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Hpct > FINALS - MICROTOME, SECTION CUTTING, ADHESIVES, MOUNTING > Flashcards

FINALS - MICROTOME, SECTION CUTTING, ADHESIVES, MOUNTING Flashcards

1
Q

The process by which processed tissue, most commonly a paraffin-embedded tissue, is trimmed and cut into uniformly
thin slices or “sections” to facilitate studies under the
microscope

A

MICROTOMY

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2
Q

is a skilled process that requires
precision and hand - eye coordination combine
with a delicate touch by the experience
histotechnologist/cian

A

microtomy

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3
Q

The basic instrument that is capable of cutting a section at a
predetermined thickness by sliding the block into a cutting tool, usually a
steel knife, glass or diamond blade, which is fixed and attached to the
machine.

A

microtome

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4
Q

3 essential parts of microtome

A

block holder
knife carrier and knife
pawl, ratchet feed wheel and adjustment screws

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5
Q

microtome essential part where the tissue is held in position

A

block holder

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6
Q

microtome essential part where its primary purpose is for actual cutting of tissue sections

A

knife carrier and knife

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7
Q

microtome essential part where its purpose is to line up the tissue block in proper position with the knife, adjusting the proper thickness of the tissue for successive sections

A

pawl, ratchet feed wheel, and adjustment screws

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8
Q

the wheel that is for forward and backward movement of the tissue block

A

course wheel

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9
Q

principle of microtomy

A

a spring-balanced teeth or pawl is brought into contact with, and turns a ratchet feed wheel connected to a
micrometer screw, which is in turn rotated, moving the
tissue block at a predetermined distance towards the
knife for cutting sections at uniform thickness.

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10
Q

what are the kinds of microtome

A

rocking
rotary
sliding
freezing
cryostat or cold microtome
ultrathin

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11
Q

this kind of microtome is for cutting serial sections of large blocks of paraffin embedded tissues

A

rocking microtome

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12
Q

this kind of microtome is for cutting paraffin embedded sections

A

rotary microtome

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13
Q

this kind of microtome is for cutting celloidin embedded sections

A

sliding microtome

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14
Q

this kind of microtome is for cutting unembedded frozen sections

A

freezing microtome

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15
Q

microtome for large blocks such as brain, whole organ

A

rocking microtome

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16
Q

this kind of microtome is for cutting sections for electron microscopy

A

ultrathin microtome

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17
Q

rocking (cambridge) microtome is invented by whom

A

paldwell trefall in 1881

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18
Q

is the simplest among the different types of microtomes

A

rocking (cambridge) microtome

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19
Q

rocking microtome is also called as

A

cambridge microtome

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20
Q

rocking (cambridge) microtome is consists of a

A

heavy base
2 arms (the lower arm resting on pivots and a supporting column)
and attached to the micrometer screw at the base of which is found the ratchet wheel with feed mechanism

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21
Q

The Cambridge rocking microtome, available in how many sizes

A

two

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22
Q

has been used to
cut small and large blocks of paraffin tissues

A

cambridge rocking microtome

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23
Q

ROCKING (CAMBRIDGE) MICROTOME

a section is thereby cut as the tissue passes to the knife edge in what plane and thickness

A

slightly curved plane
10-12 u in thickness

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24
Q

rocking microtome where in the block
holder are brought together by __ motions

A

upward and vertical motions

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25
Q

rotary microtome is invented by whom

A

Minot 1885-86

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26
Q

rotary microtome is also called as q

A

minot microtome

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27
Q

used to cut paraffin embedded tissue, and is currently the most type used for both routine and research laboratories, especially for sectioning paraffin-embedded tissues

A

rotary (minot microtome )

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28
Q

a variant of rotary (minot microtome ) that is now available and can be ideally used to produced ribbons for serial sections

A

electrically driven rotary (minot microtome)

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29
Q

rotary or minot microtome can cut the tissue in what thickness

A

2-3 u but 4-6 is acceptable according to the nature of the tissue

based on the book, it’s between 3-5 um

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30
Q

this type of microtome where in the
knife is fixed in a HORIZONTAL position

A

rotary microtome

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31
Q

in rotary microtome, a heavier knife is used so there is less ___

A

vibration

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32
Q

in rotary microtome, The cutting angle (tilt) of knife
is adjustable, so it can ___tissue.

