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Hpct > STAINING > Flashcards

STAINING Flashcards

1
Q

this process renders the different tissue constituents more visible

A

staining

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2
Q

promotes easier optical differentiation and identification of the cell and tissue components

A

staining

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3
Q

In general, microscopic examination is facilitated if ___ stains are used

A

two contrasting

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4
Q

Tissue constituents are demonstrated in sections by direct interaction with a dye or staining solution, producing
coloration of the active tissue component

A

histological staining

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5
Q

types of histological stains

A

microanatomic stains
bacterial stains
specific tissue stains

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6
Q

specific tissue stains examples

A

muscles, connective, and neurologic stains

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7
Q

major groups of staining of tissues

A

histological staining
histochemical staining (histochemistry)
immunohistochemical staining

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8
Q

combination of immunology, histo and chemical staining which uses fluorescent labels

A

immunohistochemical staining

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9
Q

this group of staining is based on the phenotypic marker

not sure tong question na to

A

immunohistochemical staining

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10
Q

is the purified form of a coloring agent or
crude dye that is generally applied in an aqueous solution

A

histologic stain

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11
Q
  • thru chemical reactions that will permit microscopic localization of a SPECIFIC tissue substance
A

Histochemical Staining (Histochemistry)

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12
Q

example of Histochemical Staining (Histochemistry)

A

perl’s prussian blue
periodic acid shiff

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13
Q

Perl’s prussian blue is an example of histochemical staining and is used for staining __

A

hemoglobin

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14
Q

Periodic acid schiff is an example of histochemical stain which is used for ___

A

staining carbohydrates

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15
Q

a staining procedure wherein the active reagent serves as a substrate upon which the
enzymes act,

A

enzyme histochemistry

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16
Q
  • The process whereby the action of the dye is intensified
    by adding another agent or mordant
A

indirect staining

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17
Q

serves as a
link or bridge between the tissue and the dye, to make the
staining reaction possible

A

mordant

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18
Q

example of mordants

A

potassium alum with hematoxylin in ehrlich’s hematoxylin

iron in weigert’s hematoxylin

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19
Q

hematoxylin types depends still on different principle, either __ and ___

A

regressive and progressive

regressive - uses decolorizer or differentiator
progressive - just do the staining sequence

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20
Q

in enzyme histochemical staining , the final opacity or coloration is produced coming from ____

A

substrate rather than the tissue

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21
Q

A combination of immunologic and histochemical techniques that allow phenotypic markers to be detected and demonstrated under the microscope.

A

Immunohistochemical Staining

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22
Q

the process of giving color to the sections by using aqueous or alcoholic dye solutions

A

direct staining

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23
Q

direct staining examples

A

methylene blue and eosin

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24
Q

another agent we use in indirect staining which does not participate in the staining but only ACCELERATE the staining reaction

A

accentuator

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25
Q

how accentuator accelerates or hasten the speed of the staining reaction of indirect staining

A

increasing the staining power and selectivity of the dye

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26
Q

example of accentuators

A

potassium hydroxide in loeffler’s methylene blue
phenol in carbol thionine and carbol fuchsin

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27
Q

this method of staining wherein the tissue elements are stained in a definite sequence

A

progressive staining

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28
Q

a method of staining wherein the staining solution is applied for specific periods of time or until the desired intensity of coloring of the different tissue elements is attained

A

progressive staining

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29
Q

this method of staining where the tissue is first overstained to obliterate the cellular details, and the excess stain is removed or decolorized from unwanted parts of the tissue, until the desired intensity of the color is obtained

A

regressive staining

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30
Q

is the selective removal of excess stain from the tissue during regressive staining

A

differentiation (decolorization)

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31
Q

how do we process differentiation (decolorization)

A

by washing the section in simple solution (water or alcohol), or by the use of acids or oxidizing agents

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32
Q

– tissue stains in color shades that are similar to the color of the dye itself

A

orthochromatic staining

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33
Q

entails the use of specific dyes which differentiate particular substances by staining them with a color that is different from that of the stain itself (metachromasia)

A

metachromatic staining

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34
Q

metachromatic staining is for

A

cartilage
connective tissues
epithelial mucins
mast cell granules
amyloid

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35
Q

example of metachromic dyes

A
  1. Methyl violet or crystal violet
  2. Cresyl blue (for reticulocytes)
  3. Safranin
  4. Bismarck brown
  5. Basic fuchsin
  6. Methylene blue
  7. Thionine
  8. Toluidine blue
  9. Azure A, B, C
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36
Q

this refers to the application of a different color or stain to provide CONTRAST and BACKGROUND to the staining of the structural components to be demonstrated

