STAINING Flashcards
(144 cards)
1
Q
this process renders the different tissue constituents more visible
A
staining
2
Q
promotes easier optical differentiation and identification of the cell and tissue components
A
staining
3
Q
In general, microscopic examination is facilitated if ___ stains are used
A
two contrasting
4
Q
Tissue constituents are demonstrated in sections by direct
interaction with a dye or staining solution, producing
coloration of the active tissue component
A
histological staining
5
Q
types of histological stains
A
microanatomic stains
bacterial stains
specific tissue stains
6
Q
specific tissue stains examples
A
muscles, connective, and neurologic stains
7
Q
major groups of staining of tissues
A
histological staining
histochemical staining (histochemistry)
immunohistochemical staining
8
Q
combination of immunology, histo and chemical staining which uses fluorescent labels
A
immunohistochemical staining
9
Q
this group of staining is based on the phenotypic marker
not sure tong question na to
A
immunohistochemical staining
10
Q
is the purified form of a coloring agent or
crude dye that is generally applied in an aqueous solution
A
histologic stain
11
Q
- thru chemical reactions that will permit microscopic localization of a SPECIFIC tissue substance
A
Histochemical Staining (Histochemistry)
12
Q
example of Histochemical Staining (Histochemistry)
A
perl’s prussian blue
periodic acid shiff
13
Q
Perl’s prussian blue is an example of histochemical staining and is used for staining __
A
hemoglobin
14
Q
Periodic acid schiff is an example of histochemical stain which is used for ___
A
staining carbohydrates
15
Q
a staining procedure wherein the active reagent serves as a substrate upon which the
enzymes act,
A
enzyme histochemistry
16
Q
- The process whereby the action of the dye is intensified
by adding another agent or mordant
A
indirect staining
17
Q
serves as a
link or bridge between the tissue and the dye, to make the
staining reaction possible
A
mordant
18
Q
example of mordants
A
potassium alum with hematoxylin in ehrlich’s hematoxylin
iron in weigert’s hematoxylin
19
Q
hematoxylin types depends still on different principle, either __ and ___
A
regressive and progressive
regressive - uses decolorizer or differentiator
progressive - just do the staining sequence
20
Q
in enzyme histochemical staining , the final opacity or coloration is produced coming from ____
A
substrate rather than the tissue
21
Q
A combination of immunologic and histochemical techniques that allow phenotypic markers to be detected and demonstrated under the microscope.
A
Immunohistochemical Staining
22
Q
the process of giving color to the sections by using aqueous or alcoholic dye solutions
A
direct staining
23
Q
direct staining examples
A
methylene blue and eosin
24
Q
another agent we use in indirect staining which does not participate in the staining but only ACCELERATE the staining reaction
A
accentuator
25
how accentuator accelerates or hasten the speed of the staining reaction of indirect staining
increasing the staining power and selectivity of the dye
26
example of accentuators
potassium hydroxide in loeffler's methylene blue
phenol in carbol thionine and carbol fuchsin
27
this method of staining wherein the tissue elements are stained in a definite sequence
progressive staining
28
a method of staining wherein the staining solution is applied for specific periods of time or until the desired intensity of coloring of the different tissue elements is attained
progressive staining
29
this method of staining where the tissue is first overstained to obliterate the cellular details, and the excess stain is removed or decolorized from unwanted parts of the tissue, until the desired intensity of the color is obtained
regressive staining
30
is the selective removal of excess stain from the tissue during regressive staining
differentiation (decolorization)
31
how do we process differentiation (decolorization)
by washing the section in simple solution (water or alcohol), or by the use of acids or oxidizing agents
32
– tissue stains in color shades that are similar to the color of the dye itself
orthochromatic staining
33
entails the use of specific dyes which differentiate particular substances by staining them with a color that is different from that of the stain itself (metachromasia)
metachromatic staining
34
metachromatic staining is for
cartilage
connective tissues
epithelial mucins
mast cell granules
amyloid
35
example of metachromic dyes
1. Methyl violet or crystal violet
