Chapter 4 Flashcards
1
Q
neurons always look the same
A
f Dif shapes and sizes
2
Q
A protein is a chain of fairly simple building-block molecules called …
A
amino acids
3
Q
how many of the 22 amino acids must we ingest in food
A
8
4
Q
what is a node of ranvier
A
Uninsulated sections of the axon
5
Q
REVIEW FIGURE 4.1
A
?
6
Q
what is the charge difference inside and outside the neuron
A
The inside of the neuron is slightly negative relative to the outside.
7
Q
why is it important that neutrons are slightly negative in cell
A
This potential difference results from an uneven distribution of ions between the inside and outside of a cell.
8
Q
what ionized molecules make for the resting potential of a cell
A
K + and Na +
Cl-
9
Q
To understand the resting potential, we need to under-stand two things: …2
A
(a) The membrane potential is a relative potential—that is, we are always comparing the inside to the outside of the membrane; and (b) the outside of the membrane is always considered equal to zero.
10
Q
of K, A, Cl and Na which are more inside or outside the cell
A
more K and A inside cell
11
Q
3 passive processes?
A
diffusion, electrostatic charge and differential permiability
12
Q
what is differential permeability
A
The only way ions can move into and out of the cell is through thousands of these specialized protein channels called ionophores or ion channels. These proteins are often a target of behav-iorally active drugs.
13
Q
K+ and Cl–ions cross the cell membrane by easily passing through these channels, but tend to maintain their relative concentrations ..why?
A
inside and outside the cell (respectively) because the forces of diffusion and electrostatic charge off-set each other,
14
Q
does A ever move in or out of cell
A
no too big
15
Q
passively there is more Na inside the cell
A
t active t keeps it out (3 na out for every 1 k in
16
Q
The resting potential of a neuron describes the …
A
distribution of ions in the absence of stimulation, but this membrane potential can vary substantially in response to a variety of stimuli.
17
Q
When the membrane potential becomes less negative (i.e., moves toward zero and positive numbers), it is called…
A
depolarization
18
Q
When the membrane potential becomes more negative (i.e., moves further away from zero), it is called ….
A
hyperpolarization.
19
Q
what’s a cells normal resting potential
A
-70 mV
20
Q
if the neuron is depolarized to about −55 mV, called the …, the entire resting potential and the processes that maintain it break down.
A
threshold
21
Q
why does breakdown occur at threshold
A
because of special gated ion channels that are sensitive to the number of positive charges inside the cell. When the potential difference is reduced beyond the threshold, these voltage-gated ion channels open, allowing the free flow of ions across the membrane.
22
Q
At this point, Na+ channels close, mark-ing the end of the … of the action potential. K+ channels remain open, and the efflux (outflow) of K+ continues; this is called the … phase of the action potential.
A
rising phase
repolarization
23
Q
This breakdown and restoration of the resting poten-tial is known as an …., and it occurs very quickly.
A
action potential
24
Q
how many ap can occur per second
A
thousands
25
The term ... is often used to indicate the occurrence of an action potential
firing
26
where is an action potential generated
section of the neuron’s axon that lies adjacent to the axon hillock
27
The Na+ ions that move into the cell through ion channels also move sideways along the inside surface of the membrane. This passive movement, due to diffusion and electric charge, what does this do to resting potential
reduces the resting potential of the surrounding membrane
28
what does it mean to say APs are nondecremental
they reach the axon terminal with the same strength as which they were ini-tiated near the axon hillock.
29
what is the jumping of AP called
saltatory conduction
30
how fast can APs move
120 meters per second
31
APs are always the same
t as long as stimulations is strong enough to depolarize cell at threshold = all or none law
32
if all action potentials are the same, how does a neuron convey information about the strength of the stimulus depolarizing it?
rate at which action potentials are generated. If a depolarizing stimulus is applied continuously to a cell, it will cause the cell to produce repeated action poten-tials
33
Therefore, the stronger the ... stimulus, the faster the membrane will fire. This principle is called the ...
depolarizing
| rate law.
