Recalls 7 Flashcards
What is the blood supply to the:
- Ovary
- Uterus
- Cervix
- Upper 1/3 vagina
- Lower 2/3 vagina
Ovary = ovarian artery
Tubes = ovarian artery
Uterus = uterine artery
Cervix =
Upper 1/3 vagina = mainly from uterine
Lower 2/3 vagina = mainly from vaginal artery and internal pudendal
What is the protective layer for the graffian follicle
The zona pellucida.
The coronaratiata provides nutrient support
Which ligaments are commonly used for colposuspension in vaginal vault prolapse?
Cardinal and uterosacral - fixed to the sacrum
Then I think sacrospinous is used for anterior or posterior wall prolapse
what level does the aorta bifurcate? And the common iliacs?
Both L4
What is the dimpling of the buttocks formed by
Posterior superior iliac spine
What gestation can umbilical hernias be diagnosed?
12-14 weeks
What is the pubocervical fascia
Connects pubis to cervix but gigves structural support for the bladder.
Which enzyme converts testosterone to DHT
5a reductase
Which hormone is responsible for glucose metabolism in the fetus
HPL
Percentage of worldwide congeital uterine abnormalities
3-6%
Iliacus muscle
Describe the route?
Function?
Innervation?
THE GREEN ONE
Attches to the ileum and lesser trochanter of the femur
Flexes the hip
Femoral nerve
What is the main mechanism by which glucagon increases glucose in blood
Increase in hepatic glycogenolysis
What is the precursor for vitamin K
K3
Menadione
Blood test for haemolytic anaemia in pregnancy
FBC
How does DMPA aka Depo work
Inhibits ovulation
Which cancers increase risk or decrease risk with breast feeding?
What about with taking the COCP?
Increase:
- Cervical
Decrease:
- Ovarian
- Endometrial
- Breast
With COCP:
Increase:
- cervical
- breast
Decrease:
- Ovarian
- Endometrial
- Colorectal
What colours do alpha haemolytic and beta haemolytic strep appear on an agar plate
Alpha - Green with haemolysis
Beta - Clear with complete haemolysis
Which neurotransmitted is inhibited by atropine
Acetylcholine
Where are Brunners glands located
Duodenum
Metabilic process making ATP for uterine contractions
Oxidative phosphorylation
From what compound are eicosanoids derived from?
What are eicosanoids?
What is the pathway for creation of prostaglandins
Arachidonic acid
They are stuff like ILs, thromboxane and prostaglandins
How many carbon atoms are in oestrogen, progesterone, testosterone
O - 18
T - 19
P - 21
OTP - 181921
What is the make up of entonox
50:50
O2 and NO
Which antiemetics can lead to high prolactin
Metoclopramide
Domperidone
What is the teratogenic effect of paroxetine
heart defects
What is the action of botox
Inhibit acetylcholine release
What is the mechanism of action of TXA
Antifibrinolytic
How does azathioprine work
Inhibits RNA synthesis
Which cancer has keratin pearls
SCC
How do you work out the number needed to treat
1/absolute risk ratio
ARR = risk in control - risk in treatment group
What is this and what do the corners represent
What transducer is required for obese patient vs non obese patients
2.5 mHz rather than 5 Mhz in normal
LOW FREQUENCY TRAVELS FURTHER
How much oestrogen binds to SHBG
How much testosterone binds to SHBG
Oestrogen:
20-40% (say 20% in exam) to SHBG
60% to Albumin
<1% free
Testosterone
60% to SHBG
30% to Albumin
1% free
Which vitamin is required for DNA synthesis
Folic acid - vitamin B9
Which vitamin causes homocysteine deficiency
Folic acid
But also B12 and B6
When is peak plasma volumne in pregnancy
32 weeks and plateau until delivery
Pre-eclampsia in first pregnancy - what is risk with second pregnancy
20%
With GDM. what is risk of T2DM
10x risk
?approx 20%
Treatment gonnorhoea with:
No PID
PID
Pregnancy no PID
Pregnancy PID
No PID - 1g IM cef
PID - 1g IM cef + doxy + met
Pregnancy no PID - 1g IM cef
Pregnancy PID - 1g IM cef with azithromycin + metronidazole
How do the following drugs work:
- Metronidazole
- Clindamycin
- Fluconazole
- Metronidazole - damages DNA and inhibits DNA synthesis
- Clindamycin - 50s subunit ribosomes
- Fluconazole - cell membrane disruption
Where are germ cells found at 4 weeks
?YS
What is the oncogene for Lynch syndrome aka HNPCC
MLH1
or
MSH2
Give examples of 2nd and 3rd generation progesterones
2nd: levonorgestrel
3rd: Desogestrel
Dinoprostone
In PCOS why is prolactin high
What is high in PCOS
Due to high oestrogen
High testosterone
Also high oestrogen, this is why there is increase risk of endometrial Ca and ovarian cancer
How does pseudomonas appear on macconey agar
Colourless
What is prophylaxis of malaria in 2nd and 3rd trimester
Mefloquin
What is the most common non-epithelial vaginal cancer
Rhabomyosarcoma.
