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MRCOG part 1 > Recalls 2 > Flashcards

Recalls 2 Flashcards

1
Q

**

What type of molecule is heparin

A

A polysaccaride - type of carbohydrate

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2
Q

Why cant oxytocin be given orally

A

It is a peptide hormone so gets digested by GI tract

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3
Q

How does a complete molar pregnancy usually form

A

1 sperm which duplicates once it has fertilised an empty egg.

LESS commonly 2 sperm

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4
Q

Mechanism of action of labetalol

A

Selective A1 blocker, Non selective B blocker

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5
Q

What is the pathology of hirschprungs disease?

Treatment?

A

Common cause of obstruction in neonates

Lack of ganglionic cells in distal bowel elading to function obstruction. It is loss of the parasympathetic nerves

Treatment = surgery

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6
Q

Most common cause of intestinal obastruction in neonate

A

intestinal atresia. Duodenal is a type

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7
Q

What happens wiht neonates when they dont have the sympathetic innervation of gut

A

congenital megacolon

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8
Q

When is antiD recommended in <10 weeks gestation

A

Surgical maangement

Ectopic - managed with medical OR surgical

Molar

Threatened miscarriage with significant bleeding and pain

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9
Q

What is the most common cancer in pregnancy and postpartum

A

Breast cancer

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10
Q

What is a non ergot dopamine agonist for hyperprolactinaemia

A

Qunagolide.

Bromocriptine/cabergoline are ERGOT derived dopamine agonists

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11
Q

Post laparoscopy for tubal ligation. Has cystic swelling up to the umbilicus. Tender with oozing from port sites

A

Urinary retention

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12
Q

Level of bifurcation of aorta

A

L4

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13
Q

Most common type of cancer in fallopian tube

A

papillary serous adenocarcinoma

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14
Q

Where does the ductus venosus make a shunt between

A

IVC and umbilical vein

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15
Q

How do you work out RMI

A

if 2 or more features of USS findings then that = x3 of the points

Postnmenopausal = x3

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16
Q

What dermarome is the nipples

What dermatome is the umbilicus

A

T4

T10

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17
Q

What is the average insensible waterloss

A

600-800ml

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18
Q

What type of virus is zika virus

A

Single stranded RNA

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19
Q

Vitamin that causes pellagra

A

Niacin. Vitamin B3

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20
Q

Type of epithelium in fallopian tubes

A

Ciliated columnar

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21
Q

What is vilamentous insertion of the cord?

What is vasa previa?

A

Velamentous insertion = cord inserts into the membranes rather than the placenta.

Vasa previa = vessels are overlying the cervix

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22
Q

With twins, at what stage does the splitting occur:

Di-Di
Mono-Di
Mono-Mono

A

within 72h - 1/3

day 4-8 - 2/3

Day 8-13 - 5%

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23
Q

What is the drug treatment for urgen incontinence

A

Antimuscarinic

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24
Q

What is the nerve supply to piriformis

A

Superior gluteal nerve

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25
Q

What are the contents of the lesser sciatic foramen

A

Tendon of obturator internus
pudendal nerve
internal pudendal vessels

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26
Q

How much background radiation does a CXR give you

A

Equivalent of 10 days

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27
Q

What level does the ovarian artery branch

A

L2

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28
Q

How to calculate odds ratio

A

Odds that a case was exposed/odds that a non-case was exposed

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29
Q

What does the uptake of iodine into thyroid depend on

A

SODIUM

Sodium iodine symporter

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30
Q

What is the most important role of vitaminC

A

Collagen synthesis

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31
Q

Which vitamin does Coumarin inhibit

A

Vitamin K

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32
Q

When does the EIA become the femoral artery

A

When it passes the inguinal ligament

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33
Q

Where is the vestibule

A

Between the two labia minora

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34
Q

What does ondansetron inhibit

A

Serotonin. 5Ht3

35
Q

What is Hb AS and Hb SS

A

AS - sickle cell trait
SS - sickle cell disease

36
Q

What are the diameters of the pelvic inlet and outlet

A

Inlet:
- AP 11
- Oblique 12
- Transverse 13

Outlet:
- AP 13
- Oblique 12
- Transverse 11

37
Q

Describe the genetic mutation types

A
38
Q

Where does the urea cycle take place

A

In the liver

39
Q

Where does glycolysis take place

A

In the cytosol

40
Q

What is the teratogenicity of aminoglycoside

A

Gentamicin

Ototoxicity

41
Q

What are the clue cells in BV

A

Vaginal epithelial cells

42
Q

Which high risk HPV not covered by vaccine?

