Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

MRCOG part 1 > Microbiology > Flashcards

Microbiology Flashcards

1
Q

Which viruses are RNA/DNA?

Which are single or double stranded?

A

Most RNA viruses are single stranded

Most DNA viruses are double stranded

RNA Single:
- Hep ACDE
- HIV
- Rubella

RNA double:
- Rotavirus

DNA single:
- Parvovirus B19

DNA double:
- Hep B
- EBV
- HPV
- CMV
- VZV
- HSV 1/2

Remeber: Double standed DNA are All the Vs apart from HIV

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What type of virus is HIV

A

Kind of RNA but not true RNA.

It is a retrovirus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Congenital CMV

How many pregnancies are affected by this?

Risk of transmission? Primary and secondary?

How many babies will have symptoms at birth?

Of those having symptoms at birth, how many will have long term effects?

What are the features of congenital CMV?

How do you diagnose it? When?

What is the incubation period of CMV?

What about breast feeding?

A

1 in 150 pregnancies!

Primary –> risk of transmission is 30-40%
Secondary –> risk of transmission is 1-2%

10-15% of babies will have symptoms at birth, of these, 10-15% will have long term effects.

Features:
- Visual effects
- Hearing loss (sensorineural)
- Microcephaly
- peticheal rash
- SGA
- seizures
- cerebral palsy
- Hepatosplenomegaly with jaundice

You diagnose with amniocentesis
- Cant do it until 21 weeks gestation
- Cant do it until 6 weeks after CMV infection
- 50% of mums will be seropositive

Incubation period: 3-12 weeks

Transmissable via breast milk!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Describe the bacteria in each of the following groups:

Gram Positive
- Cocci
- Bacillus

Gram negative
- Cocci
- Bacillus

Intracellular

Spiral shaped

A

POSITIVE Cocci (SS)
- staph
- strep

NEGATIVE (BLACC)
- Claire is obliged to be positive because she woman
- Bacillus
- Listeria
- Acinomyces
- Clostridium
- Corneybacterium

NEGATIVE Cocci GMC
- Neisseria gonorrhoea
- Neisseria meningitides
- Moraxellar catarhalis

NEGATIVE Bacillus (PHLEBS-KEPH)
- Pseudomonas
- H.influenza
- Legionella
- E.coli
- Bacteriodes
- Salmonella
- Klebsiella
- Enterobacter
- Proteus mirabilus
- Helicobacter
- - You are a PLeB if you have obliged to be negative - pseudomonas, legionella, bacteriodes

Intracellular
- Chlamydia

Spiral shaped
- treponema pallidum
- Borrelia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

LISTERIA

What is the infection in pregnancy rate?

Where do people get listeria from?

What type of bacteria is it?

What is neontal death rate?

How can it affect the fetus?

What is the treatment?

A

It is 12/100,000
It is a gram positve bacillus

People get it fro cold meats or cheese

20-30% neonatal death rate

Can cause chorio, placenta necrosis and death

Treatment - 2 weeks anox

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

RUBELLA

Where is rubella from?

What type of virus is it?

What is the treatment?

What is the incubation period?

How does it affect the fetus?

A

Respiratory route

Togavirus. Single stranded RNA virus

No treatment. Vaccination is key but it is a live attenuated vaccine so cannot be given in pregnancy.

Incubation period - 2 weeks

Affects on fetus - cataracts, sensorineural deafness, cardiac effects.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Which congenital infection causes blueberry muffin rash?

A

Congenital rubella

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Which is the most common congenital infection

A

Congenital CMV

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Describe the neonatal effects for the TORCH infections

A

Toxoplasmosis:
- BRAIN STUFF
- Hydrocephalus
- Epilepsy
- Neurodevelopmental dealy
- Eye stuff too

Rubella:
- Blueberry muffin rash
- Heart stuff
- Cataracts
- Sensorineural deafness

CMV:
- Sensorineural deafness
- Eye stuff
- Cerebral palsy
- Jaundice with HSP
- SGA

HSV
- IUGR
- Stillbirth
- RARE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

TOXOPLASMOSIS

What kind of bug is this?

Where does it come from?

What effects does it have on the baby?

How is it diagnosed?

When is infection the worst? Throughout pregnancy?

A

Protozoal parasite

Cats!

BRAIN STUFF and blood stuff:
- microcephaly
- Hydrocephalus
- Seizures
- Thrombocytopenia
- Anaemia

Diagnosis with PCR or Igs

Infection is the worst within first 10 weeks. However, transmission risk increases throughout pregnancy but the effects get less severe

CT: ring enhancing lesions

Tx varies ?spiromycin if fetal status unknown in terms of infection. Some other bits if known fetal infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

HSV

What type of virus is it?

When is the highest risk of HSV neonatal infection?

What are the manifestations of neonatal HSV infection? Which is the most common?

How would you manage 1/2/3 trimester primary infection of HSV

What about previous history of HSV?

A

Double standed DNA virus

Highest risk until 6 weeks PN.

Neonatal HSV types:
1. skin
2. brain
3. disseminated

70% cases are disseminated

If unsure if primary or secondary can check sero-status

Management in 1/2 trimester:
- Take 5 day course 400mg TDS aciclovir
- Take regular aciclovir from 36 weeks

Management in 3rd trimester:
- Aciclovir regulraly
- C-section

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the treatment of GBS in labour?

A

3g benpen then 600mg 4 hourly until delivery

PEN ALLERGIC:
- Vancomycin if SEVERE pen allergy
- 3rd generation cef if mild pen allergy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What does the teenage HPV vaccine target?