Most often in children or teens
What is the structure between the paravesicle and pararectal spaces
Cardinal ligament
What atom is used in MRI
Hydrogen nucleus
What is the unit of diathermy power
Watt
what is the cut off level for fibronectin in screening from preterm labour
50ng
What is the rate of recurrence of ectopic pregnancy
18%
Which ions are used for iodine transport
Na
If NA not available, then iodine is also exchanged for Cl-
What are the maximum doses of lidocaine or L+adrenaline
Lidocaine 3mg/kg
Lidocaine + adrenaline 7mg/kg
Method of action of doxazocin
Alpha blocker
What is the method of action of trimethoprim
Dihydrofolatereductase inhibitor
Inhibits nucleic acid synthesis
Where is the locaiton which determines sex
SRY gene on the SHORT arm of chromosome Y
Where does most of the ejaculate come from in males
70% seminal vesicles
30% prostate
1% bulbourethral glands
What is the dose from a CTPA to breast tissue
20mGy
Where does the appendix of the testes come from
Paramesonephric ducts
What is it called if >95% of sperm in sample have abnormal shape
Teratospermia
What is recurrent implantation failure due to an increase in?
HLA A
HLA B
HLA C
HLA E
HLA G
HLA G
Where are the germs cells located at:
4
5
6
weeks
4 - move from the yolk sac to hindgut epithelium
5 - in the primative streak
6 - in the gonads
What are the half lives of:
LH
FSH
HCG
LH - 20 minutes
FSH - 3 hours
HCG - 24 hours
Which test to check for fetal haemolysis
INDIRECT - MUM’s blood during pregnancy - checks for rh type of ABO incompatability
DIRECT - BABY’s blood with cord bloods - detects for antibodies attached to RBCs and signs of haemolysis
What does the lower 2/3 of the vagina develop from
Endoderm -> urogenital sinus –> sinovaginal bulb –> vagina
How can USS cause damage
Cavitation - creating small bubbles. More at risk with lower frequencies
lymph node drainage of cervix and upper vagina 1/3
Internal/external iliac nodes
What is it called when there is a benign change in the endometrium in response to hormones that can sometimes be confused for clear call carcinoma
Aria Stella
What effect do granulosa cell tumours have on the endmetrium
what are the tumour markers
They increse the oestrogen so cause a proliferative endometrium,
Tumour marker - inhibin, aMH, oestradiol
In pregnancy when is the maximum level of progesterone
Term
Primary stimulator of Aldosterone in RAAS
Angiotensin 2
Percentage of T3 and T4 unbound in the blood
T3 - 0.3%
T4 - 0.03%
What is transcription?
What enzyme does it require
turning DNA into RNA
RNA polymerase
If a man has congenital absence of the vas deferens, what is the likelihood that he will have CF
80%
Heat stabiliser in PCR
Taq polymerase
How many sperm are produced per day
300 million
Biochemistry for kleinfelters
Low testosterone
High FSH, high LH, high SHBG
Which ovarian cancers are associated with MMR/lynch/HNPCC
CCC or endometroid
What si the function of G6Phosphatase
Production of NADHP in RBCs
What is the most common uterine sarcoma
Uterine leiomyosarcoma
How do peptides get transported across the placenta
Active transpot
Where does complement get made
liver
Risk of atypical hyperplasia becoming malignant in 10 and 20 years
10 –> 15%
20 –> 30%
Which cell carries out phagocytosis and is 2-5% of WBC
eiosinophil
Which hormone is responsible for epiphysial fusion
Oestrogen
Closure of the neural groove occurs when?
Week 3-4
So day 25