2. Cresyl blue (for reticulocytes)
3. Safranin
4. Bismarck brown
5. Basic fuchsin
1. Methylene blue
2. Thionine
3. Toluidine blue
4. Azure A, B, C
36
this refers to the application of a different color or stain to provide CONTRAST and BACKGROUND to the staining of the structural components to be demonstrated
counterstaining
37
component of acid alcohol
1 ml of hcl
80% of alcohol
38
red cytoplasmic counterstaining
eosin Y and B
thyroxine B
39
yellow cytoplasmic counterstaining
picric acid
orange G
rose bengal
40
green cytoplasmic counterstaining
light green SF
lissamine green
41
red nuclear counterstaining
neutral red
safranin O
carmine
hematoxylin
42
blue nuclear counterstaining
methylene blue
toluidine blue
celestine blue
43
a process where specific tissue elements are demonstrated, or not by stains, but by colorless solutions of metallic salts
metallic impregnation
44
a metallic salt.solution wherein it forms black deposits seen under the microscope
ammoniacal silver
45
differentiate metallic impregnation from staining/stain
it is not absorbed by the tissue, it is help physically on the surface as a PRECIPITATE. it is a reduction product in certain tissue components
46
metallic solution/salts are help physically and not absorbed by the tissue as a ___
precipitate
47
metallic impregnation is a ___ product in a certain tissue components
reduction
48
most valuable metal in metallic impregnation
gold (gold chloride)
silver (silver nitrate)
49
a staining method wherein there's a selective staining of living cell contituents
vital staining
50
vital staining demonstrates cytoplasmic structures by ___ of the dye particle
phagocytosis
51
Vital staining
the staining of `MITOCHONDRIA` by
janus green
52
a staining method wherein it's done by injecting the dye into any part of the animal body
intravital staining
53
ways how we conduct intravital staining
intravenous, intraperitoneal, or subcutaneous
54
intravital staining produces a specific coloration of certain cells, particularly those of the reticuloendothelial system
intravital staining
55
common dyes used in intravital staining
lithium
carmine
india ink
56
used to stain living cells immediately after removal from the living body
supravital staining
57
common dyes used in supravital staining
neutral red
janus green
trypan blue
nile blue
thionine
toluidine blue
58
what is the best vital dye
neutral red
59
this vital dye stains the mitochondria
janus green
60
most common method utilized for microanatomical studies, using regressive staining
H and E staining technique
61
4 staining method for frozen section
hematoxylin-eosin method
thionine
polychrome methylene blue
alcoholic pinacyanol method
62
alcoholic pinacyanol method is part of staining method used for frozen section, but it is as well an example of what type of stain?
supravital staining
63
2 categories of Dyes
natural dyes
synthetic dyes
64
natural dyes are obtained from
plants or animals
65
synthetic dyes example based on the ppt
aniline or coal tar dyes
66
example of natural dyes
hematoxylin
cochineal dyes
orcein
saffron
67
Hematoxylin came from
hematoxylin campechianum
68
natural dye
cochineal dye came from
female cochineal bug
69
cochineal dyes are treated with ___ to become carmine
alum
70
cochineal dyes are treated with alum to become ___
carmine
71
carmine combined with picric acid is
picrocarmine
72
best carmine stain
aluminum chloride
73
a natural dye - `vegetable` dye
orcein
74
a natural dye used for staining elastic fibers
orcein
75
a natural dye that is considered as the most valuable staining reagent used by the cytologist
hematoxylin
76
active coloring agent of hematoxylin is
hematin
77
most commonly used natural due for routine histologic studies
hematoxylin
78
a natural dye used for food coloring
saffron
79
is a weak anionic dye
hematein
80
hematein
has little affinity for tissues but become a strong nuclear dye when combined with a __
metallic mordant
81
types of hematoxylin
harris hematoxylin
mayer hematoxylin
ehrlich hematoxylin
Gill hematoxylin
82
mordant of harris hematoxylin
ammonium aluminum sulfate
83
oxidizer of harris hematoxylin
sodium iodate
84
mordant of mayer hematoxylin
potassium aluminum sulfate or ammonium aluminum sulfate
85
oxidizer of mayer hematoxylin
sodium iodate
86
mordant of ehrlich hematoxylin
potassium aluminum sulfate or ammonium aluminum sulfate
87
Gill hematoxyline mordant
aluminum sulfate
88
synthetic dyes example
coal tar dyes
89
are substances with definite atomic groupings and are capable of producing visible colors
