LAB2 - Morphologic Pattern and Cellular Adaptation Injury Flashcards
occurs when the cell is unable to adapt to the
injurious stimuli
Cell injury
2 Types of Cell Injury
1) Reversible Cell Injury
2) Irreversible Cell Injury
Cell injury may be brought about by several injurious stimuli
affecting the cells and the tissues, injury may be seen as any
of or a combination of the following patter
o Cellular swelling or lysis
o Cytoplasmic loss of glycogen
o Nuclear pyknosis or lysis
o Cellular fatty change
anything that is Beyond normal value/ appearance/ description is called
pathological
accumulation of triacylglycerol in hepatocytes
Steatosis
in Steatosis, what is accumulated in liver cells
triacylglycerol
is Fatty Change reversible?
yes
Fatty Change is Observed in the following Tests
Biochemical Assays
Ultrasound
Blood Analysis
what is observed in Biochemical Assays if there’s a fatty change
increased lipid profile
(triglycerides, HDL, LDL)
what is observed in ultrasound if there’s a fatty change
fatty change itself
what is observed in blood analysis if there’s a fatty change
increased Alanine transaminase
(SGPT/ ALT)
Aspartate transaminase (SGOT/
AST)
Polygonal cells with well-defined cell borders
Hepatocytes
Is a common finding in liver biopsy specimens
Steatosis–accumulation of triacylglycerol in
hepatocytes
Contains one or more nuclei (depending onto the
maturity)
Hepatocytes
in intracellular accumulatios, the liver with deranged lipoprotein transport from injury most often because of alcoholism leads to accumulation of ___
lipid in the cytoplasm of the hepatocytes
Staining used for analyzing fatty changes on heart and liver cells
hematoxylin and eosin staining
describe the appearance of serum pf a patient with steatosis
chylous or turbid
it can happen in cellular injury
intracellular accumulations
deranged lipoprotein transport from injury (alcoholism) leads to accumulation of lipids in the cytoplasm of hepatocytes
fatty metamorphosis
ü Steatosis in the liver can be present in either a
_____ or ____ pattern.
microvesicular or a macrovesicular
The most common form of steatosis
Macrovesicular steatosis
2 types of steatosis
macro and micro vesicular
Histologically characterized by hepatocytes
containing a single vacuole of fat filling up the
hepatocyte and displacing the nucleus to the cell’s
periphery
Macrovesicular steatosis
once vacuoles are observed in the ____
examination it is considered as pathological
microscopic
Fatty degeneration of the heart is a retrogressive condition in
which fat droplets are found in the ___
myocardial sarcoplasm
Blood Analysis of farty change in the heart
Increased SGPT/ SGOT
in fatty change in the heart, there will be a significant increase of __
triglycerides
: the cytoplasm of smooth-muscle cells and striated
and myocardial muscle fibers
Sarcoplasm
cardiac muscle tissue characteristics
striated muscle fibers
branched with intercalated disc
uninucleated
involuntary heart movement
appearance or characteristics of cells in congestive heart failure
swollen cells are seen with compressed microvasculature
small clear vacuoles (vacuolar degeneration)
___ is one of the early signs of cellular
degeneration in response to injury
Hydropic change
Refers to the accumulation of water in the cell
Hydropic Change
in hydropic change of a sample with congestive heart failure
small cytoplasmic blebs are seen
nucleus appear pale
The accumulation of water in the tubular cells is usually due to
___ of the tissue with a resultant decrease in aerobic
respiration in the mitochondria and a decreased production ATP
hypoxia
is hydropic change reversible?
