Recalls 2 Flashcards by Hamish Reed-Embleton

What type of molecule is heparin

A polysaccaride - type of carbohydrate

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Why cant oxytocin be given orally

It is a peptide hormone so gets digested by GI tract

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How does a complete molar pregnancy usually form

1 sperm which duplicates once it has fertilised an empty egg.

LESS commonly 2 sperm

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Mechanism of action of labetalol

Selective A1 blocker, Non selective B blocker

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What is the pathology of hirschprungs disease?

Treatment?

Common cause of obstruction in neonates

Lack of ganglionic cells in distal bowel elading to function obstruction. It is loss of the parasympathetic nerves

Treatment = surgery

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Most common cause of intestinal obastruction in neonate

intestinal atresia. Duodenal is a type

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What happens wiht neonates when they dont have the sympathetic innervation of gut

congenital megacolon

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When is antiD recommended in <10 weeks gestation

Surgical maangement

Ectopic - managed with medical OR surgical

Molar

Threatened miscarriage with significant bleeding and pain

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What is the most common cancer in pregnancy and postpartum

Breast cancer

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What is a non ergot dopamine agonist for hyperprolactinaemia

Qunagolide.

Bromocriptine/cabergoline are ERGOT derived dopamine agonists

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Post laparoscopy for tubal ligation. Has cystic swelling up to the umbilicus. Tender with oozing from port sites

Urinary retention

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Level of bifurcation of aorta

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Most common type of cancer in fallopian tube

papillary serous adenocarcinoma

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Where does the ductus venosus make a shunt between

IVC and umbilical vein

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How do you work out RMI

if 2 or more features of USS findings then that = x3 of the points

Postnmenopausal = x3

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What dermarome is the nipples

What dermatome is the umbilicus

T10

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What is the average insensible waterloss

600-800ml

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What type of virus is zika virus

Single stranded RNA

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Vitamin that causes pellagra

Niacin. Vitamin B3

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Type of epithelium in fallopian tubes

Ciliated columnar

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What is vilamentous insertion of the cord?

What is vasa previa?

Velamentous insertion = cord inserts into the membranes rather than the placenta.

Vasa previa = vessels are overlying the cervix

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With twins, at what stage does the splitting occur:

Di-Di
Mono-Di
Mono-Mono

within 72h - 1/3

day 4-8 - 2/3

Day 8-13 - 5%

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What is the drug treatment for urgen incontinence

Antimuscarinic

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What is the nerve supply to piriformis

Superior gluteal nerve

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What are the contents of the lesser sciatic foramen

Tendon of obturator internus pudendal nerve internal pudendal vessels

How much background radiation does a CXR give you

Equivalent of 10 days

What level does the ovarian artery branch

How to calculate odds ratio

Odds that a case was exposed/odds that a non-case was exposed

What does the uptake of iodine into thyroid depend on

SODIUM Sodium iodine symporter

What is the most important role of vitaminC

Collagen synthesis

Which vitamin does Coumarin inhibit

Vitamin K

When does the EIA become the femoral artery

When it passes the inguinal ligament

Where is the vestibule

Between the two labia minora

What does ondansetron inhibit

Serotonin. 5Ht3

What is Hb AS and Hb SS

AS - sickle cell trait SS - sickle cell disease

What are the diameters of the pelvic inlet and outlet

Inlet: - AP 11 - Oblique 12 - Transverse 13 Outlet: - AP 13 - Oblique 12 - Transverse 11

Describe the genetic mutation types

Where does the urea cycle take place

In the liver

Where does glycolysis take place

In the cytosol

What is the teratogenicity of aminoglycoside

Gentamicin Ototoxicity

What are the clue cells in BV

Vaginal epithelial cells

Which high risk HPV not covered by vaccine?

