Recalls 7 Flashcards
What does the vitelline duct connect
The midgut to the yolk sac
Where does the liver and biliary system arise from?
What does the ventral mesentary become?
What does the dorsal mesentary become?
Waht does the hepatic diverticulum become?
What is the allantois?
The endoderm
The ventral mesentary - becomes the lesser omentum. The liver develops WITHIN this.
The dorsal mesentary - becomes the greater omentum. The pancreas and spleen develop WITHIN this.
The hepatic diverticulum from the foregut - liver and biliary system
The allantois - drains urine. Becomes the urachus. It is a combo of mesoderm and endoderm
What is the choroid plexus?
what is is made from
It produces CSF.
It is made from the pia mater and ependyma?
FROM THE NEURAL TUBE
Describe the emrbyoligcal development of the liver and the bile duct
Originates from the distal foregut
Forms the hepatic bud/hepatic divierticulum.
The hepatic bud divides into two portions:
- Pars hepatica (develops into the liver)
- Pars cystica (develops into the gallbladder)
This invainates in to the septum trsnsversum and forms left and right branches of the liver. The septum transversum is from the lateral plate mesoderm.
The stalk connecting the foregut to the hepatic bud forms the common bile duct.
The ligaments of the liver are therefore from the septum transversum from the lateral plate mesoderm.
Describe the emrbyological origin of the bladder
The hindgut of the endoderm forms the end portion - the cloaca.
The cloaca separates into the Urogenital sinus and the rectum.
The urogenital sinus becomes the bladder and also the bottom 2/3 of the vagina.
The ureteric bud forms from the metanephros which is from the lateral plate mesoderm. The ureteric bud becomes the kidney. This is connected with the ureteric stalk which becomes the ureter.
The urogenital sinus is connected to outside the fetus via the allantois. This gets rid of waste products. Urine is produced as early as 12 weeks. The allatoin is therefore made of endoderm.
What other cancer can BRCA cause
pancreatic
What would you see on FBC of addisons
eiosinophilia
where do the enzymes for glycolysis come from
Depends on how question is worded but I think cytosol rather than mitochrondria
What type of organism is chalydia
Obligate intracellular organism
How many women with GDM will have T2DM immediately after
5% or less but ultimately lifetime risk is 50%
What is the treatment of listeria
Ampicillin. Better than amoxicillin.
Either cna be used.
What is the trsnamission rate of primary and secondary herpes with pregnancy at birth
40% with primary
1% withsecondary
How many TRH molecules from precursor
6
Blood supply to bartholins glands
External pudendal artery which is a branch of the femoral
What post void volume is generally considered as acceptablr in a 65 year old
100ml or less.
100ml would be ABNORMAL in younger patients. less than 50 is normal
What si teh mechanism of action of nevirapine
Non-nucleoside reverse tanscriptase inhibitor
How many cells in the anterior pituitary are lactotrophs?
How many are somatotrophs?
20% are lactotrophs –> prolactin
50% are somatotrophs –> GH
When does HPL plateau
34 weeks
What events happen antenatally and postnatally to allow for good breast feeding
Antenatal - stromal hyperplasia
Postnatal - ductal dilatation
How much does cardiac output increase in second stage labour
50%
Where is factor 8 produced
Liver sinusoidal endothelial cells
Timing of acute vs subacute inflammation?
7 days
7 days to 4 weeks
what is lifetime risk of T2DM following GDM
50%
Contrast the rashes of pregnancy
Pemphigoid of pregnancy
- 1st or second gestation
- Belly button and palms and soles
- Blisters
PUPPs
- around 35 weeks
- abdominal
- No blisters
What structures fuse to obliterate the endometrial cavity
The decidua capsularis (endometrium lining the embryo) and the decidua parietalis
Which cells in the corpus luteum are responsible for becoming haemorrhagic following ovulation
I think the answer here is the granulosa layer.