yes
what can we seen in hydropic change if the specimen is heart
Swollen cells are seen with
compressed
microvasculature (fluid
accumulation in cells
Cell swelling due to accumulation of water in the kidney
Hydropic Degeneration: Renal Tubular Cells
Hydropic Degeneration of a Renal Tubular Cells is also called as
Cloudy swelling
in the hydropic change of a kidney. describe the Tubular epithelial cells
are distended with cytoplasmic
vacuoles while the interstitial
vasculature is compressed
and the nuclei affected tubules are pale
Normal Kidney Tubules
epithelial cells stain color
evenly pink (eosinophiic) in cytoplasm, with purple basophilic nucleic acids confined to the nuclei
Normal Kidney Tubules
nucleic acid stain
purple (basophilic)
Apical surfaces of a normal kidney tubules are
ciliated
in a normal kidney tubule, the interstitia are ___
not infiltrated by immune cells nor congested with protein
normal kidney tubules are interstitial not infiltrated with
immune cells nor congested
with proteins
true or false
tru
Swollen Kidney Tubules
which stains increased
Increased eosinophilic staining
(pink) for cytoplasm
Swollen Kidney Tubules
which stains decrese
Decreased basophilic staining
(RNA) (purple)
describe the plasma membrane of a swollen kidney tubules
Plasma membrane rounding,
blebbing, loss of cilia, due to
loss of connections with
cytoskeleton
describe the integrity of a tubules and the basement membrane of a swollen kidney tubules
the integrity of a tubule are degrading but the basement membranes are intact
Swollen Kidney Tubules
Nuclei largely intact, slightly
narrowed __(chromatin
clumping)
pyknotic
term for cellular
fragmentation
Karyorrhexis
term for loss and fading of
nuclei
karyolyis
describe the happenings in a necrotic kidney tubules
- cellular fragmentation - karyorrhexis
- loss and fading nuclei - karyolysis
- Burst membranes
- Loss of tissue membranes
Reversible Damage: Cellular Swelling is also called as
hydropic change,
vacuolar degeneration,
cellular edema
__ is an acute reversible change resulting as a
response to nonlethal injuries
Cellular swelling
Reversible Damage: Cellular Swelling
It is an intracytoplasmic accumulation of water due to
incapacity of the cells to maintain the
ionic and fluid homeostasis
Reversible Damage: Cellular Swell
It is easy to be observed in parenchymal organs;
o Liver (hepatitis, hypoxia)
o Kidney (shock)
o Myocardium (hypoxia, phosphate intoxication)
Reversible Damage: Cellular Swelling
It may be local or diffuse, affecting the whole organ
trru or false
true
___ refers to the different mechanism by which
a cell undergoes in response to or as a compensation to the
stress brought about by injurious factors
Cellular adaptation
When cells are injured, one of two patterns will generally result:
o Reversible cell injury leading to adaptation of the
cells and tissue
o Irreversible cell injury leading to cell death and tissue
damage
Reversible cell injury can result to
cell and tissue adaptation
Irreversible cell injury can result to__
cell death and tissue damage
When cells adapt to injury, their adaptive changes can be:
o Atrophy
o Hypertrophy
o Hyperplasia
o Metaplasia
- The number of cells is the
same as before the ____
occurred, but the size of some
fibers is reduced
atrophy
This is a response to injury by
“downsizing” to conserve the
cell
Atrophy
Staining used for atrophy visualization
trichrome, H&E
pale brown-yellow
pigment
Lipochrome
a same number of cells but increased in size
hypertrophy
Increase of the number of cells (depends on to the hormonal
response – physiological or pathological)
Hyperplasia
a way of adaptation of cells in which it is Involved with the mitosis of the cells
hyperplasia
Metaplasia is not a normal physiologic process and may be the
first step toward __ if cells are unable to
adapt
neoplasia
the replacement of normal adult cell type with
another type of adult cell type
Metaplasia
Always on a chronic condition / prolonged exposure
to the toxic agent
Metaplasia
etiologic causes of cellular swelling in liver
hepatitis and hypoxia
etiologic causes of cellular swelling in kidney
shock
etiologic causes of cellular swelling in heart
hypoxia, phosphate intoxication