34
why is AP all or nothing
The action potential is invariable in axons because axons have only voltage-gated ion chan-nels and nothing else that can modulate the effect of depolarization
35
Because the consequence of this disturbance is variable, we refer to depolarization in the cell body and dendrites as ..., rather than action potentials
graded or postsynaptic potentials (PSPs)
36
The intensity of PSPs is propor-tional to the magnitude of the disturbance; however, this intensity decreases as the ...
distance from the site of stim-ulation lengthens
37
where?: where variable PSPs have the potential to be converted to unvarying action potentials.
The region of the axon adjacent to the axon hillock is the place
38
If stimulation of dendrites or the cell body results in the opening of voltage-gated Na+ channels what will result
depolarization = excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP)
39
the more the cell is depolarized past its threshold, the ... it will fire.
faster
40
If stimulation of dendrites or the cell body results in the opening of voltage-gated K+ chan-nels, K+ ions will rush out of the cell and the resting potential will increase or opening of voltage-gated Cl–channels;:T
hyper polarized = harder to produce AP
| inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP).
41
There are two major types of integration of signals in neurons: ...`
(a) temporal summation and (b) spatial summatio
42
Temporal summation occurs when a neuron experi-ences ...
several PSPs closely in time
43
Spatial summation occurs when two or more PSPs occur in ...
close proximity on a neuron.
44
The neuron may have Na+ ions entering in some regions (...) and Cl–ions entering or K+ ions leav-ing in other regions (...).
excitation
| inhibition
45
what determines if voltage gated Na+, K+, or Cl–channels will open
Opening of these ion channels is controlled by activation of various receptor subtypes by neurotransmitter chemicals
46
figure 4.4
?
47
Where do natural action potentials come from?
the outside world =sensory receptor neutrons
48
do neuron membranes touch ever
no but can happen in other tissues
49
Information is transferred between neurons at ...
syn-apses.
50
Synapses are most frequently located between terminal buttons and dendrites (...) or between terminal buttons and cell bodies (....). They may also be located on or near another neuron’s axon or terminal buttons (...), thereby allowing one neuron to modulate another neuron’s influence on the postsynaptic cell
axodendritic synapses
axosomatic synapses
axoaxonic synapses
51
Synap-tic vesicles are more densely packed in the ... of the terminal button where there also exist many voltage-gated calcium (Ca2+) channels
release zone
52
Upon arrival of an action potential, these channels open, permitting an influx of Ca2+ ions into the terminal button. Ca2+ influx triggers ....
the movement and fusion of synaptic vesicles with the pre-synaptic membrane and the exocytosis of neurotransmit-ter.
53
neurtransmitters can be secreted from regions along the axon in the general vicinity of a number of cells and diffuse to their synapses where they influence the activity of many cells at the same time
t
54
A .. is a chemi-cal that is synthesized and released by neurons and that modulates the effects of neurotransmitters
neuromodulator
55
Neuromodulators or NT are typically released in greater amounts and travel further distances
neuromod
56
Substances that act as neurotransmitters at one synapse may also act as neuromodulators at a differ-ent synapse.
t
57
A ... is a special-ized protein that spans the membrane of the postsynaptic cell and contains a binding site to which a specific neu-rotransmitter molecule can briefly attach
receptor, receptor site, or receptor complex
58
each neurotransmitter mole-cule must have only one receptor to which it can bind
F often many different receptor subtypes to which a particular neurotransmitter molecule can bind
59
T: In some synapses, postsyn-aptic receptor proteins contain binding sites directly con-nected to a gated ion channel
IONOTROPIC receptors
60
The binding sites on .... are not directly connected to an ion channel. Instead, receptor sites are situated on the extracellular portion of a long signal protein that weaves its way back and forth seven times across the cell membrane
metabotropic recep-tors
61
metabolic: ... are composed of subunits that, when the receptor is in an inac-tive state, are bound together.
G proteins
62
explain what happens during metetrobic reception
Some neurotransmitter molecules bind to receptors on membrane signal proteins, which are linked to G proteins. When a neurotransmitter molecule binds to a metabotropic receptor, a subunit of the G protein breaks off into the neuron and either binds to an ion channel or stimulates the synthesis of a second messenger.
63
figure 4.5
?
64
metabotrophic: the subunit may initiate a biochemical (enzymatic) reac-tion that leads to the synthesis of another molecule called a ...
second messenger (neurotransmitters are considered first messengers).
