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Hpct > LAB1 - Laboratory Safety, Instrumentation, and Quality Management System in Histopathologic Laboratory > Flashcards

LAB1 - Laboratory Safety, Instrumentation, and Quality Management System in Histopathologic Laboratory Flashcards

1
Q

Art of analyzing and interpreting the shapes, sizes and
architectural patterns of cells and tissues within a given
specific clinical background

A

Histopathology

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2
Q

3 phases or activities in histopathology

A

o Pre-analytical
o Analytical
o Post-analytical

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3
Q

The art and science performed by the histotechnologist to
produce a tissue section of good quality

A

Histotechnology

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4
Q

responsible for the processing of tissue
sections

A

Histotechnologist

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5
Q

Provide the basic concepts about the principles and
technicalities involved in histopathologic procedures

A

Histopathologic Techniques

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6
Q

Provide skills in tissue preparation from fresh to properly
mounted specimen

A

Histopathologic Techniques

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7
Q

what is the purpose of fixation

A

to preserve the cellular component of the cells and the tissue particularly the nuclear and cytoplasm

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8
Q

Is comprised of a number of glass beakers for filling different
processing chemicals

A

Automatic Tissue Processor/ Autotechnicon

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9
Q

how many glass beakers are in Autotechnicon

A

12 beakers

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10
Q

what are the processes that Autotechnicon can handle?

A

fixation
dehydration
clearing
infiltration

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11
Q

the product of Automatic Tissue Processor is called as

A

autotechnicon

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12
Q

what are the 11 processes of histopathologic techniques

A

fixation
***Decalcification(optional)
dehydration
clearing
infiltration
embedding
trimming
sectioning
staining
mounting
labelling

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13
Q

what is the ideal fixative

A

formalin 10%

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14
Q

ideal agent for dehydration

A

ethanol - 70% to absolute acetic concentration

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15
Q

ideal clearing agent

A

xylene

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16
Q

medium used in infiltration

A

parafilm

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17
Q

medium used in embedding

A

parafilm, same with infiltration

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18
Q

) a ____ is used for the sectioning of the tissue

A

microtome

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19
Q

process of cutting into thin sections

A

Microtomy

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20
Q

An instrument where tissues are cut into sections

A

Microtome

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21
Q

Embedding media:

A

paraffin wax

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22
Q

thin sections of tissue are called as

A

Paraffin ribbons

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23
Q

what is the instrument that is embedded in cryostat

A

rotary microtome

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24
Q

Used when the specimen is
subjected for the frozen section

A

Cryostat

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25
Q

The _____ is a refrigerated
apparatus used in fresh tissue
microtomy, for freezing the
tissue into the block holder to
correct degree of hardness to
facilitate easier and faster
sectioning

A

cryostat

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26
Q

Embedding media/ method of cryostat

A

frozen tissue

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27
Q

temperature of cryostat, it maintains a temp of

A

-5 C to -30 C

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28
Q

parafilm is used in what section

A

parafilm section

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29
Q

if we used cryostat in tissue processing, the section is called as

A

frozen section

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30
Q

the purpose of embedding is to _____ to make it thinner

A

sectioning

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31
Q

Used to float paraffin ribbons, to stretch sections and remove
wrinkle

A

Tissue Water Bath

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32
Q

usually, tissue water bath is coated in black in order for us to _____

A

easily visualize and see the paraffin ribbons or the sectioning

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33
Q

the tissue water bath temperature

A

approximately 45 and 50 degrees
Celsius

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34
Q

Used for drying or
dehydrating
of
paraffin
ribbons after the water bath

A

Laboratory Oven

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35
Q

Optimizes times during STAIN PROCESS to maximize efficiency
(fast and increase accuracy) in obtention of results for a timely
diagnosis

A

Automated Tissue Stainer

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36
Q

examines the slide under the microscope to identify a disease process or an abnormality that will directly affect the
patient’s treatment

A

Pathologist

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37
Q

examines the same slide microscopically for
quality control to determine whether all technical processes are
done properly and if a slide of diagnostic quality has been
achieved

A

Histotechnologist

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38
Q

A microscope must accomplish 3 things:

A

o It must magnify the object (LPO)
o It must resolve the details of the object (HPO)
o It must make these details visible (IOI)

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39
Q

parts of the framework of microscope

A

base, arm, stage, substage, mechanical

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40
Q

parts of the lenses

A

nose piece, objectives, focal Length

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41
Q

Compound Microscope: Viewing Heads

A

Monocular
Binocular
Trinocular

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42
Q

is the process that increases the size of the
structure under examination

A

Magnification

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43
Q

The total magnification of a microscope is the product of the
magnifying power of the objective and eyepiece, with a normal
tube length of _____

A

160 mm

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44
Q

Process of ensuring and maintaining personal as well as
environmental health and safety in the laboratory

A

Risk Management

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45
Q

Risk Management

The first step is to _____ that can potentially cause harm in the
laboratory

A

identify all electrical, mechanical and
biological hazards

46
Q

Types of Hazards in histopathology laboratory

A

a. Chemical Hazards
b. Physical Hazards
c. Biological Hazards

47
Q

example of Chemical Hazards

A

Cleaning agents and disinfectants,
drugs,
anesthetic gases,
solvents,
paints,
compressed gases

48
Q

Potential exposures to chemical hazards can occur both ‘____ and ____

A

during use and with poor storage

49
Q

the “lab standard” applies to the laboratory use of chemicals and
mandates written in the ____that address the particular hazards and precautions required for safe use

A

Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs)

50
Q

Are the terms used to define the maximum allowable
airborne concentration of a chemical (vapor, fume or dust)
to which a worker may be expose

A

Permissible Exposure Limits (PELs),
Threshold Limit Values (TLVs), or
Occupational Exposure Limits (OELs)

51
Q

Permissible Exposure Limits (PELs), Threshold Limit Values
(TLVs), or Occupational Exposure Limits (OELs) is made up by ___

A

According to OSHA (Occupational Safety and Health Administration)

52
Q

maximum allowable
airborne concentration of a chemical is about the 3 components, what are they

A

vapor, fume, dust

53
Q

A regulatory limit on the amount or concentration of a
substance in the air

A

PELs – Permissible Exposure limits

54
Q

To avoid some occupational exposure diseases that can
develop/ avoid adverse effects

A

PELs – Permissible Exposure limits

55
Q

This is usually based on an eight-hour time weighted
average (TWA)

A

PELs – Permissible Exposure limits

56
Q

Represents the maximum level of an airborne substance that
a worker can be safely subjected to without being
susceptible to harm or injury

A

TLVs – Threshold limit values

57
Q

Indicates the level of admissible exposure, for a length of
time (usually 8 hours), to a chemical or physical hazard that
is not likely to affect the health of a worker

A

OELs – Occupational Exposure Limits

58
Q

Every chemical should be labeled with certain basic information,
including:

A

o Chemical name and, if a mixture, names of all ingredients
o Manufacturer’s name and address if purchased
commercially, or name of person making the reagent
o Date purchased or made
o Expiration date, if known
o Hazard warnings and safety procedures

59
Q

Different Types of Chemicals

A

Irritants
corrosive
sensitizers
Carcinogens
Toxic materials

60
Q

Are chemicals that cause reversible inflammatory effects at
the site of contact with living tissue, especially the skin, eyes
and respiratory passages

A

Irritants

61
Q

Irritants
* Are chemicals that cause reversible inflammatory effects at
the site of contact with living tissue, especially the ___

A

skin, eyes and respiratory passages

62
Q

Cause destruction or irreversible alterations when exposed to
living tissue, or destroy certain inanimate surfaces (generally
metal)

A

Corrosive chemicals

63
Q

Are capable of causing death by ingestion, skin contact or
inhalation at certain specified concentrations

A

Toxic materials

64
Q

Toxic materials are can be acquired and cause death in what way

A

ingestion, skin contact or
inhalation

65
Q

Toxic materials examples

A

methanol (causes aplastic anemia),
chromic acid,
osmium tetroxide
uranyl nitrate

66
Q

Toxic materials that can cause aplastic anemia

A

methanol

67
Q

Cause allergic reactions in some exposed workers, not just in
hypersensitive individuals

A

Sensitizers

68
Q

Are substances that induce tumors, not only in experimental
animals but also in human

A

Carcinogens

69
Q

Carcinogenic chemicals:

A

o Chloroform, chromic acid, formaldehyde, nickel chloride
and potassium dichromate

70
Q

Carcinogenic dye

A

Include auramine, basic fuchsin, and any dye derived from
benzidine (including Congo red and diamino- benzidine)

71
Q

Slips and falls from working in wet locations and the ergonomic
hazards of lifting, pushing, pulling, and repetitive tasks

A

Physical Hazards

72
Q

flashpoint in OSHA is

A

100* or 38* C

73
Q

flash point in DOT dep of transportation

A

141 * or 60.6 *C

74
Q

-Substances that ignite a certain
temperature

A

combustible

75
Q

substances whose vapors will ignite at or
above a certain temperature (or flash point)
or in the presence of an ignition source