A

6, 11, 16, 18

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

How does HPV cause cancer?

A

Activates onco-proteins which are proteins that deactivate tumour supressor genes.

E6 - inactivates p53
E7 - inactivates pRb

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

How many HPV is cleared within 1 year?

How much HPV is cleared within 2 years?

A

1 year - 70%

2 years - 90%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

HIV

What type of virus is it? What does it affect?

What is the vertical transmission rate in the UK?

What is the treatment?

When would someone need Zidovudine infusion?

When do you recommend a PCB

When do you check viral load?

What is the fetal treatment?

When are fetuses checked?
- Formula feed
- Breast feed

A

Lentivirus (Retrovirus)
Affects CD4 T helper cells

Vertical transmission rate:
- 1.3% with cART

Zidovudine infusion:
- viral load >1000 if presenting in labour, SROM or PCB

Recommend a PCB if viral load >400
If <50 can have vaginal delivery
If 50-400 - grey area and depends on other bits

Check viral load at 36 weeks and make decision

Fetal treatment:
VERY LOW RISK
- >10 weeks cART. AND
- viral load <50 x2 a month apart

LOW RISK
- viral load <50 once

HIGH RISK
- PEP
- - Doesnt meet above criteria

NO BREAST FEEDING

Formula feed
- Within 48h
- 6 weeks
- 12 weeks
- Seroconversion

Breast feed
- 2 weeks PN
- Monthly during breast feeding
- 4-8 weeks after stopping breast feeding

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Which group of strep is the cause of scarlet fever and rheumatic fever

A

Group A strep

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What bug is the most commone cause of cellulitis

A

strep pyogenes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What bug is the most commone cause of wound infection

A

Staph aureus

20
Q

What bug is the most commone cause of UTI

A

e.coli

21
Q

What type of bug causes Gangrene

A

Clostridia perfringens

22
Q

What causes fifths disease/slapped cheek

A

Parvovirus B19

23
Q

What are the types of necrotising faciitis?

A

Type 1 - polymicrobial

Type 2 - monomicrobial - strep pyogenes

24
Q

What are the types of strep associated with ?

A

A - pyogenes - rheumatic fever, scarlet fever, toxic shock
B - chorio
C - pharyngitis/endocarditis
D (aka enterococcus) - colitis
F - liver abscess
G - toxic shock

25
Q

What to do if pregnant person presents with chickenpox?

Do you give IVIG

A

Mild - oral aciclovir if presenting within 24h and >20 weeks

Severe - admit for IV aciclovir and >20 weeks

Can consider aciclovir if <20 weeks

Too late for IVIG if already has chickenpox. Give to women not exposed to VZV who have had a contact

26
Q

What does Borellia cause

A

lyme disease

27
Q

What is the bug causing toxoplasmosis

A

Toxoplasma Gondii

28
Q

What is the main bug causing SSI? surgical site infections

A

s.aureus

29
Q

What si the incubation period for:

Influenza
Scarlet fever
Parvovirus
Rubella
Chickenpox

A

1-3 days
1-7 days
4-20 days
14 days
14 days

30
Q

Is BV gram positive or negative

A

Indeterminate. So if it doesnt give into about positive or negative + smelly discharge - think this!

31
Q

What percentage of women develop antibodies against HPV following infection?

A

50%

32
Q

Do STIs increase risk of HIV transmission?

Why?

Circumcision?

A

Yes

Basically anything inflammatory so STIs and BV

Circumcision actually lowers the risk of HIV transmission

33
Q

Which virus is assciated with low grade squamous intrapithelial neoplasia? LSIL

What are they also associated with

A

HSV 6 and 11

Genital warts

34
Q

What is the incubation period for CMV

A

3-12 weeks

35
Q

What type of vaccine is the HPV vaccine?

A

Recombinant vaccine of virus-like particles

Cannot give you cancer

36
Q

What is the advice regarding wound cleaning after CS?

A

48h sterile water

After this can shower

37
Q

Sulphus granules on vaginal swab

What type of bacteria is this?

A

Actinomyces

It is a gram positive bacillus

BLACC
- Bacillus
- Listeria
- Actinomyces
- Clostridium
- Corneybacterium

38
Q

Previous GBS but negative in this pregnancy, need abx?

A

YEP

39
Q

Risks of getting HIV with:

Receiving Vaginal sex
Receiving Anal sex
Blood transfusion
Needle stick

A

0.1%
1.%
100%
0.3%

40
Q

Which basteria do 3rd generation cephalosporins not act on

A

Listeria
Atypical (mycoplasma)
MRSA
Enterococci

41
Q

What type of virus is Zika virus?

What symptoms does it cause?

What is the advice if you have travelled to a Zika prone area?

A

Single stranded RNA virus

Causes:
fever
rash

Dont get pregnnant if you have been to this after within 3 months

42
Q

When is the risk of FETAL varicella syndrome?

What can it cause in the fetus?

When is the risk of neonatal vasicella syndrome

A

If gets VZV before 20 weeks gestation

up to 12 weeks - 0.4%
12-20 weeks - 2.0%

Causes:
- Limb problem
- Eye problem
- Brain problem

Infection within 5 days of delivery or 48h after

43
Q

What is the commonest cause of gastroenteritis in the developed world?

What type of bacteria is this?

A

Campylobacter

Gram negative rod / spiral shaped

Can cause bloody watery diarrhoea

44
Q

Which are the spiral shaped bacteria?

A

Campylobacter/helicobacter

45
Q

What is endometritis usually caused by

A

Polymicrobial

MRCOG part 1 (16 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions