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Hpct > lec1 - intro to gen pathology > Flashcards

lec1 - intro to gen pathology Flashcards

1
Q

The cells that are working together are called as

A

Tissues

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2
Q

The cells that are working together are called as

A

Tissues

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3
Q

What are the types of tissues

A

Epithelial
Connective
Muscle
Nervous

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4
Q

A type of tissue that primarily lines the body surfaces and body cavity

A

Epithelial tissue

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5
Q

A type of tissue that forms most of the gland

A

Epithelial tissue

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6
Q

Give some functions of epithelial tissue

A

Protection
Absorption, secretion, ion filtration
Forms slippery surfaces - inner part of the body

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7
Q

A type of tissue that is for lining and covering of organs and body surfaces

A

Epithelial tissue

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8
Q

A type of tissue that is for lining and covering of organs and body surfaces

A

Epithelial tissue

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9
Q

A type of tissue that is for supporting organs and body parts

A

Connective tisue

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10
Q

A type of tissue that is for supporting organs and body parts

A

Connective tisue

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11
Q

Most diverse and ABUNDANT type of tissue

A

Connective tissue

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12
Q

Most diverse and abundant type of tissue

A

Connective tissue

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13
Q

types or classes of connective tissue

A

connective tissue proper
blood (WBC types)
bone
cartilage

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14
Q

pathology means the study of ___

A

study of diseases

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15
Q

what are the Supporting connective tissues

A

cartilage and bone tissue

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16
Q

the supporting connective tissue that is subject for decalcification

A

Bone specimen

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17
Q

Components of connective tissue

A

cells and matrix

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18
Q

matrix is composed of

A

protein fibers and ground substances

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19
Q

Common embryonic origin

A

mesenchyme

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20
Q

Cells found in connective tissue proper

A

–Fibroblasts
–Macrophages, lymphocytes (antibody-producing cells)
–Adipocytes (fat cells)
–Mast cells
–Stem cells

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21
Q

youngest cell in the connective tissue proper

A

fibroblast

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22
Q

cells found in connective tissue proper that is primarily known as a scavenger of the cells through phagocytosis

A

Macrophages, lymphocytes

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23
Q

cells found in connective tissue proper that is also known as an antibody-producing cells

A

Macrophages, lymphocytes

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24
Q

we determine the adipocytes through _____ if its unilobular or multilobular

A

microscopic examination

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25
Q

Cells found in connective tissue proper that is particularly associated in the inflammation, healing, and repair

A

mast and stem cells

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26
Q

Types of Fibers in connective tissue

A

collagen
elastic
reticular

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27
Q

It’s along with fibers, and fills the extracellular space

A

ground substance

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28
Q

___ helps determine functionality of tissue

A

Ground substance

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29
Q

to summarize, what are the components of connective tisse

A

cells, ground substance and protein fibers

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30
Q

a type of protein fiber of connective tissue proper that is very strong & abundant, long & straight

A

collagen

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31
Q

a type of protein fiber of connective tissue proper that is a branching fibers with a wavy appearance (when relaxed )

A

elastic fibers

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32
Q

a type of protein fiber of connective tissue proper that form a network of fibers serving as a supportive framework in soft organs such as spleen and liver

A

reticular fibers

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33
Q

types of adipose tissue

A

White adipose tissue (WAT)
Brown adipose tissue (BAT )

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34
Q

is largely composed of
unilocular lipid-filled
adipocytes that specialize in
lipid storage

A

White adipose tissue (WAT)

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35
Q

is largely composed of
multilocular adipocytes that
specialize in lipid burning.

A

Brown adipose tissue (BAT)

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36
Q

muscle cells that are not regenerating

A

cardiac muscle

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37
Q

Characteristics of skeletal muscle tissue

A

– Long, cylindrical cells
–Multinucleate
–Obvious striation

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38
Q

do skeletal muscle cells have many nucleus

A

yes

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39
Q

function of skeletal muscle tissue

A

–Voluntary movement
–Facial expression

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40
Q
A
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41
Q

Location of skeletal muscle tissue

A

attached to bones (occasionally to skin)

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42
Q

can myocytes regenerate?