31, 45, 52

Epithelium of distal urethra

NON keratinized stratified squamous

What is telocentric, acrocentric etc

When is the first polar body vs the second polar body

Frist plar body creased after meiosis 1 which is happening in fetus and stops at puberty until - cycle completes at this point The second polar body and meosis 2 only compltes happens when egg fertilised So if you see a piccy of ICSI then that means that its first polar body

Which one gives you max radiation: Hysterosalpingogram Hystero contrast salpingography Lap test and dye

HSG as this is the only one that uses XRAY

Where are cristae present

Mitochondria

How are the liver and biliary systems separated embryologically

By the heptic diverticulum

Which chain joins the IgM together to make a pentamer

The J chain

Which condition has absence of the vas deferens

Which of these risks diathermy burn: Low density small return plate High density small return plate

High. Creates high density current which can cause burns at the return plate

Which HLAs are and are not expressed in extravillous trophoblasts

Are - HLA C, E, G NOT - A and B

In relation to the psoas muscle, which nerve runs along the medial border and which along the lateral border

Medial border = obturator. Runs within psoas then emergenes on medial border Lateral border = Femoral (runs within psoas then emerges in the inferior postion at the lateral border) and laternal femoral cutaneous nerve (runs behind then emerges on lateral border)

What is the lateral border of the ischiorectal fossa

Obturator internus fascia

How does letrozole work? How does it work to induce ovulation?

aromatase inhibitor Stops conversion to oestrogen so that leads to more FSH from pituitary so more eggs develop and go POP

What is the ovarian reserve marker

AMH

What does the sympathetic NS to the bladder

Inferior hypogastric T10-L2

What are different cycle lengths due to Summarise the effects of oestrogen on the hypothalamus in the menstrual cycle

Failure of feedback from oestrogen. High oestrogen - more proliferation and earlier shedding Low oestrogen - less proliferation and later shedding Feedback: - Early follicular - negative feedbakc from oestrogen on hypothalamus to reduce FSH/LH and allow only the dominant follicle to develop - Late follicular - mature follicle leads to sharp rise in oestrogen which exerts positive feedback to increase LH and trigger ovulation - Luteal - drop in oestrogen an combo with high progesterone gives negative feedback again to prevent further ovulation

Where is thromboxane A2 produced

platelets

What is the cause of anaemia in anticonvulsant use?

Folic acid deficiency

Before menstruation, what can cause vasospasm and bronchospasm

Prostaglandin F2a

What type of cyst causes excessive HCG

Theca lutein cyst

What so Psammoma bodies contain? Where are they seen?

Calcium Serous cystadenocarcinoma of the ovary Serous endometrial cancer

Which hormone maintains the CL early in pregnancy

HCG

Pregnant women with rash and fetal ascites

Parvovirus B19

What type of molecules can readily diffuse across the placetna membrane

High lipid soluble ones cos the barrier is lipids

Waht is the structure that forms in the inner cell mass which divides it symetrically

The primative streak

Waht is gastrulation

The process by which the single layered structure turns into a trilaminar disk. Happens after the primitive streak forms --> notocord --> gastrulation

What does haemophylus ducreyi cause

Painless ulcer Chancroid

When do the lacunae develop in the placenta

in the syncytiotrophiblast

What is the main oestrogen in menopause? Where does it come from? What abour premenopausal?

estrone (E1) from adipose tissue Estradiol (E2) from Etriol (E3) during pregnancy

What is methotrexte an example of?

Antimetabolite

How does vincristine work?

Interferes with microtubules

What if syphilis VDRL positive but treponema negative?

BFP Biological false positive

If the pathophysiology of a benign ovarian tumour shows spindle shaped cells what does this mean

Fibroma

What is a krunkenburg tumour

Rare ovarian tumour metastased from GIT

What is the hormone that is released from the adrenals and placenta to promote lung maturity? Which hormone opposes this? What is its function?

Cortisol DHEA. It is also a steroid hormone which is androgenic. It mitigate the effect of cortisol. It helps produce testosterone and oestrogen etc

How does finisteride work

5 alpha reducase inibitor

What are the types of FGM

1 - clitoridectomy 2 - Clitoridectomy + labia minor ramoval +- labia majora removal 3 - Infundibulation

What is the nerve supply of the pyrimidalis muscle

subcostal

What si teh nerve supply to iliacus

femoral

What is the nerve supply to: Piriformis Pyrimidalis Iliacus

Piriformis - superior gluteal Pyrimidalis - subcostal Iliacus - femoral

What are the target BSL for antenatal patients

5.3 - fasting 6.4 - 2 hour

Recalls 2 Flashcards

(83 cards)