A

Combustibles

76
Q

silent chemicals

A

oxidizers

77
Q

initiate or promote combustion and
present a serious fire risk when in
contact with certain substancess

A

oxidizer

78
Q

example of oxidizers

A

sodium iodate,
mercuric oxide
chromic acid
Picric acid

79
Q

refer to anything that can cause
disease in humans, regardless of their
source

A

Biological Hazards

80
Q

___, are one of the most
important health hazards,

A

Allergens

81
Q

Common Histological
Chemicals

A

Hydrogen peroxide
Methanol
Nitric acid
Xylene
Cryogens
osmium tetroxide
odium hypochlorite
(liquid chlorine bleach)
sulfuric acid

82
Q

Hydrogen peroxide

Essentially harmless if used in
concentrations less than ____

A

5%

83
Q

toxic by ingestion and inhalation

A

Methanol

84
Q

Moderate skin and eye irritant

A

Methanol

85
Q

nitric acid is Corrosive to ___

A

skin, mucous
membranes

86
Q

Xylene is ___and _____ irritant, and is toxic
by _____

A

Skin and eye; ingestion, inhalation or skin
contact

87
Q

cryogens

temperatures below ____, such as liquid nitrogen and a
boiling point of _____

A

-153°C (-243°F);

-196oC (-321°F)

88
Q

Osmium tetroxide

Corrosive to ___ and ___

A

eyes and mucous
membranes

89
Q

A strong oxidant, eye irritant and
corrosive to most metals

A

sodium hypochlorite
(liquid chlorine bleach)

90
Q

sulfuric acid
Strong irritant to ____

A

skin,
eyes and
respiratory system

91
Q

degree to which healthcare services strive
to provide accurate desired outcomes for
patients and are consistent with current
professional knowledge

A

Quality

92
Q

“freedom from accidental injury”

A

Safety

93
Q

system of routine technical
activities

A

Quality control

94
Q

provides routine and consistent
checks to identify, address errors
and omissions, ensures data
integrity, correctness and
completeness and also records all
quality control activities

A

Quality control

95
Q

Quality control provides

A

routine and consistent checks to identify, address errors and omissions,
ensures data
integrity, correctness and
completeness and also records all
quality control activities

96
Q

planned system of review procedures conducted by personnel not directly
involved in the laboratory process

A

Quality Assurance

97
Q

Quality assessment programs are handled internationally by

A
  • College of American Pathologists (CAP)
  • United Kingdom National External Quality Assessment Service (UK NEQAS)
98
Q

data of QC provides the data for Q

  • Getting the right _____
A

test at the right time on the right specimen from the right
patient with right diagnosis and the right price

99
Q

2 selective system of quality assurance

A

selective and distributive

100
Q

a system of QA which stained preparations from departmental archival records are used to assess the quality of staining

A

selective system

101
Q

a qa system in which the participating laboratories are asked to stain sections that have been
submitted by the scheme organizer

A

distributive system

102
Q

means that the report generated by
the lab are accurate.

A

Laboratory Quality Management System

103
Q

QMS (quality management system) components

A

*concerns with good sampling
* Tissue processing with quality reagents
* Providing supplies and equipment
* Receiving
* Documenting
* Validating results

104
Q

Goal of QMS

A

improve potential care and safety
through recognition of potential
problems/errors before they can occur

105
Q

needed to have an Effective QMS

A
  • Skilled histotechnologist/nicians
  • Proper specimen collection
  • Proper processing of
    specimen
  • Efficient processing of
    results
  • High quality of reagents
    and equipment
  • Preventive Maintenance of
    equipment
  • Continuous professional
    education of staff
  • Documentation and
    control
  • Proper coordination
  • Timely customer’s
    feedback
106
Q

pre-analytical phase

A
  • Collection of the right specimen
  • The proper fixation of the specimen
  • The correct identification of the spec
  • The timely transportation of the specimen
107
Q

this phase Can endanger quality of histopathology report

A

pre ana

108
Q

Analytical phase

A
  • Grossing
  • Processing
  • Procedure reliability using technical manual
  • Reagent integrity and efficiency
  • Cutting of paraffin sections
  • Staining
  • Slide labeling
109
Q

Post-analytical aspects

A
  • Diagnosis (hard copy) free of clerical errors.
  • Reports reaches the appropriate
    clinicians/surgeons.
  • Filing of paraffin blocks
  • Slides storage
110
Q

to have a proper fixation we must have

A
  1. proper concentration of the fixative
  2. ratio of the fixative 20:1
  3. types of fixative according to the tissue (10% formalin) (95% alcohol for pap smear )
111
Q
A

Hpct (18 decks)

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