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MRCOG part 1 > stats/epidemiology > Flashcards

stats/epidemiology Flashcards

1
Q

incidence of ectopic pregnancy?

Mortality from ectopic pregnancy?

A

11/1000

Mortality = 2/1000

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2
Q

How many ectopic pregnancies are tubal ectopics?

What are the other types?

Which part of the tube are they in?

A

93-95%

Ampulla = 70%
Isthmus = 12%
Fimbrial = 5-11%
Interstitial = 3%

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3
Q

What are the positive and negative likelihood ratios?

A

+LR = sensitivity /(1-specificity)

-LR = (1-sensitivity)/specificity

These are used to determine how much a positive or negative test result changes the probability of a patient having a disease

+LR = how likely a disease is if the test is positive

-LR = how unlikely a disease is if the test is negative

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4
Q

What is a type 1 error?
What is a type 2 error?

A

Type 1 - false positive
- Incorrect rejection of a null hypothesis
- Detecting an effect that is not present

Type 2 - false negative
- Incorrect acceptance of null hypothesis
- Failing to detect an effect that is present

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5
Q

What are the levels of evidence?

A

1 is HIGH

4 is LOW

1a = meta-analysis of RCTs
1b = RCT
2a = non randomised CT
2b = well designed experimental trial
3 = some comparative study
4 = panel of experts

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6
Q

Most overall common cause of maternal death?

Direct vs indirect?

A

CARDIAC

Direct = VTE
Indirect = cardiac

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7
Q

What do cohort studies assess?

A

They group people by a risk factor and then can assess prognosis

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8
Q

What do case control studies assess?

A

They group people by outcome and then can look for riskfactors

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9
Q

How to interpret a ROC curve

A

Line closest to the top left corner is the most accurate test

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10
Q

What is absolute risk vs relative risk

A

Absolute = risk of a disease happening in the exposed group

Relative = risk of a disease in exposed group/unexposed group

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11
Q

How do you calculate odds ratio?

A

(disease present in exposed/disease not present in exposed) / (disease present in unexposed/disease not present in unexposed)

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12
Q

How does increasing sample size affect type 1 and 2 errors?

A

Decreases false negatives (type 2 errors)

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13
Q

What is the sample error of the mean? SEM

A

The standard deviation/square root of the sample size

It is the standard deviation of the sample means estimation of the population mean

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14
Q

How do you calculate confidence intervals?

A

(mean - 1.96xSEM) to (mean + 1.96xSEM)

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15
Q

What does the standard deviation measure

A

The varibility within the population

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16
Q

What does the standard error measure?

A

The variabiltiy between the sample means

17
Q

What are the 5 year survival rates for stages of ovarian cancer:

A

1 - 90%
2 - 70%
3 - 40%
4 - 17%

Guess for the other stages in between this

18
Q

Rates of resp problems in neonate born to:

VBAC
ELCS

A

VBAC - 2-3%
ELCS - 4-5%

19
Q

Risks with VBAC:
- Uterine rupture
- Perinatal death

A

Rupture - 1:200
Periantal deathh - 2/3:10000
1% additional risk of need for transfusion

20
Q

What is a cross sectional study the best for?

A

Assessing a diagnostic test

21
Q

Which tests are for correlation? Parametric and nonparametric?

A

Spearman - nonparametric

Pearson - parametric

22
Q

How does the WHO determine maternal mortality

A

number of deaths bet 100,000 LIVE births

Death during pregnancy or within 42 days of termination/delivery

23
Q

What is the incidence of ovarian cancer?

How many women will have surgery for an ovarian mass in their lifetime?

A

22/100,000

Approx 10%!!!

24
Q

What is the rate of miscarriage in women >45?

What about other ages?

A

Approx 93%

20-24 - 9%
25-30 - 11%
30-35 - 15%
35-39 - 25%
40-45 - 50%
>45 - 93%

25
Q

Success rates for 1st VBAC
2nd VBAC

A

1st VBAC - 75%

2nd VBAC - 90%

26
Q

What type of test can you use if you dont know the distribution of the population?

A

Non-parametric

27
Q

What increases and decreases the risk of ovarian cancer?

A

Increases:
- HRT (oestrogen only)

Decreases:
- COCP
- SLE
- High parity
- Breast feeding
- Hysterectomy/TL

28
Q

What is the highest incidence rates and highest number of cases of ovarian cancer in the UK per age?

A

Incidence = >80

Number of cases 60-69

29
Q

How does the WHO define perinatal mortality?

A

Number of deaths/1000 including stillbirths and death in first week of life

Commenses at 22 weeks gestation

30
Q

Which tests require the data to be parametric aka have normal distribution?

A

ANOVA
f-test
t-test
z-test
pearsons

Like FACTS but FAPTZ

31
Q

What are the axis of a ROC curve?

A

Sensitivity vs 1-specificity

Kind of like positive likelihood ratio

32
Q

What is the average age of diagnosis for endometrial cancer?

What is the highest incidence age group?

A

Average age diagnosis = 60

Highest incidence group 70-74

MRCOG part 1 (16 decks)

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