It might be the theca interna/externa
Which dermatomes must you block to abolish uterine pain
T10-L1
Obstetric cholestasis.
How is it diagnosed?
How do you counsel women?
What level can the baby get affected by bile salts
When do we consider birth?
Bile acids >19 and itch no rash
Baby can be affected >40 - trandfer to ANC
Risk of stillbirth only increases with bile acids >100
Consider birth:
- Mild 19-39 - IOL at 40 weeks
- Moderate 40-99 - IOL 38-39 weeks
- Severe >100 - IOL at 35-36 weeks
USS and CTG do not prevent stillbirth in OC
What percentage of lymphocytes are B and T
B 10-20%
T 70-80%
How are each complement pathway activated
Classic - antigen-antibody complex
Leptin - MBL
Alternative - C3 hydrolysis
Robertsonian transloation chromosomes
13,14,15,21,22
How does a spinal cause maternal hypotension
Blocks pre-ganglionic autonomic nervous system
What is the treatment for syphilis
Pencillin G AKA benzylpenicillin
What is the common nerve to be injuryed with external iliac lymphadenectomy
Obturator
What are felshie clips made from
Titanium and silicone
What gets blocked to cause hydrocephalus
Cerebral aqueduct aka foramen of sylvius
On what day deos implantation occur
Day 8-9
Who gets prophylactic abx with long term catheter
no one
Incidence of shoulder dystocia
Incidence of brachial plexus injury with shoulder dystocia
0.7%
2-16%
Lymphatic drainage of large bowel
Ascending and transverse - SM lymph nodes
Decending and sigmoid - IM nodes
What is dinoprostone
A naturally occurring Prostaglandin E2
How strong is the wound at 3 weeks and 12 weeks
3 weeks - 20%
12 weeks - 80%
Property of tissue that means reflection ability
Echogenicity
Where is VEG-F producted
Corpus luteum
Macrophages
Tumour cells
Endothelial cells
Promotes angiogenesis
How does the baby’s kidney change following birth
decreases 2 fold
When do HCG levels peak in pregnancy
8-10 weeks
The placenta takes over progesterone production around the 7-9th week of pregnancy, so HCG not needed to maintain corpus luteum so much anymore
How does the HIV drug retelgavir work
HIV-1 Antiviral agent
What is the risk of congenital CMV with infection in the:
1st
2nd
3rd trimester
1st trimester - 20%
2nd trimester - 9%
3rd trimester - 70%
What is the relationship of the renal vein, artery and ureter when exiting the hilum of the kidney
ANTERIOR to POSTERIOR
Vein
Artery
Ureter
I VAU to remember this
When do you offer immediate treatment with insulin in GDM
What are the Targets for blood sugars?
If fasting >7. If <7 can reassure and give diet and exercise advice with re-check in 1-2 weeks. If at this point targets not met –> metformin
If still not met –>insulin
Targets:
- 5.3 fasting
- 6.4 2 hours after meals
Appearance of pseudomonas on mcconkey plate
Lactose non-fementer so appears clear
G6PH action
NADPH in RBCs
From high to low in blood
IgG
IgE
IgM
IgD
IgA
GAMDE
Ghandi has lots
Where is VEGF produced
platelets
Macrohages
Eye cells
What is the most common non epithelial tumour of the ovary
Germ cell tumours
Sex cord stromal cell tumours
What does vincristine bind to
Microtubules
How often to check blood pressure when starting patient on COCP
every year
Affects of valproate - how many babies affected?
How about in general with antiepileptics
How about in background population
1:10
Everything else is a bit less than this
In general with antiepileptics 6-8%
Backround without antiempileptics 4%
What are the teratogenic effects of warfarin
hypoplastic nose
Stippled epiphyses
Skeletal abnormalities
Celft palate
What does the septum transversum do
Becomes the diaphragm, pericardium and separares the liver
It is from the lateral plate mesoderm
