lec1 - intro to gen pathology Flashcards
1
Q
The cells that are working together are called as
A
Tissues
2
Q
The cells that are working together are called as
A
Tissues
3
Q
What are the types of tissues
A
Epithelial
Connective
Muscle
Nervous
4
Q
A type of tissue that primarily lines the body surfaces and body cavity
A
Epithelial tissue
5
Q
A type of tissue that forms most of the gland
A
Epithelial tissue
6
Q
Give some functions of epithelial tissue
A
Protection
Absorption, secretion, ion filtration
Forms slippery surfaces - inner part of the body
7
Q
A type of tissue that is for lining and covering of organs and body surfaces
A
Epithelial tissue
8
Q
A type of tissue that is for lining and covering of organs and body surfaces
A
Epithelial tissue
9
Q
A type of tissue that is for supporting organs and body parts
A
Connective tisue
10
Q
A type of tissue that is for supporting organs and body parts
A
Connective tisue
11
Q
Most diverse and ABUNDANT type of tissue
A
Connective tissue
12
Q
Most diverse and abundant type of tissue
A
Connective tissue
13
Q
types or classes of connective tissue
A
connective tissue proper
blood (WBC types)
bone
cartilage
14
Q
pathology means the study of ___
A
study of diseases
15
Q
what are the Supporting connective tissues
A
cartilage and bone tissue
16
Q
the supporting connective tissue that is subject for decalcification
A
Bone specimen
17
Q
Components of connective tissue
A
cells and matrix
18
Q
matrix is composed of
A
protein fibers and ground substances
19
Q
Common embryonic origin
A
mesenchyme
20
Q
Cells found in connective tissue proper
A
–Fibroblasts
–Macrophages, lymphocytes (antibody-producing cells)
–Adipocytes (fat cells)
–Mast cells
–Stem cells
21
Q
youngest cell in the connective tissue proper
A
fibroblast
22
Q
cells found in connective tissue proper that is primarily known as a scavenger of the cells through phagocytosis
A
Macrophages, lymphocytes
23
Q
cells found in connective tissue proper that is also known as an antibody-producing cells
A
Macrophages, lymphocytes
24
Q
we determine the adipocytes through _____ if its unilobular or multilobular
A
microscopic examination
25
Cells found in connective tissue proper that is particularly associated in the inflammation, healing, and repair
mast and stem cells
26
Types of Fibers in connective tissue
collagen
elastic
reticular
27
It's along with fibers, and fills the extracellular space
ground substance
28
___ helps determine functionality of tissue
Ground substance
29
to summarize, what are the components of connective tisse
cells, ground substance and protein fibers
30
a type of protein fiber of connective tissue proper that is very strong & abundant, long & straight
collagen
31
a type of protein fiber of connective tissue proper that is a branching fibers with a wavy appearance (when relaxed )
elastic fibers
32
a type of protein fiber of connective tissue proper that form a network of fibers serving as a supportive framework in soft organs such as spleen and liver
reticular fibers
33
types of adipose tissue
White adipose tissue (WAT)
Brown adipose tissue (BAT )
34
is largely composed of
unilocular lipid-filled
adipocytes that specialize in
lipid storage
White adipose tissue (WAT)
35
is largely composed of
multilocular adipocytes that
specialize in lipid burning.
Brown adipose tissue (BAT)
36
muscle cells that are not regenerating
cardiac muscle
37
Characteristics of skeletal muscle tissue
– Long, cylindrical cells
–Multinucleate
–Obvious striation
38
do skeletal muscle cells have many nucleus
yes
39
function of skeletal muscle tissue
–Voluntary movement
–Facial expression
40
41
Location of skeletal muscle tissue
attached to bones (occasionally to skin)
42
can myocytes regenerate?
