotenic acid is Structurally Similar to …
Glutamate
how does ibotenic acid act on glutamate
Non-selective glutamate receptor agonist (ATTACH TO ALL GLUTAMATE receptors: anything glutamate attaches to)
what is ibotenic acid functionally similar to
Ach
how is it functionally similar to Ach
triggering seond messenger system: agonist to NMDA
what happens if you put too much glutamate into the system
a person has a seizure (is it delirium or hal/0
what does NMDA do
is very important for controlling synaptic plasticity and memory function. (increase receptors for cells that fire and wire together)
is the metabolite of ibotenic acid also active? whats it called
yes muscimol (protracted effects =highly potent)
how is it experienced = subjetive (acid)?
after 1 hour Euphoria, vivid coloured hallucinations
when ibotenic acid taken what is objective effects
Sedation, Dissociation
what causes the subjective effects
Excitotoxicity leading to brain-damage causes subjective
effects
what is Dextromethorphan
cough syrups with opiods
how does Dextromethorphan interact with ibotenic acid
sits on receptor= protects against excitoxicity
what is ibotenic acid acting on
dont know but Implies similar mechanism to dextromethorphan