A

counterstaining

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37
Q

component of acid alcohol

A

1 ml of hcl
80% of alcohol

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38
Q

red cytoplasmic counterstaining

A

eosin Y and B
thyroxine B

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39
Q

yellow cytoplasmic counterstaining

A

picric acid
orange G
rose bengal

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40
Q

green cytoplasmic counterstaining

A

light green SF
lissamine green

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41
Q

red nuclear counterstaining

A

neutral red
safranin O
carmine
hematoxylin

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42
Q

blue nuclear counterstaining

A

methylene blue
toluidine blue
celestine blue

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43
Q

a process where specific tissue elements are demonstrated, or not by stains, but by colorless solutions of metallic salts

A

metallic impregnation

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44
Q

a metallic salt.solution wherein it forms black deposits seen under the microscope

A

ammoniacal silver

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45
Q

differentiate metallic impregnation from staining/stain

A

it is not absorbed by the tissue, it is help physically on the surface as a PRECIPITATE. it is a reduction product in certain tissue components

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46
Q

metallic solution/salts are help physically and not absorbed by the tissue as a ___

A

precipitate

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47
Q

metallic impregnation is a ___ product in a certain tissue components

A

reduction

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48
Q

most valuable metal in metallic impregnation

A

gold (gold chloride)
silver (silver nitrate)

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49
Q

a staining method wherein there’s a selective staining of living cell contituents

A

vital staining

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50
Q

vital staining demonstrates cytoplasmic structures by ___ of the dye particle

A

phagocytosis

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51
Q

Vital staining

the staining of MITOCHONDRIA by

A

janus green

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52
Q

a staining method wherein it’s done by injecting the dye into any part of the animal body

A

intravital staining

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53
Q

ways how we conduct intravital staining

A

intravenous, intraperitoneal, or subcutaneous

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54
Q

intravital staining produces a specific coloration of certain cells, particularly those of the reticuloendothelial system

A

intravital staining

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55
Q

common dyes used in intravital staining

A

lithium
carmine
india ink

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56
Q

used to stain living cells immediately after removal from the living body

A

supravital staining

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57
Q

common dyes used in supravital staining

A

neutral red
janus green
trypan blue
nile blue
thionine
toluidine blue

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58
Q

what is the best vital dye

A

neutral red

59
Q

this vital dye stains the mitochondria

A

janus green

60
Q

most common method utilized for microanatomical studies, using regressive staining

A

H and E staining technique

61
Q

4 staining method for frozen section

A

hematoxylin-eosin method
thionine
polychrome methylene blue
alcoholic pinacyanol method

62
Q

alcoholic pinacyanol method is part of staining method used for frozen section, but it is as well an example of what type of stain?

A

supravital staining

63
Q

2 categories of Dyes

A

natural dyes
synthetic dyes

64
Q

natural dyes are obtained from

A

plants or animals

65
Q

synthetic dyes example based on the ppt

A

aniline or coal tar dyes

66
Q

example of natural dyes

A

hematoxylin
cochineal dyes
orcein
saffron

67
Q

Hematoxylin came from

A

hematoxylin campechianum

68
Q

natural dye

cochineal dye came from

A

female cochineal bug

69
Q

cochineal dyes are treated with ___ to become carmine

70
Q

cochineal dyes are treated with alum to become ___

71
Q

carmine combined with picric acid is

A

picrocarmine

72
Q

best carmine stain

A

aluminum chloride

73
Q

a natural dye - vegetable dye

74
Q

a natural dye used for staining elastic fibers

75
Q

a natural dye that is considered as the most valuable staining reagent used by the cytologist

A

hematoxylin

76
Q

active coloring agent of hematoxylin is

77
Q

most commonly used natural due for routine histologic studies

A

hematoxylin

78
Q

a natural dye used for food coloring

79
Q

is a weak anionic dye

80
Q

hematein

has little affinity for tissues but become a strong nuclear dye when combined with a __

A

metallic mordant

81
Q

types of hematoxylin

A

harris hematoxylin
mayer hematoxylin
ehrlich hematoxylin
Gill hematoxylin

82
Q

mordant of harris hematoxylin

A

ammonium aluminum sulfate

83
Q

oxidizer of harris hematoxylin

A

sodium iodate

84
Q

mordant of mayer hematoxylin

A

potassium aluminum sulfate or ammonium aluminum sulfate

85
Q

oxidizer of mayer hematoxylin

A

sodium iodate

86
Q

mordant of ehrlich hematoxylin

A

potassium aluminum sulfate or ammonium aluminum sulfate

87
Q

Gill hematoxyline mordant

A

aluminum sulfate

88
Q

synthetic dyes example

A

coal tar dyes

89
Q

are substances with definite atomic groupings and are capable of producing visible colors

