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Hpct > CYTOPATHOLOGY > Flashcards

CYTOPATHOLOGY Flashcards

1
Q

refers to diagnostic techniques that are used to examine cells from various body sites to determine the cause or nature of disease

A

cytopathology

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2
Q

when does the first era of cytopathology started

A

19th century

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3
Q

the second era in cytopathology is about the _____ and ____

A

development and expansion

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4
Q

father of cytopathology

A

dr.george papanicolaou

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5
Q

the third era in cytopathology is about

A

consolidation

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6
Q

important ferson in the 3rd era of cytopathology

A

Dr. Leopold Koss - diagnostic cytology

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7
Q

what is being contributed or invented in the 4th era of cytopathology

A

the bethesda system for reporting cervical/vaginal cytology diagnosis

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8
Q

microscopic examination of cells from different body sites for diagnostic purposes

A

diagnostic cytology

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9
Q

refers to the microscopic study of cells that have been desquamated from epithelial surfaces

A

exfoliative cytology

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10
Q

Exfoliative cytology recommended ___

A

detection of malignant cells
detection of precancerous cervical lesions in women
assessment of female hormonal status
for detection of genetic sex
for detection of infectious agents

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11
Q

2 categories/type of specimen for cytopathology

A

gynecologic specimen
non gynecologic specimen

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12
Q

gynecologic specimen

A

cervicovaginal smear (pap smear)

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13
Q

cervicovaginal smear (pap smear) is can be obtained from what sites/smears

A

vaginal
endometrial
endocervical

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14
Q

non gynecologic specimens

A

prostatic and breast secretions
gastric or bronchial secretions
pleural and peritoneal fluids
sputum
smears of urine sediments
csf specimen

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15
Q

methods of smear preparatiosn

A

streaking
spreading
pull apart
touch/impression/imprint/abraded smear

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16
Q

characteristics of an ideal smear

A

should be evenly spread
uniformly thin and flat

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17
Q

why should the smear is uniformly thin and flat

A

to enable rapid drying and fixation
to permit optimal penetration of stain

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18
Q

what are the specimens that require adhesives agent

A

urinary sediment
bronchial lavage specimen
specimen that utilizes proteolytic enzymes

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19
Q

adhesive agents used for cytologic method

A

pooled human serum or plasma
celloidin ether alcohol
leuconostoc culture

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20
Q

fixative we use for all types of effusion if there is some delayed in smearing

A

50% alcohol

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21
Q

saccomano preservative is made up of

A

50% alcohol and 2% carbowax

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22
Q

common fixatives we use

A

ether alcohol
95% ethanol

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23
Q

best fixative we can use for cytopathology

A

ether alcohol

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24
Q

fixative for routine preparation

A

95% ethanol

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25
Q

this fixative selectively lyses rbc

A

carnoy’s fluid

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26
Q

this fixative provides a protective waxy coating for postal despatch

A

polyethylene glycol in alcohol

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27
Q

cell concentration technique uses what preparation

A

cytospin and sedimentation preparations

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28
Q

the cells are isolated via a series of centrifugation steps to concentrate the cells into a small suspension

A

cytospin and sedimentation preparations

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29
Q

is a paraffin embedded specimen derived from different fluids and aspirated materials

A

cell block

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30
Q

used for establishing a more definitive cytopathologic diagnosis

A

cell block technique

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31
Q

example of a more definitive cytopathologic diagnosis

A

microbiopsy

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32
Q

serves as a bridge between cytology and histology

A

microbiopsy

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33
Q

uses of cell block

A

architectural evaluation
categorization of tumors that are not possible for smear
special stains and IHC
immunophenotyping, molecular studies
as archival material for future studies

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34
Q

stain for air dried slides

A

romanowsky type stains

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35
Q

romanowsky type stains example

A

wright’s giemsa stain
may grunwald
giemsa stain
diff-quick

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36
Q

stain for immediate fixated slides

A

papanicolaou stains

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37
Q

it is a polychrome staining reaction that results in well stained nuclear chromatin, differential cytoplasmic counterstaining and cytoplasmic transparency

A

papanicolaou staining method

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38
Q

cytoplasmic stains example

A

OG 6 (monochrome stains)
EA 36 (polychrome stain )

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39
Q

formalin-fixed cytology preparations must be stained with wither

A

H&E or papanicolaou stain

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40
Q

a cytoplasmic stain for mature (superficial cells)

A

OG 6

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41
Q

stain for immature vaginal cells (parabasal, intermediate cells)

A

EA 36 or 50

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42
Q

stains for cytochemistry that is for glycogen

A

PAS - periodic acid schiff

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43
Q

stains for cytochemistry that is for hemosiderin

A

perl’s stain

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44
Q

stains for cytochemistry that is for mucins

A

alcian blue

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45
Q

stains for cytochemistry that is for fungal organism

A

grocott methenamine silver

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46
Q

stains for cytochemistry that is for acid fast bacilli

A

Ziehl-Nielsen stain

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47
Q

these specimen are obtained to exclude the possibility of malignancy or infectious agents