65
what are the 3 ways second messangers work
Often, a second messenger interacts with gated ion chan-nels from inside the cell with similar but stronger and more long-lasting effects, compared to those of directly gated ion channels. Or, the second messenger can alter the operation of nongated ion channels in a way that changes the resting potential or the cell’s sensitivity to other stimuli.
66
release of a second mes-senger may lead to even longer-term or permanent effects because it can activate a type of protein called a ...
kinase.
67
what are kinases
Kinases are enzymes that alter the functioning of other proteins, including ion chan-nels and receptors, and they do so for a much longer time than do second messengers.
68
how long will a kinase last
can remain active for many minutes or even hours.
69
The proteins created by the DNA could be ...3 or any of the other molecules used by the cell in receiving and trans-mitting information
receptor sites, ion channels, ion pumps,
70
Patterns of gene activa-tion and silencing are known as the ..., and the study of their influence on behavior and health is a hot field of research called ...
epigenome
| epigenetics
71
.T:stretches of DNA that determine whether a particular gene is expressed to initiate and regulate protein production.
enhancers or promotors—
72
what ultimately controls the expression of particular genes in the cell
transcription factors which bind directly to the “switches” to activate or repress tran-scription of a gene
73
what is it that arises from changes in gene expression that can be very long-lasting and are thought to be responsible for the formation and storage of memories in the brain.
Changes in neuron excitation or sensitivity
74
a type of metabotropic receptor. Receptor sites for neurotransmit-ters are located not only on the postsynaptic neuron but also on the presynaptic neuron:T
autoreceptors
75
how do auto receptors work on antidepressants
(regulate its levels through the activity of G proteins and second messengers)
Antidepressants produce a buildup of crucial neurotransmitters, but autoreceptors detect this excess and reduce production and release of the neu-rotransmitter molecules, thus blocking the effectiveness of the drug.
76
why do antidepressants start working after a few weeks
takes a few weeks to exhaust the autoreceptors before the drug can make changes in the functioning of the synapse.
77
T: The release of neurotrans-mitters from the presynaptic cell to alter the excit-ability of a postsynaptic cell most common communication method
heteroreceptors
78
hetero: from post to pre cell These are metabotropic receptor sites that func-tion very similarly to autoreceptors except that they respond, not to the release of neurotransmitter by the cell upon which they reside, but to ...
chemicals released by the postsynaptic cell or other nearby cells when they become depolarized.
79
This transmission of chemi-cal information from a postsynaptic to a presynaptic cell is termed ....
retrograde signaling
80
2 ways of terminating synaptic action
reuptake
| enzymatic degradation or deactivation
81
define reuptake
most common : (a) The presynaptic cell may quickly reabsorb the intact neurotransmitter mole-cule, taking it back into the cytoplasm of the terminal button where it gets repackaged into vesicles (which also get recycled) for future use
82
2 things at work during reuptake
glial cells and transporter proteins
83
explain enzymatic degradation or deactivation
The synapse may contain an enzyme, produced in and released from the same neuron as the neurotransmitter breaks the neurotransmitter into its precursors (constituent parts), which may also be taken back into the presynaptic cell to be remanufactured for future release
84
In the PNS, these groups of cell bodies are called ...., and the bundles of axons are called nerves
ganglia (singular is ganglion)
85
In the CNS, the cell body groups are called ... or centers, and the bundles of axons are called ...
nuclei (singular is nucleus)
| tracts
86
what makes up white and grey matter
Because axons are gener-ally covered with myelin, which is white, the nerves and tracts are called white matter. The unmyelinated cell bodies are called gray matter.
87
reuptake and is accomplished by a specialized mechanism that actively employs ... molecules embedded in the membrane of the pre-synaptic cell.
transporter protein
88
what does the somatic NS do
how the brain and spinal cord recieve info from and allow us to interact with our enviro
89
where are the cell bodies of motor neurons
in the CNS= spinal cord
90
what nervous system contains the motor nerves
The somatic nervous system also contains the motor nerves
91
what kind of nerves are in the somatic system
motor, cranial
92
... is the transmitter at most neuromuscular junc-tions in the somatic system, and the receptor sites are of the nicotinic cholinergic type.