A

cut harder

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33
Q

rotary microtome

It can cut celloidin-embedded sections
by using a special holder to set the knife __.

A

obliquely

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34
Q

2 types of sliding microtome

A

standard sliding microtome
base sledge microtome

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35
Q

sliding microtome is used for ___ embedded tissues

A

celloidin embedded tissue

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36
Q

sliding microtome is developed by

A

adams 1789

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37
Q

this type of sliding microtome consist of two movable pillars holding the adjustable knife clamps allowing the knife to bet set at an angle for cutting celloidin sections

A

base-sledge microtome

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38
Q

this type of sliding microtome that is favored in laboratories where very hard tissue or large blocks are usually section

A

base-sledge microtome

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39
Q

such a machine is suited for sectioning specimens embedded in all forms of media, especially for cutting sections from tough tissue blocks which may offer great resistance to the knife

A

base sledge microtome

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40
Q

the chuck of block holder is set on a heavy metal base which can be moved backwards and forwards under the knife

A

sliding microtome - base sledge

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41
Q

this sliding microtome, where the block remains stationary while the knife is moved backward and forward during the process of sectioning

A

standard sliding microtome

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42
Q

it was originally designed for cutting sections of very large blocks(whole brain )

A

base-sledge microtome

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43
Q

how long is the knife for base sledge microtome

A

24 cm

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44
Q

the angle of the knife used in base sledge is adjustable is and quite very long, 24 cm, that is why it requires less __

A

honing

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45
Q

ideal for resin-embedded decalcified bone

A

modern model of heavy duty base sledge microtome

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46
Q

a type of sliding microtome where the block remains stationary
while the knife is moved backward and forward during the process of sectioning

A

standard sliding microtome

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47
Q

type of sliding microtome

It was developed mainly for cutting celloidin embedded tissue blocks and is
inherently more dangerous because of the movable knife, which makes it
difficult to attach knife guards

A

standard sliding microtome

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48
Q

in both of these machines, the knife can be set obliquely for celloidin sections or straight for large refractory paraffin blocks, cutting both large and small tissues with ease

A

sliding microtome

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49
Q

it is the most dangerous type of microtome due to the movable exposed knife

A

standard sliding microtome

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50
Q

in manipulating standard sliding microtome, _____ motion is therefore required to manipulate the instrument.

A

a slow but very steady motion

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51
Q

freezing microtome is invented by

A

Queckett in 1848

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52
Q

describe the set up of freezing microtome

A

the stage for block holder is hollow and perforated around its perimeter, attached to a reinforced flexible lead pipe through which carbon dioxide passes from a cylinder

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53
Q

a simple level operated valve allows the release of rapid, intermittent bursts of carbon dioxide which will freeze the block holder and the tissue evenly

this process is for what type of microtome

A

freezing microtome

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54
Q

used to cut undehydrated thin to semi thin sections of fresh, frozen tissues

A

freezing microtome

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55
Q

freezing microtome is used in what instances

A

when rapid diagnosis is required
when histological demonstration of fat is needed
when certain neurological structures are to be studies
when sensitive tissue constituents to be studies are damaged or destroyed by heaty

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56
Q

Although other microtomes can be modified for cutting frozen section, this type will give the best results and is used almost
universally

A

freezing microtome

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57
Q

the freezing microtome is equipped with a stage upon which tissue can be quickly frozen using either ____

A

liquid carbon dioxide from a cylinder

or

low temperature recirculating coolant

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58
Q

the cutting action of the freezing microtome differs from those described previously because

A

the knife is moved whilst the tissue block remains static, same as sliding microtome

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59
Q

freezing, cryostat, and frozen microtome has same principle, but they differs in

A

freezing agent

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60
Q

is a refrigerated apparatus used for freezing the tissue into the block holder to the correct degree of hardness that allows for easier and faster sectioning

A

cryostat

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61
Q

cryostat is also called as

A

cold microtome

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62
Q

cryostat consist of what type of microtome found inside the cold chamber

A

rotary microtome

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63
Q

what is the maintaining temperature of cryostat

A

-5C to -30C

average is -20*C

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64
Q

cryostat has a maintaining temperature of -5C to -30C (ave *-20C), adjustable thermostat, and is capable of freezing fresh tissues within how many minutes

A

2-3 minutes

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65
Q

cryostat can cut tissues of what size with EASE

A

4 u - four micra

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66
Q

cryostat provides a means of preparing thin sections of fresh frozen tissues especially for what techniques or studies