chromophores
90
dye consists of
chromophore
auxochrome
91
coloring property of dye
chromophore
92
dyeing property of Dye
auxochrome
93
acid dyes example
picric acid
94
function of picric acid
fix, differentiate, and stain tissue
95
basic dye example
methylene blue
96
methylene blue functions as
indicator and dye
97
neutral dye example
romanowsky
giemsa
irishman
98
neutral dye function
capable of staining cytoplasm and nucleus
99
3 classification of stains
acid dye
basic dye
neutral dye
100
where the coloring substances are found in the acid component and sodium is the agent used to remove the base radical
acid dye
101
in acid dye, what is the agent used to remove the base radical
sodium
102
where the coloring substance is found in the basic component
basic dye
103
in basic dye, the acid radicals are usually removed by
sulfuric acid or hydrochloric acid
104
when an acid dye is combined with a basic dye, ____ is formed
neutral dye
105
this classification of stain contains both coloured radicals, and it gives different colours to cytoplasm and nucleus
neutral dyes
106
type of staining solution that is routinely used in histopathology as a counterstain
eosin
107
staining solution used for differentially staining connective tissues and cytoplasm
eosin
108
commonly used as a background stain
eosin
109
type of eosin that is most commonly used
yellowish (eosin Y )
110
type of eosin that is deeper red color
Bluish (eosin B , erythrosin B)
111
type of eosin that is alcohol-soluble
ethyl eosin - eosin s
112
staining solution in which it's a mixture of picric acid and acid fuchsin for the demonstration of connective tissues
van gieson stain
113
best acridine fluorochrome which permits discrimination between dead and living cells
acridine orange
114
using acridine orange, if green fluorescence, it means it's detecting
dna
115
using acridine orange, if red fluorescence, it means it's detecting
rna
116
pH level of eosin
5.0
117
staining solution for the demonstration of calcium salts deposits and possible sites of phosphatases activities
acridine red 3b
118
staining solution that stains acid mucopolysaccharides by forming salt linkages
alcian blue
119
alcian blue
excellent stain because it is
simple and produces a striking blue color
120
alcian blue is more specific for what samples
connective tissues
epithelial mucin
121
cytoplasmic stain used for counterstaining epithelial sections
aniline blues
122
staining solution Used for staining hemoglobin
benzidine
123
staining solution as contrast stain for gram's technique in acid fast and papanicolau method
bismarck brown
124
staining solution that stains diptheria organism
bismarck brown
125
staining solution best knows as an indicator but may be utilized as a stain for axis cxylinders in embryos
congo red
126
staiining solution that is a nuclear or chromatin stain for staining amyloid in frozen sections and platelets in blood
crystal violet
127
formed by the mixture of crystal violet, methyl violet, and dextrin
gentian violet
128
how do we create gentian violet
methyl violet
crystal violet
dextrin
129
staining solution used for staining blood to differentiate leukocytes
giemsa
130
oldest of all stains, originally used for microscopic study of starch granules
iodine
131
iodine stains
___
amyloid
cellulose
starch
carotenes
glycogen
132
staining solution that demonstrate mitochondria during intravital staining
janus green
133
a weakly basic dye staining solution used as a contrast stain for staining ascariseggs and erthrocytes and bacterial spore stain
malachite green
134
malachite green can work as a __ aside from staining
decolorizer
135
a common staining solution that is a common basic nuclear stain employed with eosin to provide marked differentiation of various structures in the tissue
methylene blue
136
methylene blue contains __ and __-
azures or methylene violet
137
staining solution excellent for staining elastic fibers
orcein
138
staining solution recommended for dermatological studies due to its ability to demonstrate the finest and most delicate fibers in the skin
orcein
139
staining solution used with osmic acid to fix and stain blood and glandular tissues
rhodamine B
140
staining solution used as nuclear stain for `fixed tissues`
toluidine blue
141
staining solution recommended for staining of nissl granules or chromatophilic bodies
toluidine blue
142
toluidine blue is for staining what
nissl granules
chromatopholic bodies
143
staining solution used for the demonstration of neuroglia in frozen sections
victoria blue
144
