SSR, Investigation, Safety Flashcards
If an emergency occurs when aircraft is under ATC tower or approach contorl office - what should they do?
must notify Area control centre and FIC to in return notify Rescue Coordination Centre
If aircraft is in state of emergency, how can it request assistance
If equipped with data link or SSR then
Mode A 7700 or 7500
3 phases of Emergency
INCERFA
ALERFA
DETRESFA
What is INCERFA
It’s an uncertainty state -
where uncertaintity exists as to the safety of the aircraft and its occupants
- Occurs if (whichever is earlier):
- No comms received from an aircraft up to 30 min when it should have been received OR
- made unsuccessful atempts to establish contact
- Occurs if (whichever is later):
-aircraft hasn’t arrived within 30 min from its ETA or ETA estimated by ATC
What is ALERFA
State where there is apprehensions about safety of the aircraft and its occupants
**Subsequent to INCERFA - **
* If further attempts to establish comms with aircraft fails
* If other relevant sources fair to reveal any info on the aircraft
* If aircraft is cleared to land but hasn’t landed 5 min after estimated landing time
* If info indicates that operation of aircraft is impaired (but not to the extent of forced landing)
* If aircraft is known or believed to be subject to unlawful interference
What is DETRESFA
State where there is reasonalble certainty that the aircraft and its occupants are under imminent and grave danger
**Subsequent to ALERFA
**
* If comms attempt continue to fail
* if other sources reveal that aircraft is probaby in distress
* Fuel onboard might be exhausted/insufficient to reach safety
* Aircraft operation efficiency is impaired to likley to force it to land
* If aircraft made a force landing (as long as aircraft/occupants are not in imminent danger)
What is RCC
Rescue Coordination Centre
Each RCC must be able to communicate with
MAARS
Meteorological centres
Alerting posts
Adjacent RCCs
Rescue units
Satellite tracking systems
Cooperation between states and other services
States should follow common search and rescue procedures as recommended by ICAO
aircraft, vessels, vehicles not part of SAR must extends its support
What does RCC do after receiving info that an aircraft is in emergency
RCC will evaluate determine the extent of the operation required
If RCC receives info an a distressed aircraft from sources other than ATS units
Usually ATS units will provide the ‘emergency phase’
if other sources cannot provide the ‘phase’, RCC will need to determine the phase and respond accordingly
should ATS units announce that an aircraft has been subject to unlawful interference on radio comms?
No reference of this type of emergency will be made on radio unless the emergency aircraft has officially stated so.
This is to avoid aggrevating the situation
what should a PIC do if he encounters an aircraft in distress
1) keep in sight of an aircraft
2) determine his position
3) communicate with RCC and provide:
- identification of distressed aircraft
- its location/position
- its state
- state of the people (# of people afloat, # of survivors, whether they abandoned the aircraft, etc)
4) follow RCC or ATS instructions
What happens if the 1st aircraft at the scene of emergency is not part of RCC ?
This aircraft must stay and assume charge of rescue responsibilities even if it is subsequently followed by other non-RCC aircraft …until an RCC support arrives.
what if the 1st aircraft at the scene doesn’t have radio comms to establish connection with RCC?
it should try to hand over to another aircraft that can establish connection
what happens if a PIC of an aircraft intercepts an emergency transmission
take note of the aircraft mentioned in the transmission and its position
take a bearing of the transmission
inform ATS or RCC
head over to the distressed aircraft whilst awaiting instructions
Signals from ground survivors to aircraft in air
and from air to ground
On ground, survivors may give these signals:
V = Request Assistance
X = Request Medical Assistance
N = Negative
Y = Affirmative
(arrow up) = Proceed this way
Aircraft will rock its wings (daylight) or flash its nav/landing lights (night time)
Signals from ground Search & Rescue to aircraft in air
LLL = Operation complete
LL = all persons found
++ = not all persons are found
xx = not able to continue, will return to base
NN = nothing found, will continue search
Arrows split in 2 different directions = Search and rescue teams split into these directins
2 arrows towards a direction = info received that aircraft is in this direction
Red light parachute flare = distress
Signals used when an aircraft is getting attention of a vessel to head to a distressed aircraft
At the bow/front of the vessel
1) circle around the vessel
2) cross its path at low altitude
3) rock wings or
4) open/close throttle
5) change propeller pitch
6) head to the direction of distressed craft
if you do the same signals but at the ‘astern’/back - it cancels the request
how can a vessel respond?
To confirm it will assist:
1) hoist a pennant with vertical white/red stripes
2) succession of **Ts in morse code - - - - **
3) head to the direction
To reject:
1) hoist a blue and while chequered flag
2) succession of **Ns in morse code - . - . - . **
What is RFF
Rescue and Fire Service
What is the objective of an aerodrome to have an RFF, and how does it do so?
To save lives
by ‘SET’
1)Speed of response
2)Effective Equipment
3)Training
how is the level of RFF provided in an aerodrome?
This depends on the size of the largest aircraft it services
therefore the level of protection is categorized by Length of aircraft and Fuselage width
Category 1:
up to 9m length
up to 2m width
..
..
Category 10
up to 90m length
up to 8m width
what are the colours of the RFF vehicles
red
yellow/green
what is the acceptable response time of RFF vehicles
2 min and not more the 3 min to the end of each runway and movement areas
How to achieve the response time?
aerodrome must ensure to provide emergency access roads
satallite fire stations should be provided if response time can’t be achieve from a single firestation
What does Annex 13 involve
Accident Investigation - specifically:
1) who is responsible for notifying and investigating an accident
2) which other parties can **have access **to the investigation
Define ACCIDENT
An occurance that takes place from the **time a person boards the aircraft till the time all persons disembark **the aircraft that includes:
1) Fatal or severe injury to a person as a result of:
- being in the aircraft
- jet blast
- by direct contact with any part of aircraft
Note: this doesn’t include self inflicted, natural causes or injury caused by persons in hiding in stowaways outside areas unavailable to crew.
2) severe structural damage to the aircraft
- normally requiring major repair or replacement
- affects its structural strength, operational performance or flight characteristics
Note: this doesn’t include damage to engine, tyres, breaks, propellers, wingtips, etc..
3) aircraft is missing or inaccessible
what is an incedent
an occurance, other than accident, that could effect or does effect the safety of aircraft operation
what is a serious incident
an incident that would have likely caused an accident
examples of serious incident
weather causing control problems or failures
engine failure/malfunction
smoke/fire
fuel quantity or use of oxygen
crew incapacitation
failure or malfunctions of navigations systems or other controls, or the redunancy systems
near collision with aircraft or obstacles
flying into low terrain
overshooting on runways
landing/take off or abandoned take off on closed or engaged runways
failure to achieve predicted performance when taking off or climbing
Definition of serious injury
injury sustained in an accident -
requires hospitalization within the first 7 days post injury for 48 hrs or more
caused internal damage to organs
2nd or 3rd degree burns or 5% min burns on the body
lacerations, nerve damage, tendon damange fractures to any bones..
exposure to radiation or infectious substances
Reporting an accident
most states have an organization dedicated to investigations whose details are in the AIP
who is responsible for reporting “mandatory reporting’
-the PIC primarily but
- can also be the Aircraft operator
- other parties involved (ATC, etc)
when must a mandatory report be made following an incident
within 72 hrs
what’s not included in the report
personal details or names to avoid blame
what’s the objective of accident investigation
prevention of accidents/incidents and to not apportion blame or liability