A

respiratory tract specimen

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48
Q

type of specimen for respiratory tract specimen

A

sputum, bronchoalveolar lavage, bronchial washing, bronchial brushing

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49
Q

cytologic collection and preparation of respiratory tract specimen

A

collect sputum at least 3 consecutive morning
collect every morning in a wide mounted jar containing saccamomano fluid

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50
Q

the collection is usually done to exclude the possibility of malignant tumors

A

gastrointestinal specimen

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51
Q

types of specimen for gastrointestinal specimen

A

gastric lavage
gall bladder
fine needle aspiration

52
Q

cytologic collection and preparation of gastrointestinal specimen

A

8 hrs fasting before the gastric washing

53
Q

the presence of malignant cells in serous effusions usually indicate

A

metastatic involvement

54
Q

in peritoneal, pleural, and pericardial fluids

the jelly like clots forming after removal may prevented by adding ____ for every ____ aspirates

A

300 units of heparin for every 100 ml of aspirates

55
Q

smears for breast secretion has _____ diagnostic yield for diagnosis of breast carcinoma

A

extremely low

56
Q

spontaneous nipple discharge is usually a result of ____ in young patients

A

hormonal imbalance

57
Q

Spontaneous nipple discharge is usually a result of hormonal imbalance in young patients, and when the secretion is bloody a __ should be considered clinically

A

benign intraductal papilloma

58
Q

a sample of breast secretion must be smeared on a clean glass slide and immediately placed in fixative

t or f

A

truellau

59
Q

urinary tract specimen is for the diagnosis of

A

malignancy in urothelial orgin

60
Q

are prostatic carcinoma usually found in urinary specimens?

A

nope, rarely found

61
Q

types of specimen for urinary tract specimen/smearing

A

voided urine
catheterized specimen
washing from bladder or renal pelvis

62
Q

this type of specimen is important in diagnostic value in patients with a known history of cancer

A

body cavity effusions

63
Q

___ is the first presentation of cancer of unknown origin

A

positive effusion of malignancy

64
Q

types of specimen for body cavity effusions

A

pleural fluid
ascitic/abdominal fluid
peritoneal washing
pericard
cerebrospinal fluid

65
Q

Cytologic Collection & Preparation of body cavity effusions

A

specimen is collected in a clean non sterile dry container
specimen place in a refrigerator if there is a delay
heparin does not interfere with cytologic preparation
1ml of csf is necessary for cytologic evaluation

66
Q

is the study of cellular samples obtained from organs that do not shed cells spontaneously

A

fine needle aspiration

67
Q

fine needle aspiration is obtained from organs that do not shed cells such as

A

breast
thyroid
lymph nodes
liver
lungs
skin
soft tissues
bones

68
Q

useful in lesions that are easily palpable, like growth of skin, subcutaneous soft tissue tumors
thyroid, lymph nodes, salivary glands, and breast

A

fine needle aspiration

69
Q

slide preparation of fine needle aspiration

A

recommend preparation of maximum 4 slides:
using 1-2 drops on each slide and using slide-pull technique (similar to the technique used for peripheral blood smears )

70
Q

slide fixation for FNA

A

immediate fixation is important
95% alcohol
spray fixative
alcohol-acetone(papstain)
formalin

71
Q

junction of endocervical and ectocervical mucosa

A

T-zone (transformation zone)

72
Q

T zone is used for the detection of

A

dysplasias and carcinomas

73
Q

type of specimen for T zone

A

squamous, columnar, and metaplastic cells

74
Q

for Gynecologic specimen ___ is used for sample of endocervical canal

A

endocervical brush

75
Q

for Gynecologic specimen ___ is used for patient with hysterectomy

A

vaginal scrape

76
Q

for Gynecologic specimen ___ is used for hormonal evaluation

A

lateral vulvar scrape

77
Q

for Gynecologic specimen ___ is used for localization of vaginal adenosis

A

four quadrant vulvar scrape

78
Q

for Gynecologic specimen ___ is used for detetcion of herpectic lesions of carcinoma

A

vulvar scrape

79
Q

this staining method will stain the cytoplasm a transparent blue

A

papanicolaou method

80
Q

color range is predictable and of great value in identification and cell classification

A

papanicolaou method

81
Q

staining method which is valuable in comparing cellular appearances in smears

A

papanicolaou method

82
Q

characteristic of a mature superficial cell(cells found in cervico-vaginal smear)

A

polygonal squamous cells with 45-50um in diameter

83
Q

pseudoacidophilia is observed due to

A

drying of smears especially before fixation
prolapse and drying of vaginal epithelium
infection
chemicals