A

chromophores

90
Q

dye consists of

A

chromophore
auxochrome

91
Q

coloring property of dye

A

chromophore

92
Q

dyeing property of Dye

A

auxochrome

93
Q

acid dyes example

A

picric acid

94
Q

function of picric acid

A

fix, differentiate, and stain tissue

95
Q

basic dye example

A

methylene blue

96
Q

methylene blue functions as

A

indicator and dye

97
Q

neutral dye example

A

romanowsky
giemsa
irishman

98
Q

neutral dye function

A

capable of staining cytoplasm and nucleus

99
Q

3 classification of stains

A

acid dye
basic dye
neutral dye

100
Q

where the coloring substances are found in the acid component and sodium is the agent used to remove the base radical

101
Q

in acid dye, what is the agent used to remove the base radical

102
Q

where the coloring substance is found in the basic component

103
Q

in basic dye, the acid radicals are usually removed by

A

sulfuric acid or hydrochloric acid

104
Q

when an acid dye is combined with a basic dye, ____ is formed

A

neutral dye

105
Q

this classification of stain contains both coloured radicals, and it gives different colours to cytoplasm and nucleus

A

neutral dyes

106
Q

type of staining solution that is routinely used in histopathology as a counterstain

107
Q

staining solution used for differentially staining connective tissues and cytoplasm

108
Q

commonly used as a background stain

109
Q

type of eosin that is most commonly used

A

yellowish (eosin Y )

110
Q

type of eosin that is deeper red color

A

Bluish (eosin B , erythrosin B)

111
Q

type of eosin that is alcohol-soluble

A

ethyl eosin - eosin s

112
Q

staining solution in which it’s a mixture of picric acid and acid fuchsin for the demonstration of connective tissues

A

van gieson stain

113
Q

best acridine fluorochrome which permits discrimination between dead and living cells

A

acridine orange

114
Q

using acridine orange, if green fluorescence, it means it’s detecting

115
Q

using acridine orange, if red fluorescence, it means it’s detecting

116
Q

pH level of eosin

117
Q

staining solution for the demonstration of calcium salts deposits and possible sites of phosphatases activities

A

acridine red 3b

118
Q

staining solution that stains acid mucopolysaccharides by forming salt linkages

A

alcian blue

119
Q

alcian blue

excellent stain because it is

A

simple and produces a striking blue color

120
Q

alcian blue is more specific for what samples

A

connective tissues
epithelial mucin

121
Q

cytoplasmic stain used for counterstaining epithelial sections

A

aniline blues

122
Q

staining solution Used for staining hemoglobin

123
Q

staining solution as contrast stain for gram’s technique in acid fast and papanicolau method

A

bismarck brown

124
Q

staining solution that stains diptheria organism

A

bismarck brown

125
Q

staining solution best knows as an indicator but may be utilized as a stain for axis cxylinders in embryos

126
Q

staiining solution that is a nuclear or chromatin stain for staining amyloid in frozen sections and platelets in blood

A

crystal violet

127
Q

formed by the mixture of crystal violet, methyl violet, and dextrin

A

gentian violet

128
Q

how do we create gentian violet

A

methyl violet
crystal violet
dextrin

129
Q

staining solution used for staining blood to differentiate leukocytes

130
Q

oldest of all stains, originally used for microscopic study of starch granules

131
Q

iodine stains
___

A

amyloid
cellulose
starch
carotenes
glycogen

132
Q

staining solution that demonstrate mitochondria during intravital staining

A

janus green

133
Q

a weakly basic dye staining solution used as a contrast stain for staining ascariseggs and erthrocytes and bacterial spore stain

A

malachite green

134
Q

malachite green can work as a __ aside from staining

A

decolorizer

135
Q

a common staining solution that is a common basic nuclear stain employed with eosin to provide marked differentiation of various structures in the tissue

A

methylene blue

136
Q

methylene blue contains __ and __-

A

azures or methylene violet

137
Q

staining solution excellent for staining elastic fibers

138
Q

staining solution recommended for dermatological studies due to its ability to demonstrate the finest and most delicate fibers in the skin

139
Q

staining solution used with osmic acid to fix and stain blood and glandular tissues

A

rhodamine B

140
Q

staining solution used as nuclear stain for fixed tissues

A

toluidine blue

141
Q

staining solution recommended for staining of nissl granules or chromatophilic bodies

A

toluidine blue

142
Q

toluidine blue is for staining what

A

nissl granules
chromatopholic bodies

143
Q

staining solution used for the demonstration of neuroglia in frozen sections

A

victoria blue

Hpct (18 decks)

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