A

31, 45, 52

43
Q

Epithelium of distal urethra

A

NON keratinized stratified squamous

44
Q

What is telocentric, acrocentric etc

A
45
Q

When is the first polar body vs the second polar body

A

Frist plar body creased after meiosis 1 which is happening in fetus and stops at puberty
until - cycle completes at this point

The second polar body and meosis 2 only compltes happens when egg fertilised

So if you see a piccy of ICSI then that means that its first polar body

46
Q

Which one gives you max radiation:

Hysterosalpingogram
Hystero contrast salpingography
Lap test and dye

A

HSG as this is the only one that uses XRAY

47
Q

Where are cristae present

A

Mitochondria

48
Q

How are the liver and biliary systems separated embryologically

A

By the heptic diverticulum

49
Q

Which chain joins the IgM together to make a pentamer

A

The J chain

50
Q

Which condition has absence of the vas deferens

A

CF

51
Q

Which of these risks diathermy burn:

Low density small return plate
High density small return plate

A

High. Creates high density current which can cause burns at the return plate

52
Q

Which HLAs are and are not expressed in extravillous trophoblasts

A

Are - HLA C, E, G

NOT - A and B

53
Q

In relation to the psoas muscle, which nerve runs along the medial border and which along the lateral border

A

Medial border = obturator. Runs within psoas then emergenes on medial border

Lateral border = Femoral (runs within psoas then emerges in the inferior postion at the lateral border) and laternal femoral cutaneous nerve (runs behind then emerges on lateral border)

54
Q

What is the lateral border of the ischiorectal fossa

A

Obturator internus fascia

55
Q

How does letrozole work?

How does it work to induce ovulation?

A

aromatase inhibitor

Stops conversion to oestrogen so that leads to more FSH from pituitary so more eggs develop and go POP

56
Q

What is the ovarian reserve marker

A

AMH

57
Q

What does the sympathetic NS to the bladder

A

Inferior hypogastric

T10-L2

58
Q

What are different cycle lengths due to

Summarise the effects of oestrogen on the hypothalamus in the menstrual cycle

A

Failure of feedback from oestrogen.

High oestrogen - more proliferation and earlier shedding

Low oestrogen - less proliferation and later shedding

Feedback:
- Early follicular - negative feedbakc from oestrogen on hypothalamus to reduce FSH/LH and allow only the dominant follicle to develop
- Late follicular - mature follicle leads to sharp rise in oestrogen which exerts positive feedback to increase LH and trigger ovulation
- Luteal - drop in oestrogen an combo with high progesterone gives negative feedback again to prevent further ovulation

59
Q

Where is thromboxane A2 produced

A

platelets

60
Q

What is the cause of anaemia in anticonvulsant use?

A

Folic acid deficiency

61
Q

Before menstruation, what can cause vasospasm and bronchospasm

A

Prostaglandin F2a

62
Q

What type of cyst causes excessive HCG

A

Theca lutein cyst

63
Q

What so Psammoma bodies contain?

Where are they seen?

A

Calcium

Serous cystadenocarcinoma of the ovary
Serous endometrial cancer

64
Q

Which hormone maintains the CL early in pregnancy

A

HCG

65
Q

Pregnant women with rash and fetal ascites

A

Parvovirus B19

66
Q

What type of molecules can readily diffuse across the placetna membrane

A

High lipid soluble ones cos the barrier is lipids

67
Q

Waht is the structure that forms in the inner cell mass which divides it symetrically

A

The primative streak

68
Q

Waht is gastrulation

A

The process by which the single layered structure turns into a trilaminar disk.

Happens after the primitive streak forms –> notocord –> gastrulation

69
Q

What does haemophylus ducreyi cause

A

Painless ulcer

Chancroid

70
Q

When do the lacunae develop in the placenta

A

in the syncytiotrophiblast

71
Q

What is the main oestrogen in menopause?

Where does it come from?

What abour premenopausal?

A

estrone (E1) from adipose tissue

Estradiol (E2) from

Etriol (E3) during pregnancy

72
Q

What is methotrexte an example of?

A

Antimetabolite

73
Q

How does vincristine work?

A

Interferes with microtubules

74
Q

What if syphilis VDRL positive but treponema negative?

A

BFP Biological false positive

75
Q

If the pathophysiology of a benign ovarian tumour shows spindle shaped cells what does this mean

A

Fibroma

76
Q

What is a krunkenburg tumour

A

Rare ovarian tumour metastased from GIT

77
Q

What is the hormone that is released from the adrenals and placenta to promote lung maturity?

Which hormone opposes this? What is its function?

A

Cortisol

DHEA. It is also a steroid hormone which is androgenic. It mitigate the effect of cortisol. It helps produce testosterone and oestrogen etc

78
Q

How does finisteride work

A

5 alpha reducase inibitor

79
Q

What are the types of FGM

A

1 - clitoridectomy

2 - Clitoridectomy + labia minor ramoval +- labia majora removal

3 - Infundibulation

80
Q

What is the nerve supply of the pyrimidalis muscle

A

subcostal

81
Q

What si teh nerve supply to iliacus

A

femoral

82
Q

What is the nerve supply to:
Piriformis
Pyrimidalis
Iliacus

A

Piriformis - superior gluteal
Pyrimidalis - subcostal
Iliacus - femoral

83
Q

What are the target BSL for antenatal patients

A

5.3 - fasting

6.4 - 2 hour

MRCOG part 1 (30 decks)

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