Acetylcho-line (ACh)
93
what do cranial nerves do
which are attached to the undersurface of the brain. Mostly, these nerves convey motor commands and/or sensory information to and from areas of the face and neck.
94
is somatic carrying to or from
to CNS
95
what is the autonomic NS in charge of
the autonomic nervous sys-tem is concerned with sensory information that we are usually unaware of
96
examples of autonomic info?
information about blood pressure and blood gases, the functioning of organs, and levels of hormones.
97
does somatic or automatic control the systems we have conscious control over
somatic system usually com-mands muscles over which we have voluntary control, the autonomic nervous system commands the muscles of the heart and intestines, the secretions of glands, and other regulatory systems over which we normally have no conscious control.
98
what are the 2 divisions of the ANS
parasympathetic and sympathetic division
99
T: generally keeps the internal functioning of the body running smoothly and calmly, in a rest-and-digest mode of operation
parasympa
100
The parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system are anatomically, function-ally, and neurochemically distinct.
t
101
where do the cell bodies of parasympathetic neuron originate
sacral region of spinal cord and cranial nerves
102
cell bodies of the sympathetic division originate in the ...
tho-racic and lumbar regions of the spinal cord
103
The parasym-pathetic system uses... as a transmitter to control glands and muscles
ACh
104
what system are atropine drops in eyes that dilate pupils blocking
para system
105
The sympathetic system uses both ...as neurotransmitters and ... as a hormone.
acetylcholine and
norepinephrine (noradrenaline)
epinephrine (adrenaline)
106
cocaine makes heart race and increased blood sugar level, what system?
sympathetic arousal
107
the spinal cord It is made up of cell bodies and synapses with ..., which help coordinate sensory and motor behavior.
interneurons
108
Axons from sensory nerves enter the gray matter of the spinal cord from the side nearest the..
back
| motor axons leave the from
109
The ventral horn of the gray matter of the spinal cord con-tains the cell bodies of the ..., the neurons that directly control the action of muscles and reflexes
motoneurons
110
The dorsal horn contains cells that ...
con-vey sensory information.
111
are you born with the amount of neurons you'll have
f neurogenesis is possible
112
where does neurogenesis occur
hippocampus
| sub ventricular zone
113
what do these 2 zones where neurogenesis happens do
hippocampus involved in the formation of new memories
subventricular zone (which lines the walls of the brain’s lateral ventricles, cerebrospinal-filled cavities) from which new neurons migrate to the olfactory bulbs, involved in the sense of smell
114
Most of the CNS is able to restructure and reorganize its connections during..
learning
115
can the CNS repair itself
yes neuroplasticity
116
The area at the base of the brain, where the spinal cord arises, is called the ...
medulla oblongata
117
the medulla contains part of the ... which consists of numerous nuclei that act as control centers for the autonomic nervous system
descending reticular formation
118
proper func-tioning of the autonomic nervous system depends on ...l in the medulla
the general level of arousa
119
why do drugs that depress medulla lead to death sometimes
it controls breathing: becomes depressed to the point where breathing stops.
120
where is the vommiting centre
medulla
121
what is the the chemoreceptor trigger zone (CTZ), located in a region of the medulla called the area postrema
in vomit center
122
what makes vommiting centre special
very few areas in the brain that is not shielded by the blood–brain barrier. It is therefore able to monitor the blood for toxins and can send a message to the vomit-ing center to initiate vomiting
123
can nausea be produced even without ingesting something
Some drugs, such as opiates and nicotine, stimulate this center and cause nausea and vomiting even though the drug was inhaled or injected.
124
where contains nuclei of the reticular formation that play a role in sleep and arousal.
pons
125
what does the pons have to do with motor coordination
bridges and refines motor commands conveyed between parts of the cortex (includ-ing the motor cortex) and the cerebellum
126
The pathway between the which 3 centres is a superhighway of motor information, containing about 20 million axons
cortex, pons, and cerebellum
127
The ... is a group of about 12,000 neu-rons whose cell bodies reside in the pons.
locus coeruleus
128
how many synapses on a locus coeruleus
250 00
129
what synapses use more of the norepinephrine in the brain
locus coeruleus
130
what is the medial forebrain bundle
the pathway that reinforces lever pressing in rats .