nope, permanent damage
43
characteristics of cardiac muscle
–Branching cells
–Uni-nucleate
–Intercalated discs
44
a muscle tissue that is for contraction to propel blood into circulatory system
cardiac muscle tissue
45
Location of cardiac muscle
walls of the heart
46
specialized structure in cardiac muscle, responding to myocardial infarction
intercalated disk
47
a cardiac marker for myocardial infarction (TROPONIN) which one is the specific for MI
troponin I
48
Characteristics of smooth muscle
–Spindle-shaped cells with
central nuclei
–Arranged closely to form
sheets
–No striations
49
Location of smooth muscle
walls of hollow organs
50
a muscle tissue that Propels substances along
internal passageways
Smooth Muscle Tissue
51
muscle tissue that are involuntarily controlling muscles
smooth and cardiac
52
are Nervous Tissue/ neurons able to regenerate?
nope, permanent as well just like myocytes
53
is composed of
neurons supported by
a framework of glial
cells and microglia
Nervous Tissue
54
Processes of these
cells combine to form
a delicate fibrillary
background termed as ____
neuropil
55
what are the CNS cells
neurons
glial cells
microglia
56
what are under glial cells
astrocytes
oligodendrocytes
ependymal cells
57
CNS cells that receive and transmit electrical signals
neurons
58
CNS cells that surround the neurons and provide support and insulation between them
Glial cells
59
Glial cells that is a major supporting cells in the brain
astrocytes
60
glial cell that line the ventricles of brain and central canal of spinal cord
ependymal cells
60
glial cell that wrap around the axons of neurons to form myelin
oligodendrocyte
61
are the major phagocytic cells in CNS
microglia
62
a greek word pathos means
disease or suffering
62
It involves the investigation of the causes
of disease and the associated changes at
the levels of cells, tissues, and organ
pathology
62
any disturbance / abnormal variation in
the structure and/or function of the body.
disease
63
Every disease is associated with
_____ at the level of the organ, cell,
or organelle.
dysfunction
64
possible causes of disease/ what are 2 factors
environmental and genetic
65
what are the environmental factors of the disease
1. physical
2. chemical
3. nutritional deficiencies and excesses
4. infectious and infestations
5. immunological factors
6. psychogenic factors
66
under the environmental factors
it is about the trauma, radiation, temperature, and electric power
physical agents
67
under the environmental factors
it is about the toxic chemicals that are metabolized in the liver and excreted in the kidney.
chemical agents
68
2 organs exposed to chemical injury such as taking drugs with too much dosage
liver and kidney
69
under the environmental factors
it is about the poor supply, interference with absorption, inefficient transport within the body, or defective utilization
nutritional deficiencies and excesses
70
under the environmental factors
it is about bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protozoa
infections and infestations
71
under the environmental factors
it is about the hypersensitivity, immunodeficiency, and autoimmunity
immunological factors
72
the exaggerated immune response to an antigen
hypersensitivity reaction
73
a deficiency of a component of the immune system which will lead to the increased susceptibility to different disease
immunodeficiency
74
abnormal immune reaction against self antigen of the host
auto immunity
74
this marks the initiation
of the disease process,
Biological onset of disease
75
stages in the natural history of the disease
exposure to various risk factors
latency
biological onset of disease
incubation/ induction period
clinical onset of the disease
onset of permanent damage
death
75
period between
exposure and biological
onset of disease
latency
75
the mental stresses imposed by conditions of life, particularly in technologically advanced communities
psychogenic factors
75
These are hereditary
factors that are inherited
genetically from parents
genetic factors
75
* refers to variable period of
time without any obvious
signs or symptoms from the
time of exposure
Incubation (induction) period
75
variable period without any sigs and symptoms
incubation period
75
is the origin of a disease, including
the underlying causes and modifying
factors
Etiology
75
when the signs and
symptoms of the disease
become apparent.
