Recalls 2 Flashcards
**
What type of molecule is heparin
A polysaccaride - type of carbohydrate
Why cant oxytocin be given orally
It is a peptide hormone so gets digested by GI tract
How does a complete molar pregnancy usually form
1 sperm which duplicates once it has fertilised an empty egg.
LESS commonly 2 sperm
Mechanism of action of labetalol
Selective A1 blocker, Non selective B blocker
What is the pathology of hirschprungs disease?
Treatment?
Common cause of obstruction in neonates
Lack of ganglionic cells in distal bowel elading to function obstruction. It is loss of the parasympathetic nerves
Treatment = surgery
Most common cause of intestinal obastruction in neonate
intestinal atresia. Duodenal is a type
What happens wiht neonates when they dont have the sympathetic innervation of gut
congenital megacolon
When is antiD recommended in <10 weeks gestation
Surgical maangement
Ectopic - managed with medical OR surgical
Molar
Threatened miscarriage with significant bleeding and pain
What is the most common cancer in pregnancy and postpartum
Breast cancer
What is a non ergot dopamine agonist for hyperprolactinaemia
Qunagolide.
Bromocriptine/cabergoline are ERGOT derived dopamine agonists
Post laparoscopy for tubal ligation. Has cystic swelling up to the umbilicus. Tender with oozing from port sites
Urinary retention
Level of bifurcation of aorta
L4
Most common type of cancer in fallopian tube
papillary serous adenocarcinoma
Where does the ductus venosus make a shunt between
IVC and umbilical vein
How do you work out RMI
if 2 or more features of USS findings then that = x3 of the points
Postnmenopausal = x3
What dermarome is the nipples
What dermatome is the umbilicus
T4
T10
What is the average insensible waterloss
600-800ml
What type of virus is zika virus
Single stranded RNA
Vitamin that causes pellagra
Niacin. Vitamin B3
Type of epithelium in fallopian tubes
Ciliated columnar
What is vilamentous insertion of the cord?
What is vasa previa?
Velamentous insertion = cord inserts into the membranes rather than the placenta.
Vasa previa = vessels are overlying the cervix
With twins, at what stage does the splitting occur:
Di-Di
Mono-Di
Mono-Mono
within 72h - 1/3
day 4-8 - 2/3
Day 8-13 - 5%
What is the drug treatment for urgen incontinence
Antimuscarinic
What is the nerve supply to piriformis
Superior gluteal nerve
What are the contents of the lesser sciatic foramen
Tendon of obturator internus
pudendal nerve
internal pudendal vessels
How much background radiation does a CXR give you
Equivalent of 10 days
What level does the ovarian artery branch
L2
How to calculate odds ratio
Odds that a case was exposed/odds that a non-case was exposed
What does the uptake of iodine into thyroid depend on
SODIUM
Sodium iodine symporter
What is the most important role of vitaminC
Collagen synthesis
Which vitamin does Coumarin inhibit
Vitamin K
When does the EIA become the femoral artery
When it passes the inguinal ligament
Where is the vestibule
Between the two labia minora
What does ondansetron inhibit
Serotonin. 5Ht3
What is Hb AS and Hb SS
AS - sickle cell trait
SS - sickle cell disease
What are the diameters of the pelvic inlet and outlet
Inlet:
- AP 11
- Oblique 12
- Transverse 13
Outlet:
- AP 13
- Oblique 12
- Transverse 11
Describe the genetic mutation types
Where does the urea cycle take place
In the liver
Where does glycolysis take place
In the cytosol
What is the teratogenicity of aminoglycoside
Gentamicin
Ototoxicity
What are the clue cells in BV
Vaginal epithelial cells
Which high risk HPV not covered by vaccine?