84
Q

true acidophilia of cervico-vaginal smear is when if it’s under what influence

A

estrogen

85
Q

medium polyhedral or elongated cells with basophilic vacuolated cytoplasm

A

intermediate cell

86
Q

boat shaped intermediate cells with strong tendency to fold or curl on edges

A

navicular cells

87
Q

suggest of the combined estrogen-progesterone effect

A

navicular cells

88
Q

seen in latter half of menstrual cycle, durinhg pregnancy, and menopause

A

navicular cells

89
Q

pregnancy cells are shaped ___

A

round, oval, or boat shaped cells

90
Q

nucleus pushed aside or towards cell membrane

A

pregnancy cells

91
Q

with double walled boundary appearance (deep blue stain of the cytoplasm at the periphery )

A

pregnancy cells

92
Q

round to oval cells with small dense basophilic cytoplasm

A

parabasal cells

93
Q

Similar to fried fresh eggs with sunny side up

A

Parabasal cells

94
Q

Parabasal cells size

A

15-30 um in diameter, smaller than IC, have a larger vesicular nucleus

95
Q

Found from two weeks of age to puberty

A

Parabasal cells

96
Q

After childbirth, with abortions and after
menopause

A

Parabasal cells

97
Q
  • Small cells, slightly cylindrical with less basophilic
    cytoplasm
A

Endometrial cells

98
Q
  • tightly packed groups of 3 or more
A

Endometrial cells

99
Q
  • found during and 1-10 days after menstruation
A

Endometrial cells

100
Q

shed in response to ovarian hormone

A

Endometrial cells

101
Q

occur in large groups or small sheets

A

Endocervical glandular cells

102
Q

cytoplasm stained pale blue/gray, finely vacuolated

A

Endocervical glandular cells

103
Q
  • present a honeycomb apperance
A

Endocervical glandular cells

104
Q

G(+), slender rod-shaped m.o.

A

Doderlein Bacillus (Lactobacillus acidophilus)

105
Q

comprising the most commont
organism found in a normal
vaginal flora

A

Doderlein Bacillus (Lactobacillus acidophilus)

106
Q

staining blue to lavender with
Pap’s stain

A

Doderlein Bacillus (Lactobacillus acidophilus)

107
Q

numerous in the Corpus luteum
phase a during pregnancy

A

Doderlein Bacillus (Lactobacillus acidophilus)

108
Q

candidiasis commonly seen in

A

diabetic patients,
pt’s taking oral contraceptives,
immunocompromised states,
leukemia and lymphoma

109
Q

pear shaped bacteria found in woman’s genital

A

Trichomonas vaginalis

110
Q

Mucus on drying, exhibit a “fern” or palm-leaf
pattern (arborization)due to formation of salt
crystals in high NaCl concentration in cervical
mucus under the influence of estrogen.

A

Ferning

111
Q

is the percentage of cells staining pink-orange to red with Pap’s smear

A

Acidophilic Index

112
Q

not reliable index due to the possible pseudoacidophilia

A

Acidophilic Index

113
Q

Quantitation Evaluation for Vaginal Cytology

A

acidophilic index
pyknotic index
maturation index

114
Q

is the percentage of cells with shrunken, dark, small structureless nuclei

A

Pyknotic index

115
Q

is the percentage of cells from the main layers of vaginal epithelium: superficial, intermediate and deep (parabasal and basal) cells

A

Maturation index

116
Q

__is used as criterion for mature superficial cells

A

Pyknosis

117
Q

classification of pap test results

class I means

A

negative for malignant cells

118
Q

classification of pap test results

class II means

A

atypical cells present but negative for malignancy

119
Q

classification of pap test results

class III means

A

suspicious for malignant cells

120
Q

classification of pap test results

class IV means

A

strongly suggestive for malignant cells

121
Q

classification of pap test results

class V means

A

conclusive for malignant cells

122
Q

specimen adequacy categories

A

satisfactory
limited
unsatisfactory

123
Q

pap smear specimens are considered satisfactory for interpretation if there are:

A
  • Adequate numbers of well-visualized squamous cells
    present
  • Adequate numbers of well-visualized endocervical cells or
    squamous metaplastic cells (from the transformation zone)
  • Less than 50% of the cells obscured by blood or
    inflammation
  • Properly labeled specimens
124
Q

pap smear specimens are considered unsatisfactory for interpretation if there are:

A
  • Inadequate numbers of well-visualized squamous cells
    present
  • Inadequate numbers of well-visualized endocervical cells or
    squamous metaplastic cells (from the transformation zone)
  • More than 75% of the cells obscured by blood or
    inflammation
  • Improperly labels specimens
  • Usually, these specimens are recommended for repeat
    sampling
125
Q

pap smear specimens are considered rejected for interpretation if there are:

A
  • Specimen is submitted without a requisition
  • Specimen is not labeled with the patient’s name
  • The patient’s name (or other identifying information) on the
    specimen and requisition do not correspond
  • The specimen is labeled appropriately but the requisition is
    not labeled
  • The specimen slide is irreparably broken
  • Specimen is submitted from an unauthorized source
126
Q
A

Hpct (18 decks)

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