131
Activity of the locus coeruleus is modulated by input
| from the inhibitory neurotransmitter ... whose neu-rons form synapses there.
GABA
132
Activity in the locus coeruleus is associated with ....
cognitive arousal, sleep-wake cycles, atten-tion, learning and memory, fear and pain, panic, and anger. (very active during panic attack)
133
function of the cerebellum
as a component of the brain’s exten-sive motor system. integrated, coordinated, and refined into fluid move-ments
134
when the cerebellum sends signals back to the motor cortex it goes through the...
thalamus (modifies motor commands)
135
what does damage to cerebellum look like
People with damage to the cerebellum are slow and clumsy and may appear to be intoxicated by alcohol.
136
The .... is a diffuse system consisting of more than 110 individual nuclei located in the core of the brainstem
reticular formation
137
what is function of descending RT
These projections are involved in autonomic nervous system activity (e.g., breathing and heart rate), reflexes (e.g., coughing and swallowing), as well as pos-ture, balance, and motor movement
138
what does the ascending reticular formation or the reticular activating system (RAS). do?
when the RAS becomes active, so too does the entire brain.
139
barbiturates and alcohol, which enhance .. activity, decrease the ability of neurons in the RAS to fire repeatedly and, consequently, decrease arousal.
GABA
140
stimulation of what nuclei causes sleep
One subset of nuclei located within the reticular for-mation is referred to as the raphe system or raphe nuclei (uses serotonin)
141
The .... in a cooperative situation focuses on self-respect, mutual respect, and equality
moral orientation
142
The moral orientation in competitive situations is based on ....
inequality and the win–lose struggle to determine who will have superior and who will have inferior outcomes
143
The moral orientation in individualistic situations is based on ...
strict self-interest
144
Prosocial behaviors are ...
actions that benefit other people by helping, supporting, encouraging their goal accomplishment or well-being
145
why are prosocial behaviours good
tend to build positive relationships with peers
146
there is a negative relationship between cooperativeness and ...
harm-intended aggression: antisocial behaviours (The more competitive the student, the more frequently the student engaged in harm-intended aggression)
147
what is the scope of justice
is the extent to which a person’s concepts of justice apply to others
148
T: is applying considerations of fairness and justice to others, seeing them as entitled to a share of the community’s resources, and seeing them as entitled to help, even at a cost to oneself
moral inclusion
149
what is distributive justice
method used to grant benefits (and sometimes costs and harms) to group or organizational members.
150
There are three major ways in which benefits may be distributed in distributive justice
equity
151
what is the equity view
a person’s rewards should be in proportion to his or her contributions to the group’s effort.
152
a child’s view of distributive justice develops over time
t Children age four or younger, for example, were found to believe that whoever wants something the most should get it. After age four, this belief tends to be replaced by the view that benefits should be based on strict equality or reciprocity
153
... involves fairness of the procedures that determine the outcomes a person receives
Procedural justice
154
The more cooperative the situation and the greater the person’s cooperativeness, the more the person will put the ... over ...
long-term well-being of the group over immediate self-interest
155
3 main benefit of cooperation
common good
valuing self
automaticity in moral responding
156
3 outcomes of cooperative efforts
effort to achieve, quality of relationships, and psychological health
157
what is positive interdependence
exists when individuals perceive that they are linked with other people in such a way that they cannot succeed unless the others succeed (and vice versa) and/or that they must coordinate their efforts with the efforts of others to complete a task
158
There are two major categories of interdependence: ...
outcome interdependence and means interdependence
159
If there is no outcome interdependence (goal and reward interdependence), there is no reason for...
no reason for cooperation or competition.
160
what is means indterdepedance
Means interdependence includes resource, role, and task interdependence (which are overlapping and not independent from one another).
161
Group membership in and of itself does not seem sufficient to produce higher achievement and productivity—... is required
positive interdependence
162
does positive goal interdependence on its own improve achievement
While positive goal interdependence is sufficient to produce higher achievement and productivity than achieved by individualistic efforts, the combination of goal and reward interdependence is even more effective.