A

for fluorescent antibody staining techniques
histochemical studies

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67
Q

it is most commonly used for RAPID PREPARATION of urgent tissue biopsies for NTRAOPERATIVE diagnoses

A

cryostat

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68
Q

it is often housed in the frozen section room close to the operating room to allow direct consultation between surgeon and pathologist

A

cryostat

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69
Q

sections and usually transferred directly from the microtome knife to a slide or cover glass, all of which are maintained at a low temperature

A

cryostat

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70
Q

an ultrathin microtome is equipped with a ___ knife

A

glass or gem grade diamond knife

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71
Q

ultrathin microscope, using glass or gem diamond cutter is used to cut very thin sections which typically has what size

A

60-100 nanometer

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72
Q

the most common freezing agent is

A

liquid nitrogen with -190*C temperature

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73
Q

Ultrathin microtome is usually used for cutting ___ biopsies

A

renal biopsies

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74
Q

ultrathin microtome is usually for tissue embedded with __

A

epoxy resin

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75
Q

what type of microscope is the ultrathin microtome associated into

A

TEM - transmission electron microscope

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76
Q

what are done with microtome knife

A

trimming and section-cutting

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77
Q

3 basic types or shapes of microtome knives

A

plane-concave knife
biconcave knife
plane-wedge knife

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78
Q

plane-concave knife is usually in ___ mm length

A

25 mm in length

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79
Q

describe the sides of plane concave knife

A

one side of the knife is flat while the other is concave

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80
Q

less concave side of the plane-concave knife is for __

A

cutting celloidin-embedded tissue blocks on a sliding microtome

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81
Q

more concave side of the plane-concave knife is for __

A

paraffin sections on base-sled, rotary, rocking microtome

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82
Q

what type of microtome is the less concave side of plane-concave knife is recommended

A

sliding microtome

83
Q

what type of microtome is the more concave side of plane-concave knife is recommended

A

base sledge microtome
rotary microtome
rocking microtome

84
Q

the biconcave knife has approx ___ mm in length

A

120 mm

85
Q

describe the knife of a biconcave knife

A

both sides are concave

86
Q

biconcave knife is recommended for what microtome

A

rotary microtome - paraffin embedded sections

87
Q

the plane wedge knife has approx ___ mm in length

A

100 mm in length

88
Q

describe the knife of plane-wedge knife

A

both sides are straight

89
Q

plane-wedge knife is recommended for what type of samples

A

frozen samples or for cutting extremely hard and touch specimens embedded in paraffin blocks, using a base sledge type of sliding microtome

90
Q

the angle formed between the cutting edges

A

bevel angle

91
Q

the bevel angle is normally about

A

27* to 32*

92
Q

types of knives in electron microscope

A

glass and diamond knives

93
Q

a type of knife that is used for trimming and semi-thin sectioning of tissue block

A

glass knives

94
Q

a type of knife that is used to cut any type of resin block

A

diamond knives

95
Q

a type of knife that is brittle and expensive, but very durable

A

diamond knives

96
Q

why are plane wedge and plane concave knives are provided with backs?

A

to maintain the correct bevel angle throughout the honing

97
Q

a good cutting edge should be made of good quality steel, a too soft cutting edge are likely to become

A

dull easily

98
Q

a good cutting edge should be made of good quality steel, a too hard cutting edges are likely to produce

A

nicks or jagged edges and irregularities on the knife edge, thereby producing tears or striation on the tissue sections during cutting

99
Q

a good cutting edge must be able to cut good sections from a paraffin wax block of about ____ microns thick without any serration noted on examination

A

2-3 microns

100
Q

when do we use safety razor blades

A

safety razor blades may be used for patially calcified materials, paraffin sections and frozen sections

101
Q

why do we need to hone and strop nicked and blunted ends of our knives?