31, 45, 52
Epithelium of distal urethra
NON keratinized stratified squamous
What is telocentric, acrocentric etc
When is the first polar body vs the second polar body
Frist plar body creased after meiosis 1 which is happening in fetus and stops at puberty
until - cycle completes at this point
The second polar body and meosis 2 only compltes happens when egg fertilised
So if you see a piccy of ICSI then that means that its first polar body
Which one gives you max radiation:
Hysterosalpingogram
Hystero contrast salpingography
Lap test and dye
HSG as this is the only one that uses XRAY
Where are cristae present
Mitochondria
How are the liver and biliary systems separated embryologically
By the heptic diverticulum
Which chain joins the IgM together to make a pentamer
The J chain
Which condition has absence of the vas deferens
CF
Which of these risks diathermy burn:
Low density small return plate
High density small return plate
High. Creates high density current which can cause burns at the return plate
Which HLAs are and are not expressed in extravillous trophoblasts
Are - HLA C, E, G
NOT - A and B
In relation to the psoas muscle, which nerve runs along the medial border and which along the lateral border
Medial border = obturator. Runs within psoas then emergenes on medial border
Lateral border = Femoral (runs within psoas then emerges in the inferior postion at the lateral border) and laternal femoral cutaneous nerve (runs behind then emerges on lateral border)
What is the lateral border of the ischiorectal fossa
Obturator internus fascia
How does letrozole work?
How does it work to induce ovulation?
aromatase inhibitor
Stops conversion to oestrogen so that leads to more FSH from pituitary so more eggs develop and go POP
What is the ovarian reserve marker
AMH
What does the sympathetic NS to the bladder
Inferior hypogastric
T10-L2
What are different cycle lengths due to
Summarise the effects of oestrogen on the hypothalamus in the menstrual cycle
Failure of feedback from oestrogen.
High oestrogen - more proliferation and earlier shedding
Low oestrogen - less proliferation and later shedding
Feedback:
- Early follicular - negative feedbakc from oestrogen on hypothalamus to reduce FSH/LH and allow only the dominant follicle to develop
- Late follicular - mature follicle leads to sharp rise in oestrogen which exerts positive feedback to increase LH and trigger ovulation
- Luteal - drop in oestrogen an combo with high progesterone gives negative feedback again to prevent further ovulation
Where is thromboxane A2 produced
platelets
What is the cause of anaemia in anticonvulsant use?
Folic acid deficiency
Before menstruation, what can cause vasospasm and bronchospasm
Prostaglandin F2a
What type of cyst causes excessive HCG
Theca lutein cyst
What so Psammoma bodies contain?
Where are they seen?
Calcium
Serous cystadenocarcinoma of the ovary
Serous endometrial cancer
Which hormone maintains the CL early in pregnancy
HCG
Pregnant women with rash and fetal ascites
Parvovirus B19
What type of molecules can readily diffuse across the placetna membrane
High lipid soluble ones cos the barrier is lipids
Waht is the structure that forms in the inner cell mass which divides it symetrically
The primative streak
Waht is gastrulation
The process by which the single layered structure turns into a trilaminar disk.
Happens after the primitive streak forms –> notocord –> gastrulation
What does haemophylus ducreyi cause
Painless ulcer
Chancroid
When do the lacunae develop in the placenta
in the syncytiotrophiblast
What is the main oestrogen in menopause?
Where does it come from?
What abour premenopausal?
estrone (E1) from adipose tissue
Estradiol (E2) from
Etriol (E3) during pregnancy
What is methotrexte an example of?
Antimetabolite
How does vincristine work?
Interferes with microtubules
What if syphilis VDRL positive but treponema negative?
BFP Biological false positive
If the pathophysiology of a benign ovarian tumour shows spindle shaped cells what does this mean
Fibroma
What is a krunkenburg tumour
Rare ovarian tumour metastased from GIT
What is the hormone that is released from the adrenals and placenta to promote lung maturity?
Which hormone opposes this? What is its function?
Cortisol
DHEA. It is also a steroid hormone which is androgenic. It mitigate the effect of cortisol. It helps produce testosterone and oestrogen etc
How does finisteride work
5 alpha reducase inibitor
What are the types of FGM
1 - clitoridectomy
2 - Clitoridectomy + labia minor ramoval +- labia majora removal
3 - Infundibulation
What is the nerve supply of the pyrimidalis muscle
subcostal
What si teh nerve supply to iliacus
femoral
What is the nerve supply to:
Piriformis
Pyrimidalis
Iliacus
Piriformis - superior gluteal
Pyrimidalis - subcostal
Iliacus - femoral
What are the target BSL for antenatal patients
5.3 - fasting
6.4 - 2 hour