163
There is no significant difference between working to achieve a reward and working to avoid a loss.
t
164
... interdependence promotes higher achievement and greater productivity than does ... interdependence
Goal
| resource
165
Resource interdependence by itself may decrease achievement and productivity compared with individualistic efforts
t
166
The more complex the procedures involved in interdependence, the longer it will take group members to reach their full levels of productivity why
The more complex the teamwork procedures, the more members have to attend to teamwork and the less time they have to attend to taskwork. Once the teamwork procedures are mastered, however, members concentrate on taskwork and outperform individuals working alone.
167
how many of the 22 amino acids work as NT?
8
168
Two of the most widespread and abun-dant of the amino acid NT are the excitatory neurotransmitter ... and the inhibitory neurotransmitter ...
glutamate
| GABA
169
Glutamate is an abundant excitatory neu-rotransmitter that mediates as much as 70% of ....within the CNS
synap-tic transmission
170
what happens to glutamate after its release how is it recycled
removed from the synaptic cleft by glutamate reuptake transporter proteins embedded in pre-synaptic terminal buttons and also on surrounding glial cells. When taken up by glial cells, glutamate is converted into its precursor, glutamine, by the enzyme glutamine syn-thetase. Glial cells release glutamine back to the glutama-tergic neuron where, once inside the terminal button, it is converted to glutamate
171
where are glutamatergic receptors
Glutamatergic axon terminals exist throughout nearly the entire brain
172
is glutamate inotropic or meta?
not
173
how many metatopic receptors
8 plus
174
what are the 3 glatamatergic ionotrophic receptors called
called kainate, AMPA, and NMDA receptors
175
what do called kainate, AMPA, and NMDA receptors allow for
influx of Nano efflux of K when stimulated
176
The NMDA receptor is located both postsyn-aptically and presynaptically what's the term for this
(as a heteroreceptor
177
all and ketamine bind to which of these glu receptors
NMDA
178
At resting potential, the NMDA receptor ion channel is blocked by ...
magnesium
179
how does the NMDA channel free up
voltage depedant and NT dependant (glutamate and glycine binding)As the postsynap-tic cell depolarizes releasing Mg
180
figure 4.16
.
181
NMDA receptor ion channels admit Ca2+ ions into the cell why is this important
further depolarization and acts as a second messenger to activate enzymes, protein kinases, and transcription fac-tors, thereby exerting long-lasting effects on the cell’s excitability.
182
It is this kind of NMDA-mediated change in the func-tion of glutamate neurons that is thought to underlie ..
learn-ing and memory
183
what is entitivity
Entitativity is the perception that a group is a unified and coherent whole in which the members are bonded together
184
Perceived entitativity, in turn, influences both group members and nonmembers, ...how
with group members perceiving the group as a unified and coherent whole and nonmembers perceiving the group to be a single entity
185
how do you prevent free riding
One of the factors preventing free riding is a sense of responsibility to the group and the other group members.
186
Positive interdependence is posited to create “...” that increase group members’ feelings of responsibility and accountability for (a) completing one’s share of the work and (b) facilitating the work of other group members
responsibility forces
187
how do you increase responsibility forces
Responsibility forces increase when there is group and individual accountability.
188
Group accountability exists when ...
the overall performance of the group is assessed and the results are given back to all group members to compare against a standard of performance
189
.. exists when the performance of each individual member is assessed, the results are given back to the individual and the group to compare against a standard of performance, and the member is held responsible by groupmates for contributing his or her fair share to the group’s success
Individual accountability
190
increasing individual accountability, perceived interdependence among group members may also be increased.
t
191
As group size increases, individual members tend to communicate less frequently, which may reduce the amount of information utilized in arriving at a decision why
as the group gets larger and larger, members are less likely to see their own personal contribution to the group as being important to the group’s chances
192
the interpersonal and small-group skills of the members may determine the ...
level of members’ productivity.
193
how do social skills influence productivity
increase it (social skills of praising, supporting, asking for information, giving information, asking for help, and giving help. )
194
what are processionals goals
refer to the sequence of events instrumental in achieving outcome goals
195
what is group processing 2 parts
is reflecting on a group session to (a) describe what member actions were helpful and unhelpful and (b) make decisions about what actions to continue or change.