A

to ensure optimum sectioning of tissue blocks
prevent gross irregularities on tissue sections

102
Q

a process of removal of gross nicks on the knife edge to remove blemishes and grinding the cutting edge of the knife on the stone to acquire an even edge

A

honing

103
Q

explain what’s coarse honing in honing process

A

removal of gross nicks on the knife edge to remove blemishes

104
Q

explain what’s honing proper in honing process

A

grinding the cutting edge of the knife on a stone to acquire an even edge

105
Q

relationship of sharpness and abrasive used in sharpening

A

the degree of sharpness is proportional to the fineness of the abrasive used in sharpening

106
Q

a natural sharpening stone or hard grinding surface which serves to remove nicks and irregularities on the knife edges

A

carborundum

107
Q

types of hones

A

belgium yellow
arkansas
fine carborundum

108
Q

this hone is used for MANUAL SHARPENING when cutting edge has been rendered blunt or nicked

A

belgium yellow

109
Q

this type of hone usually gives the best result

A

Belgium yellow

110
Q

this type of hone gives more polishing effect than the Belgium yellow

A

arkansas

111
Q

this hone is much COARSER than any other hones, and is used for badly nicked knives followed by either one of the other hones

A

fine carborundum

112
Q

agent we can use to remove the scatted small particles of stones and metal during honing

A

soft cloth moistened with xylene

113
Q

thin films we can use to cover the knife after honing for lubrication

A

mineral oil
clove oil
xylene
Liquid paraffin
soapy water

114
Q

direction of honing

A

heel to toe direction

or

handle end to head portion

or

edge first

115
Q

is the process whereby the “burr” formed during honing is removed and the cutting edge of the knife is polished

A

stropping

116
Q

the purpose is to polish and sharpen the cutting edge,

A

stropping

117
Q

is a process whereby tissues are cut into uniformly thin slices or sections with the air of a microtome

A

sectioning

118
Q

3 general types of tissue sections

A

paraffin sections
celloidin sections
frozen sections

119
Q

tissue section for paraffin-embedded tissue blocks, which may be cut by rocking and rotary microtome

A

paraffin sections

120
Q

tissue section for celloidin embedded tissues which are usually cut by means of the sliding microtome

A

celloidin sections

121
Q

tissue section for which may be cut from tissues that have been fixed and frozen with CO2 or fresh or fixed tissues frozen with the cryostat

A

frozen sections

122
Q

factors to consider in sectioning

A

cutting depend upon the type of the tissue
the size of the block
the model or type of the microtome

— sections usually 4-6 microns in thickness for routine histologic procedure
— the knife is usually tilted 0-15* angulation on a microtome

123
Q

a section is selected for staining and picked up onto a clean slide in vertical position

this process is called as

A

floating out

124
Q

slide is immersed in the water bath in a near vertical position as close as possible to the section

this process is called as

A

floating out

125
Q

temperature of the water bath during floating out

A

45-50*C

approx 6-10*C lower than the melting point of the wax used for embedding the tissue

126
Q

substances that can be smeared onto the slides so that the sections stick well to the slides

A

adhesives

127
Q

choice of slide and adhesive will be influenced by the ___ to be subsequently applied

A

staining methods

128
Q

adhesives is not necessary for _____

A

routine staining, provided that the slides are clean and free from grease

129
Q

applying adhesives is essential for methods that require exposure of sections to __

A

acids and alkalis (especially ammoniacal silver solutions during staining)

130
Q

after adhesive and fishing out, we can dry the slides through ___

A

either leaving the slides in a 37*C incubator overnight

in wax oven at 56C - 60C for 2 hrs

dry the slides on a hot plate at 45C - 55C for 30 mns to 45 mns

131
Q

a lower temperature and longer drying time is needed in what type of specimen

A

for more delicate tissues like the CNS tissue or brain

37*C for 24 hrs is needed

132
Q

why do a lower temperature and longer drying time is needed for a delicate type of tissue

A

to avoid splitting and cracking of the section due to excess heat

133
Q

instances when sections may float from the slide and adhesives are necessary

A

urgent cryostat sections to be submitted for immunocytochemistry
central nervous system tissues
tissues containing blood clot
tissues which have been decalcified
when sections are to be subjected to high temperature

134
Q

most commonly used adhesive because it is very easy to make, convenient and is relatively inexpensive