A

nope, permanent damage

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43
Q

characteristics of cardiac muscle

A

–Branching cells
–Uni-nucleate
–Intercalated discs

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44
Q

a muscle tissue that is for contraction to propel blood into circulatory system

A

cardiac muscle tissue

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45
Q

Location of cardiac muscle

A

walls of the heart

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46
Q

specialized structure in cardiac muscle, responding to myocardial infarction

A

intercalated disk

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47
Q

a cardiac marker for myocardial infarction (TROPONIN) which one is the specific for MI

A

troponin I

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48
Q

Characteristics of smooth muscle

A

–Spindle-shaped cells with
central nuclei
–Arranged closely to form
sheets
–No striations

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49
Q

Location of smooth muscle

A

walls of hollow organs

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50
Q

a muscle tissue that Propels substances along
internal passageways

A

Smooth Muscle Tissue

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51
Q

muscle tissue that are involuntarily controlling muscles

A

smooth and cardiac

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52
Q

are Nervous Tissue/ neurons able to regenerate?

A

nope, permanent as well just like myocytes

53
Q

is composed of
neurons supported by
a framework of glial
cells and microglia

A

Nervous Tissue

54
Q

Processes of these
cells combine to form
a delicate fibrillary
background termed as ____

A

neuropil

55
Q

what are the CNS cells

A

neurons
glial cells
microglia

56
Q

what are under glial cells

A

astrocytes
oligodendrocytes
ependymal cells

57
Q

CNS cells that receive and transmit electrical signals

A

neurons

58
Q

CNS cells that surround the neurons and provide support and insulation between them

A

Glial cells

59
Q

Glial cells that is a major supporting cells in the brain

A

astrocytes

60
Q

glial cell that line the ventricles of brain and central canal of spinal cord

A

ependymal cells

60
Q

glial cell that wrap around the axons of neurons to form myelin

A

oligodendrocyte

61
Q

are the major phagocytic cells in CNS

A

microglia

62
Q

a greek word pathos means

A

disease or suffering

62
Q

It involves the investigation of the causes
of disease and the associated changes at
the levels of cells, tissues, and organ

A

pathology

62
Q

any disturbance / abnormal variation in
the structure and/or function of the body.

A

disease

63
Q

Every disease is associated with
_____ at the level of the organ, cell,
or organelle.

A

dysfunction

64
Q

possible causes of disease/ what are 2 factors

A

environmental and genetic

65
Q

what are the environmental factors of the disease

A
  1. physical
  2. chemical
  3. nutritional deficiencies and excesses
  4. infectious and infestations
  5. immunological factors
  6. psychogenic factors
66
Q

under the environmental factors

it is about the trauma, radiation, temperature, and electric power

A

physical agents

67
Q

under the environmental factors

it is about the toxic chemicals that are metabolized in the liver and excreted in the kidney.

A

chemical agents

68
Q

2 organs exposed to chemical injury such as taking drugs with too much dosage

A

liver and kidney

69
Q

under the environmental factors

it is about the poor supply, interference with absorption, inefficient transport within the body, or defective utilization

A

nutritional deficiencies and excesses

70
Q

under the environmental factors

it is about bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protozoa

A

infections and infestations

71
Q

under the environmental factors

it is about the hypersensitivity, immunodeficiency, and autoimmunity

A

immunological factors

72
Q

the exaggerated immune response to an antigen

A

hypersensitivity reaction

73
Q

a deficiency of a component of the immune system which will lead to the increased susceptibility to different disease

A

immunodeficiency

74
Q

abnormal immune reaction against self antigen of the host

A

auto immunity

74
Q

this marks the initiation
of the disease process,

A

Biological onset of disease

75
Q

stages in the natural history of the disease

A

exposure to various risk factors
latency
biological onset of disease
incubation/ induction period
clinical onset of the disease
onset of permanent damage
death

75
Q

period between
exposure and biological
onset of disease

A

latency

75
Q

the mental stresses imposed by conditions of life, particularly in technologically advanced communities

A

psychogenic factors

75
Q

These are hereditary
factors that are inherited
genetically from parents

A

genetic factors

75
Q
  • refers to variable period of
    time without any obvious
    signs or symptoms from the
    time of exposure
A

Incubation (induction) period

75
Q

variable period without any sigs and symptoms

A

incubation period

75
Q

is the origin of a disease, including
the underlying causes and modifying
factors

A

Etiology

75
Q

when the signs and
symptoms of the disease
become apparent.

A

The clinical onset of the
disease

75
Q

refers to the steps in the
development of disease.

A

pathogenesis

75
Q

refers to why a disease arises

A

etiology

75
Q

It describes how etiologic factors trigger cellular
and molecular changes that give rise to the
specific functional and structural abnormalities
that characterize the disease.