196
group processing with individual feedback was more effective than was group processing with whole group feedback increase what 3 things
positive relationships
self esteem
achievement and motivation
197
Group processing promotes individual self-monitoring, which can promote a sense of ...
self-efficacy
198
what is self-efficacy
the expectation of successfully obtaining valued outcomes through personal effort
199
should people in groups monitor positive or negative experiences
only positive perceive as less stressful
200
when individuals anxious about being successful are told they have succeeded, their performance tends to increase significantly
t
201
what is e compensation effect
(i.e., an increase in performance that occurs when group members work harder to compensate for the real or imagined shortcomings of other group members
202
group processing may be seen as a form of team reflexivity ( Avery good thing for groups), what does this mean
the extent to which group members overtly reflect on and modify their functioning
203
when is exploitation most likely
when the life of the group is short, the time the group terminates is known, and the exploitation cannot be traced
204
There are four conditions that contribute to the stability of cooperation
group members must have a stake in their future interaction
cooperators must be easily identifiable, and the actions of each group member must be visible to all other group members
group members need to emotionally identify with their groupmates and with the group as a whole.
group members must understand the value of reciprocity and are able and willing to reciprocate cooperation.
205
how does technology aid cooperation
interact around the world, with experts and cooperation more feasible, effective, involving, and even fun.
206
what is a webquest
WebQuests organize groups to complete inquiry-oriented projects among participants so they can solve particular problems or explore areas of mutual interest.
207
ways technology helps teamwork
reading, writing, websites, web quests, enrich discussions, reports, multimedia projects, covering relevant events, simulation games, bookmarking, course management
208
Depending on the circumstances, benefits may be distributed according to ..
merit, equality, or need
209
what view : The rule is that in a just distribution, benefits will be distributed among individuals in proportion to their contributions; those members who contribute most to the group’s success receive the greatest benefits.
equity of merit view of distributing benefits
210
The utilitarian value of a benefit increases with the number of persons who want the benefit; the benefit becomes a scarce commodity when its supply is far less than the demand for it
??
211
The ... of the benefit may become far more important than the intrinsic value of the benefit.
symbolic meaning
212
The ... is, in essence, an individual incentive plan aimed at motivating each group member to compete to be the most productive group member
equity method
213
what are the shortcomings of the equity method
creates competition
extrinsic motivation to contribute
people with more resources have more success
214
A .... is an attribute that tends to attract resources because it gives the possessor an advantage in a competition for these other resources.
resource attractor
215
examples of resource attractors?
born into wealth
physical abilities
prestigious uni
216
a merit system often results in a situation in which the group members who are rewarded the most are ...
given the power to distribute future benefits.
217
An .. distributes benefits to all group members equally
equality system of distributive justice
218
The distribution of benefits according to need distributes benefits to the group members according to ...
need
219
Whatever the group’s system of distributing benefits, it has to be perceived as ...
“just” by group members
220
Before a task is performed, members tend to believe that an ... system is fairest, but after a task is completed, an ... system tends to be viewed as the fairest
equity, equality
221
One reason competition is less effective is that when individuals are working toward competitive goals, they tend to engage in ... such as self-worth protection, self-handicapping, and defensive pessimism
self-protective strategies
222
what is self worth protection
involves withholding effort so that failure can be attributed to not trying rather than to incompetency (excuse ready if one fails)
223
Defensive pessimism involves what 2 parts
unrealistically low (a) expectations for succeeding and (b) valuing of the task, so that anxiety about succeeding is minimized
224
can competition be constructive
yes
225
what makes for constructive competition 3
winning unimportant
everyone has reasonable chance to win
clear rules and criteria for winning
226
Most individuals are likely to perceive their performance as a failure, and losing promotes the development of “..,” whereas winning can promote the development of “....”
competition learned helplessness
psychological burnout
227
Competition is the underlying basis for a number of other theories, such as ..2
realistic conflict theory and social dominance theory
228
Realistic conflict theory maintains that intergroup conflicts are rational in the sense that groups have ...
incompatible goals and are in competition over scarce resources
229
Social dominance theory assumes that resources are limited, and therefore, individuals, groups, and species ..