The clinical onset of the
disease
75
refers to the steps in the
development of disease.
pathogenesis
75
refers to why a disease arises
etiology
75
It describes how etiologic factors trigger cellular
and molecular changes that give rise to the
specific functional and structural abnormalities
that characterize the disease.
pathogenesis
75
describes how a disease develops
pathogenesis
75
what are the modifiable factors
sedentary lifestyle
non communicable disease
75
objective findings noticed by the doctor on
examination of the patient
Signs
75
2 factors to determine the etiology of the disease
- determining underlying causes
- modifying factors
76
start of the disease
onset
76
determine the clinical
features, course, and
prognosis of the
disease
Functional derangements and
clinical significance
76
prediction of the outcome of the
disease
prognosis
76
Morphologic
changes are can be observed in two ways such as
gross morphologic changes
microscopic changes
76
what are the non modifying factors
age, sex, genes
76
any indication of a disease perceived
by the patient.
Symptoms
76
refer to the structural
alterations in cells or tissues
that occur following the
pathogenetic mechanisms
Morphologic
changes
77
a division of pathology that is about the study of particular response of specialized organs and tissues to well-defined stimuli
systemic pathology
77
a division of pathology that is about the specific changes in organs
systemic pathology
77
outcome of the disease
fate
77
new disease conditions that may
occur during or after the usual course of the original
disease
complications
77
2 Division of Pathology
general and systemic pathology
77
division of pathology that is the study of the basic reactions of cells and tissues to pathologic stimuli that underlie all diseases
general pathology
77
a division of pathology that is about the common changes in all tissues
general pathology
78
examples diseases under of general pathology
cancer, aging, inflammation
79
examples diseases under of systemic pathology
goiter, pneumonia, breast cancer
80
SUBDIVISIONS OF PATHOLOGY
*GROSS PATHOLOGY
*CELLULAR PATHOLOGY
*SURGICAL PATHOLOGY:
*CLINICAL PATHOLOGY:
* IMMUNOPATHOLOGY:
80
refers to macroscopic manifestations
of disease in organs,
tissues, and body cavities.
Gross Pathology
81
The science and practice
of medical diagnosis by
laboratory examination
and analysis of tissue
specimens body fluids and
other samples
Clinical Pathology
82
is the study
of tissues removed from living
patients during surgery to help
diagnose a disease and
determine a treatment plan
Surgical Pathology
83
are key
diagnostic tests in the initial
detection and diagnosis of
cancer and other diseases
supported by modern
molecular techniques.
Histopathology and
cytopathology
Cellular Pathology
84
is a branch of medicine that
deals with immune
responses associated with
disease.
Immunopathology
85
Diagnostic techniques used in
Pathology
* Histopathology
* Cytopathology
*Hematopathology
* Immunohistochemistry
*Microbiological examination
*Biochemical examination
*Cytogenetics
*Molecular techniques
*Autopsy
86
____ studies
tissues under the
microscope.
Histopathological
examination
87
___ is a tissue sample
from a living person to
identify the disease.
Biopsy
88
Biopsy can be either
___ or ____
incisional or excisional
89
is the study
of cells from various body
sites to determine the
cause or nature of disease
Cytopathology
90
Applications of cytopathology
* Screening for the early detection
of asymptomatic cancer
* Diagnosis of symptomatic cancer
* Surveillance of patients treated
for cancer
91
This is a method by which
abnormalities of the cells
of the blood and their
precursors in the bone
marrow are investigated
to diagnose the different
kinds of anemia &
leukemia.
Hematological
examination
92
combines histological,
immunological and
biochemical techniques for the
identification of specific tissue
components by means of a
specific antigen/antibody
reaction tagged with a visible
label.
immunohistochemistry
93
This is a method by which
body fluids, excised tissue,
etc. are examined by
microscopical, cultural and
serological techniques to
identify micro-organisms
responsible for many
diseases
Microbiological
examination
94
this is a method by which the metabolic disturbances of disease are investigated by assay of various normal and abnormal compounds in the blood, urine, etc
biochemical examination
95
This is a method in which
inherited chromosomal
abnormalities in the germ cells
or acquired chromosomal
abnormalities in somatic cells
are investigated using the
techniques of molecular
biology.
Clinical genetics
(cytogenetics)
96
Different molecular
techniques
fluorescent in situ-hybridization (FISH)
Southern blot
97
is examination of the dead body to identify the
cause of death.
This can be for forensic or clinical purpose
Autopsy