A

mayer’s egg albumin

135
Q

advantage of mayer’s egg albumin

A

easy to make
convenient
relatively inexpensive

136
Q

formula for mayer’s egg albumin

A

egg white 50 cc
glycerin 50 cc

137
Q

common adhesives used

A

mayer’s egg albumin
dried albumin
gelatin
starch paste
plasma

138
Q

mayer’s egg albumin composition

A

glycerin
egg white
thymol crystals

139
Q

dried albumin composition

A

sodium chloride
dry albumin
thymol crystals

140
Q

gelatin adhesive composition

A

gelatin
glycerol
phenol crystals dissolved in distilled water

141
Q

plasma adhesive composition

A

plasma itself - readily available from outdated blood stored in blood banks

142
Q

act as preservatives in mayer’s egg albumin and dry albumin

A

thymol crystals

143
Q

starch paste as adhesive composition

A

powdered starch, 2 drops of hydrochloric acid, thymol crystals

144
Q

adhesive usually used for transportation

A

gelatin-formaldehyde mixture

145
Q

gelatin-formaldehyde component

A

1% gelatin
2% formaldehyde

coat the slides and dry at 37*C for 1 hr or overnight

146
Q

adhesive widely used as a section adhesive in immunohistochemistry

A

Poly - L -Lysine

147
Q

poly-L-Lysine is an aqueous detergent that can be purchased as a ___ solution

A

0.1% which is diluted with DW 1:10

148
Q

adhesive useful in cytology, particularly for cytospin preparations of proteinaceous or bloody material

A

APES

3-aminopropylthriethoxysilane

149
Q

last step in tissue processing that results in permanent histoloigical preparation suitable for microscopy

A

mounting

150
Q

a syrupy fluid applied between the section and the coverslip after staining, setting the section firmly preventing the movement of the coverslip

A

mounting medium

151
Q

purposes of mounting

A

it protects the stained section from getting scratched,
to facilitate easy handling and storage of the slides
to prevent bleaching or deterioration due to oxidation, thereby preserving the slides for permanent keeping

152
Q

governs the contrast between cellular detail and the background, and also the transparency of the observed sample against the bright field of the microscope

A

refractive index

153
Q

the mounting media must always have a refractive index higher than the mounted sample to impart more transparency

true or false

A

true

154
Q

characteristics of a good mounting medium

A

it should be colorless and transparent
it should freely miscible with xylene and toluene
it should not dry to a non-stick consistency and harden relatively quickly
it should be resistant to contamination (particularly microorganism growth)
it should not cause shrinkage and distortion of tissues
it should not leach out any stain or affect staining
it should not change in color or pH
it should be compatible with the adhesive in use
it should set without crystalling, cracking or shrinking (or otherwise deform the tissue being mounted) and not react with, leach or induce fading in stains and reaction products (including those from enzyme histochemical, hybridization, and immunohistochemical procedures)

155
Q

as a general rule, a paper label bearing the ___

A

patient’s name, section number, and preferably the staining method used

is attached to the slide for proper identification, while also avoiding any damage to the sections caused by wiping the “wrong” side of the slide

156
Q

2 types of mounting media

A

aqueous media
resinous media

157
Q

are used for mounting sections from distilled water when the stains would be decolorized or removed by alcohol and xylene

A

aqueous mounting medium

158
Q

aqueous mounting medium is made up of

A

gelatin,
glycerin jelly or gum arabic
glycerol,
sugar
and a preservative solution

159
Q

which of the composition of aqueous mounting media is to solidify the medium

A

glycerin jelly or gum arabic

160
Q

which of the composition of aqueous mounting media is for prevention of cracking and drying of the preparation

A

glycerol

161
Q

which of the composition of aqueous mounting media is to increase refractive index

A

sugar

162
Q

has a low refractive index, is moderately transparent and evaporates easily, hence is good only for temporary mounting

A

water

163
Q

the refractory index of it improves the image quality and also supports the specimen

A

water

164
Q

wet mounts cannot be stored over extended time periods as the water evaporates

t or f

A

truelalu

165
Q

this mounting medium may also be used as a preservative

A

glycerin RI.1.46

166
Q

has a high index of refraction and provides greater visibility if slightly diluted with water (for moist sections)

A

glycerin RI: 1.46

167
Q

very suitable semi-permanent mounting medium

A

glycerin R.I: 1.46

168
Q

miscible with water, is inexpensive, and is non poisonous

A

glycerin R.I: 1.46

169
Q

disadavantages of glycerin R.I: 1.46

A

difficult to prepare slides that are truly permanent in nature
slowly run off a slide that is tilted
do not stack slides for long as the pressure will squeeze glycerin from the mounts
glycerin will eventually evaporates and air will penetrate under the coverslip
glycerin can be attacked by microorganism

170
Q

commonly used to mount sections for IMMUNOFLUORESCENCE and glycerol may be added to other agents to retard drying and cracking