.compete to acquire scarce resources
230
Social dominance theory has been used to explain such dynamics as ..
ingroup bias AND BULLYINg in schools
231
Individualistic efforts may be most appropriate when... 6
1. cooperation too costly
2. important goal
3. expected success
4. simple tasks need to be completed
5. clear and specific directions
6. What is accomplished will be used subsequently in a cooperative effort.
232
In most situations, group members usually have which motives
a mixture of cooperative, competitive, and individualistic motives (Which one dominates the situation, however, has important implications for individual, group, and organization productivity, morale, and well-being.)
233
... needs to dominate group life.
Cooperativeness
234
The more members ... one another, the more effectively they can work together
trust
235
what are the 4 elements of trust
1. there is risk involved in trusting
2. the benefit or harm from trust depends on actions of another
3. the loss will be greater than the gain
4. confident that positive outcome will result
236
The trust that must exist in a group in order for it to work effectively is established through a sequence of trusting and ...
trustworthy actions
237
review figure 3.4
.
238
The crucial elements of trust are ...., on the one hand, and .... on the other
openness and sharing
| acceptance, support, and cooperative intentions
239
whats the difference between openess and sharing
Openness is the sharing of information, ideas, thoughts, feelings, and reactions to the issue the group is pursuing. Sharing is the offering of your materials and resources to others in order to help them move the group toward goal accomplishment.
240
difference between acceptance and support
Acceptance is the communication of high regard for another person and his contributions to the group’s work. Support is the communication to another person that you recognize her strengths and believe she has the capabilities she needs to manage productively the situation she is in
241
what are Cooperative intentions
are the expectations that you are going to behave cooperatively and that every group member will also cooperate in achieving the group’s goals.
242
without ... there is no trust
risk
243
2 steps to building trust
Person A takes a risk by disclosing to person B his thoughts, information, conclusions, feelings, and reactions to the immediate situation.
Person B responds with acceptance, support, and cooperativeness and reciprocates person A’s openness by disclosing her own thoughts, information, conclusions, feelings, and reactions to the immediate situation and to person A. (or vice versa)
244
...T: is the willingness to risk beneficial or harmful consequences by making oneself vulnerable to other group members
Trusting behavior
245
you have to agree wih somoene to show support
f remember that accepting and supporting the contributions of other group members does not mean that you agree with everything they say.
246
... is probably the first and deepest concern to arise in a group.
Acceptance (begins with acceptance of oneself)
247
The key to building and maintaining trust is ...
being trustworthy.
248
how do you test if you ca trust someone
one person has to become vulnerable to see whether the other person abuses that vulnerability
249
what response causes distrust
Distrust is created when group members use rejection, ridicule, or disrespect as a response to one another’s openness
250
whats the difference between trusting and trustworthy behaviour
Trusting behavior:
Being self-disclosing and openly accepting and supportive of others.
Trustworthy behavior:
Expressing acceptance, support, and cooperative intentions.
251
how can you reestablish broken trust
8 steps on page 33
252
2 ways to build a tough but fair reputation?
1. respond cooperatively to those who act competitively
| 2. Use a tit-for-tat strategy that matches the other person’s behavior if the others continue to compete.
253
always trusting should be the norm
Never trusting and always trusting are equally inappropriate.
254
T: is, in the beginning, a false definition of a situation that evokes a new behavior, one that makes it possible for the originally false impression to come true
self fulfilling prof
255
trust exists in a. persons personality
is, in the beginning, a false definition of a situation that evokes a new behavior, one that makes it possible for the originally false impression to come true
256
once develpoed does trust stay the same
f constantly changing
257
Trust is hard to build and easy to destroy
t
258
The key to building and maintaining trust is being trustworthy. what does this mean
The more accepting and supportive you are of others, the more likely they will disclose their thoughts, ideas, theories, conclusions, feelings, and reactions to you.
259
how is trust different for competitiors vs cooperation
Cooperation increases trust, competitive decreases trust
260
why should you go in trusting people
Initial trusting and trustworthy actions within a group can create a self-fulfilling prophecy.
261
High trusters, compared with low trusters, are ... 3.
(a) more trustworthy; (b) more likely to give others a second chance, respect the rights of others, and be liked and sought out as friends (by both low- and high-trust people); and (c) less likely to lie and be unhappy, conflicted, or maladjusted
262
review terms on page 34
.
