Biochemistry Flashcards
Which nucleic acid is only in RNA or DNA
A-T
G-C
^ DNA - thymine is unique
A-U
G-C
^ RNA - uracil is unique
What is a nucleotide?
A nucleotide is made up of 3 parts.
Nucleotides are made from: nitrogenous base (ATC OR G) sugar (this is the diff bit depending if RNA or DNA), and phosphate
Purine bases - A or T
Pyramidine bases - G or C
Explained the oxygen dissociation curve
What shifts it to the left?
What shifts it to the right?
Vertical axis - oxyhaemoglobin % saturation
Horizontal axis - oxygen concentration PO2
Shift to the right (need MORE O2 to increase Hb saturation) - high temp, high H+ (acidosis), high 2,3 DPG, low CO
Shift to the left (need less O2 to increase saturations) - low temp, low H+, low 2,3 DPG, increasing CO
What do all of the cell organelles do
Mitochondria
Goli apparatus
Endoplasmic reticulum
Rough
Smooth
Mitochondria
Energy (ATP) production
Golgi Apparatus
Storing, packaging and modification of proteins
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Rough: Protein assembly, folding & quality control
Smooth: Folding of proteins and transport in vesicles
Smooth: Synthesis of lipids & Role in gluconeogensis via G6DP
Nucleus
Contains chromosomes
Cell command centre via regulation of gene expression
Ribosomes
Translation mRNA into protein
What are the following:
- Selectins
- Integrins
- Cadherins
Selectins - ADHERE CELLS. Selective of leucocytes
Integrins - transmembrane molecule. Plays role in signal transductions between cell and ECM
Cadherins - transmembrane molecule. Cause cells to adhere to eachother, reliant on Calcium. Think CAdherins - CAlcium
Main Cations and Anions in ICF/ECF
ICF - Potasium + phosphase - 2Ps
ECF - Sodium + Calcium - Think NaCl comes togther
How many molecules of ATP are produced by glucose in:
- Aerobic respiration
- Anaerobic respiration
Aerobic - 30-32
Anaerobic - 2
Define:
- Glycolysis
- Glygogenolysis
- Gluconeogenesis
- Glycogenesis
Glycolysis - breaking down glucose to make pyruvate - ready for kreb’s cycle
Glygogenolysis - breaking down glycogen to form glucose
Gluconeogenesis - making glucose from liver stuff
Glycogenesis - Adding glucose to glycogen chains for storage
Which are the major buffers in:
Blood
Urine
Bone
ICF
Interstitial Fluid
Blood Bicarbonate
Urine Phosphate
Bone Calcium Carbonate
ICF Protein & Phosphate
Interstitial Fluid Bicarbonate
What are the stages of the cell cycle?
G0 - resting
G1 - cell growth
S - DNA replication
G2 - cell growth
M - mitosis
G1-G2 is interphase
What are the stages of mitosis
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
Cytokinesis
What are the 3 ketone bodies in the body and what are they used for?
Ketone bodies are made by the liver when carbs are restricted.
Explained:
- Acetone (breakdown product of acetoascetic acid and gets excreted)
- Acetoacetic acid - used for energy
- Beta-hydroxybutyric acid - used for energy
Which factors re involved in the extrinsic pathway?
FACTOR 7
Which factors re involved in the intrinsic pathway?
All the other factors apart from 7.
What are the causes of APTT being long?
intrisic pathway stuff.
Therefore:
- Haemophilias
- VBF deficiency (stabilises factor 8)
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