A

phosphate buffered glycerol RI: 1.47

171
Q

glycerin jelly (kaiser’s 1880)’s preservative

A

phenol crystals

172
Q

is the standard mounting medium used when dehydration and clearing with xylene cannot be made (as in fat stains)

A

glycerin jelly (kaiser 1880) RI: 1.47

173
Q

preservative of farrant’s medium RI: 1.43

A

sodium merthiolate

174
Q

does not solidify upon storage and therefore does not need to be heated before use

A

farrant’s medium RI: 1.43

175
Q

takes a longer time to harden and may therefore require ringing

A

farrant’s medium RI: 1.43

176
Q

farrant’s medium RI: 1.43

__ may be used as a substitute of sodium merthiolate for preservation of the medium

A

arsenic trioxide

177
Q

APATHY’S MEDIUM (RI = 1.52)’s preservative

A

thymol crystals

178
Q

used for methylene blue-stained nerve preparations and and as a general purpose aqueous mountant

A

APATHY’S MEDIUM (RI = 1.52)

179
Q

why is APATHY’S MEDIUM (RI = 1.52) has the highest RI

A

due to the presence of PURE CANE SUGAR OR SUCROSE

180
Q

one of the most useful aqueous mountants for fluorescent, being virtually non fluorescent

A

APATHY’S MEDIUM (RI = 1.52)

181
Q

sets quite hard, has a higher RI, and does not require ringing

A

APATHY’S MEDIUM (RI = 1.52)

182
Q

aqueous mounting media recommended for mounting frozen sections from water

A

BRUN’S FLUID

183
Q

mounting media that are used for preparations that have been dehydrated and cleared in xylene or toluene, and are recommended for majority of staining metjods

A

resinous mounting media

184
Q

resinous mounting media may be divided into 2, what are these

A

natural and synthetic resins

185
Q

the most important synthetic resins are used for embedding __

A

undecalcified bones, and for electron microscopy

186
Q

canada balsam came from canadian tree called

A

abus balsamea

187
Q

this natural resinous mounting media can solidify but can be dissolved by xylene in an incubator at 37C or paraffin oven at 58C

A

Canada Balsam (RI = 1.524)

188
Q

it is transparent, almost colorless oleoresin that adheres firmly to glass and sets to a hard consistency without granulation

A

Canada Balsam (RI = 1.524)

189
Q

what is the component of Canada Balsam (RI = 1.524) that maintain its neutral reaction

A

calcium carbonate chips

190
Q

is recommended for whole mounts and for thick sections because it does not shrink much

A

Canada Balsam (RI = 1.524)

191
Q

recommended for small tissue sections but not for whole
mounts because of shrinkage produced on drying

A

DPX - (Dibutyl Phthalate and
Xylene) (RI = 1.532)

192
Q

colorless, neutral medium in which most standard stains
are well preserved.

A

DPX - (Dibutyl Phthalate and
Xylene) (RI = 1.532)

193
Q

It tends to set quickly and, in doing so, often retract from
the edge of the coverslip.

A

DPX - (Dibutyl Phthalate and
Xylene) (RI = 1.532)

194
Q

is a synthetic resin mixture in xylene, available in a
pale yellow or colorless solution.

A

XAM (RI = 1.52)

195
Q

a resinous mounting medium that Dries quickly without retraction, and preserves stains
well

A

XAM (RI = 1.52)

196
Q

synthetic resin which is soluble in xylene
* generally preferred over D.P.X

A

CLARITE (RI = 1.544)

197
Q

other recommended synthetic mounting media

A
  • Permount (made by Fisher Scientific)
  • H.S.R. (Harleco Synthetic Resin)
  • Clearmount (Gurr
198
Q

Permount is made by

A

fisher scientific

199
Q

H.S.R stands for

A

harleco synthetic resin

200
Q

process of sealing the margins of the cover-slip to prevent
the escape of fluid or semi-fluid mounts and evaporation
of mountant, to fix the coverslip in place, and to prevent
sticking of the slides upon storage.

A

ringing

201
Q

The term “ringing” originated because round coverslips
were initially used and the coating applied in the form of
a circle or “ring.”

t or false

A

true

202
Q

kronig cement composition

A

2 parts paraffin wax mixed with 4-9 parts powdered colophonium resin

heated and filtered

203
Q

this ringing coat that is a cellulose adhesive

A

durofix

204
Q
A

Hpct (16 decks)

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