A

pathogenesis

75
Q

describes how a disease develops

A

pathogenesis

75
Q

what are the modifiable factors

A

sedentary lifestyle
non communicable disease

75
Q

objective findings noticed by the doctor on
examination of the patient

A

Signs

75
Q

2 factors to determine the etiology of the disease

A
  • determining underlying causes
  • modifying factors
76
Q

start of the disease

A

onset

76
Q

determine the clinical
features, course, and
prognosis of the
disease

A

Functional derangements and
clinical significance

76
Q

prediction of the outcome of the
disease

A

prognosis

76
Q

Morphologic
changes are can be observed in two ways such as

A

gross morphologic changes
microscopic changes

76
Q

what are the non modifying factors

A

age, sex, genes

76
Q

any indication of a disease perceived
by the patient.

A

Symptoms

76
Q

refer to the structural
alterations in cells or tissues
that occur following the
pathogenetic mechanisms

A

Morphologic
changes

77
Q

a division of pathology that is about the study of particular response of specialized organs and tissues to well-defined stimuli

A

systemic pathology

77
Q

a division of pathology that is about the specific changes in organs

A

systemic pathology

77
Q

outcome of the disease

A

fate

77
Q

new disease conditions that may
occur during or after the usual course of the original
disease

A

complications

77
Q

2 Division of Pathology

A

general and systemic pathology

77
Q

division of pathology that is the study of the basic reactions of cells and tissues to pathologic stimuli that underlie all diseases

A

general pathology

77
Q

a division of pathology that is about the common changes in all tissues

A

general pathology

78
Q

examples diseases under of general pathology

A

cancer, aging, inflammation

79
Q

examples diseases under of systemic pathology

A

goiter, pneumonia, breast cancer

80
Q

SUBDIVISIONS OF PATHOLOGY

A

*GROSS PATHOLOGY
*CELLULAR PATHOLOGY
*SURGICAL PATHOLOGY:
*CLINICAL PATHOLOGY:
* IMMUNOPATHOLOGY:

80
Q

refers to macroscopic manifestations
of disease in organs,
tissues, and body cavities.

A

Gross Pathology

81
Q

The science and practice
of medical diagnosis by
laboratory examination
and analysis of tissue
specimens body fluids and
other samples

A

Clinical Pathology

82
Q

is the study
of tissues removed from living
patients during surgery to help
diagnose a disease and
determine a treatment plan

A

Surgical Pathology

83
Q

are key
diagnostic tests in the initial
detection and diagnosis of
cancer and other diseases
supported by modern
molecular techniques.

A

Histopathology and
cytopathology

Cellular Pathology

84
Q

is a branch of medicine that
deals with immune
responses associated with
disease.

A

Immunopathology

85
Q

Diagnostic techniques used in
Pathology

A
  • Histopathology
  • Cytopathology
    *Hematopathology
  • Immunohistochemistry
    *Microbiological examination
    *Biochemical examination
    *Cytogenetics
    *Molecular techniques
    *Autopsy
86
Q

____ studies
tissues under the
microscope.

A

Histopathological
examination

87
Q

___ is a tissue sample
from a living person to
identify the disease.

A

Biopsy

88
Q

Biopsy can be either
___ or ____

A

incisional or excisional

89
Q

is the study
of cells from various body
sites to determine the
cause or nature of disease

A

Cytopathology

90
Q

Applications of cytopathology

A
  • Screening for the early detection
    of asymptomatic cancer
  • Diagnosis of symptomatic cancer
  • Surveillance of patients treated
    for cancer
91
Q

This is a method by which
abnormalities of the cells
of the blood and their
precursors in the bone
marrow are investigated
to diagnose the different
kinds of anemia &
leukemia.

A

Hematological
examination

92
Q

combines histological,
immunological and
biochemical techniques for the
identification of specific tissue
components by means of a
specific antigen/antibody
reaction tagged with a visible
label.

A

immunohistochemistry

93
Q

This is a method by which
body fluids, excised tissue,
etc. are examined by
microscopical, cultural and
serological techniques to
identify micro-organisms
responsible for many
diseases

A

Microbiological
examination

94
Q

this is a method by which the metabolic disturbances of disease are investigated by assay of various normal and abnormal compounds in the blood, urine, etc

A

biochemical examination

95
Q

This is a method in which
inherited chromosomal
abnormalities in the germ cells
or acquired chromosomal
abnormalities in somatic cells
are investigated using the
techniques of molecular
biology.

A

Clinical genetics
(cytogenetics)

96
Q

Different molecular
techniques

A

fluorescent in situ-hybridization (FISH)

Southern blot

97
Q

is examination of the dead body to identify the
cause of death.
This can be for forensic or clinical purpose

A

Autopsy

Hpct (15 decks)

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