Rules of Air Flashcards
Flying over congested areas
Except in take off and landing or by special permission..
an aircraft can’t fly over congested areas, areas of open air assembly and towns/settlements
Unless it’s sufficiently high to permit emergency landing without endangering persons or property
whilst cruising - where is the aircraft being flown at?
At Flight level and Altitude
**Flight level:
**for flights at or above the lowest useable flight level, or above transition altitude
**Altitude:
**flight below the lowest useable flight level or at / below the Transition level
Transition altitude is usually no less thant 3000 ft (depends on state)
Dropping and spraying
nothing can be dropped and sprayed whilst in flight unless with permission from ATS or in accordance to any advice or clearance
Towing rules
No aircraft can to another aircraft without appropriate authority’s or ATS clearnace or permission.
Towed aircraft must have lights on (the ones they’d normally use in flight)
Aerobatic flights
no aircraft shall be flown aerobatically except under conditions prescribed by appropriate authorities, indicated in relevant infor or with clearances and advise from ATS
Parachute descends
Parachute descends and emergency descends can’t be made except under conditions prescribed by appropriate authorities, indicated in relevant infor or with clearances and advise from ATS
Unmanned balloons
unmanned balloon must be operated to minimize hazards to persons, propertly or aircraft
Formation flight
No aircraft can conduct formation flight except by arrangement of PICs
formation in controlled airspace must be in accordance to ICAO rules of air (annex 2) and ATS
manoevering/spacing/separating/joining is the responsiblity of the formation leader and the Pics
for navigation and position reporting purposes, formation operates as single aircraft
aircraft to keep min 1KM (0.5NM) lateral distance from leader
and 30m (100ft) vertical distance from leader
Prohibited areas
can’t be flown over or into except in accordance with the conditions of the restrictions or by clearance from the state.
how are restricted areas identified
[Nationality][resctriction identifier][identifyer number]
EG (D) 001
England, Danger area, 001
What are the 3 types of restricted areass
(P)Prohibited: airspace of defined dimensions in which an aircraft flight is prohibited
(D) Danger: airspace of defined dimensions in which dangerous activities to the flight of an aircraft may exist at specified times
(R) Restricted: airspace of defined dimensions in which the flight of an aircraft is restricgted under certain conditions
for how long can’t the identifier # be used for?
the number can’t be reused for 1 year after the area has been withdrawn
what is ‘proximity’
aircraft can’t operate in proximity to another aircraft as to create collision hazard
Right of way
right of an aircraft to proceed as priority
an aircraft with right of way must maintain it heading and speed
Giving way
aircraft that’s oblighed to follow rules to keep out of the way
must avoid passing
over, under across(in front)
unless it passes well clear and takes into account wake turbulence
what to do if 2 flights are flying head on
both to alter their heading to the right
what to do if 2 aircraft are converging
the aircraft on the right has right of way
what are the right of way priorities based on aircraft class
Balloon
Glider
Airship
Towing plane
Airplane
overtaking
Aircraft overtaken has right of way
Aircraft overtaking (coming from the rear) must overtake to the right -
overtaking angle is within 70 degreesn in either direction of the centre line of the overtaken aircraft
right of way when landing or taking off
An aircraft in flight, or operating on ground or water must give way to another aircraft landing on the approach to landing
an aircraft taxiing must give way to aircrafts taking off/about to take off
right of way when 2 aircraft are
The one that is lower has priority
the one that is in the apprach to land has priority
gliders have priority
emergency landing has priority
ATC’s role in setting priority
priority of landing is dictated by ATC and should be obeyed
when not confined to a runway
During landing - aircraft to pass to the right of an aircraft that just landed or about to land
During take off - aircraft move to the right to give way to aircraft about to take off
On ground - During taxiing
Head on - stop or alter course to the right
converge - the one on the right has right of way
overtaking - can overtake from any direction but stay well clear
On ground - vehicle operating on an apron
must give way to emergency vehicle, aircraft taxiing, about to taxi, or being towed
Surface movement & holding points
Holding points:
An aircraft taxiing must stop at all holding points unless otherwise authorised by ATC
Stop light bars:
also must stop at all ‘lighted’ stop bars and can proceed when lights are off. If ATC autorized movement but lights are on, PIC must request clarification/confirmation from ATC.
Navigation lights
1) Nav lights
Red - Port/Left - 110 projection
Green - starboard/right - 110 projection
White - Rear light 140 project (70 on each side)
On during Night only
On in flight and on the ground
Anti-collision lights
Rotating Beacon (red or white)
* When engine is on
* Manoevering
* Being towed
* Located on the tail
*On all the time: on day and night, on ground or in flight
Strobe (white)
* Used to attract attention
* Located on the wingtips near Nav lights
* When on active runways when about to take off
* or When crossing runways
*on day and night, on ground or in flight
*turn it off, when off the active runway
Landing lights
- Turn on when about to take off & climb, approach and land - ideally on in the traffic circuit
- Used day and night, on ground or in flight
- Located at front of plain (sometimes)
- Might be used for conspicuity or signaling (interception signals, ATC visual communication, etc)
What is a Flight Plan
notification of intended flight and route to take submitted by the pic
submission of flight plan
1)Pic to send it to ATS **hard copy or electronically **60 min before flight at destination aerodrome
2)Can be submitted during the flight (not ideal) transmitted to ATS radio station - at least 10 min before reaching an intended controled area or point of crossing an airway
ATS forwards to various ATC involved. ATC (especially for controlled airspace) can approved/reject plan
components of flight plan & closing/arrival report
Flight plan:
departure and arrival points/airport
estimated time en route
time of arrival
Whether flying IFR or VFR
Closing Flight plan
Aircraft identification
departure and arrival points/airport
alternative destination airports (if deviated)
time of arrival
Flight plan for IFR or in controlled airspace
flight plan is mandatory and is treated as request for permission
Flight plan for VFR
not mandatory but only for crossing national borders
Other reasons to have a flight plan (advisable)
if flying over unfavourable or inhospitable areas or sparsely populated
over large bodies of water greater than 10NM from coast
Flight plans mandatory when:
flying across international borders
flying SVFR
flying in designated areas or along designated routes where ATS is required to provide search/rescue/flight information
closing flight plan
If ATS exists: immediately after landing
If ATS doesn’t exist: submit to neart ATS after landing
If comm facilities are poor at destination airport, can submit via aeronotical radio station airborn before landing
can deviate from a flight plan if
clearance had been requested
in case of emergency (but ATS must be informed by crew)
What are the 2 components of Aircraft marking
Nationality mark + registration mark
What is the format of the aircraft nationality marking
consist of a group of characters
Where is the nationality mark taken from
It’s the same as the radio call sign allocated to the state of registry by the ITU
ITU - International telecomm union
Registration mark
Letters and/or numbers
if 1st character is a letter then it must be prceded by a hypern
who assigns the registration mark
State of register
where are the marks located and in what size?
Fuselage = 30 cm
under the wings = 50 cm
what are limitation when selecting an aircraft marketing
cannot use marks that can be confused with the international code signals like ones that:
Start with Q
SOS, PAN, XXX, TTT
Certificate of Registration
Nationality mark
Registration mark
aircraft plate #
what is a common mark
when an aircraft operator operates in multiple countries and has multiple country of registrations - they use a ‘Common mark’ instead of a nationalty mark.
who assigns the common mark?
ITU assigns common mark but
ICAO specifies
which state will act as state of registry
What is the state in charge of when it comes to air worthiness
1) in charge of issuing Airworthiness certificate
2) in charge of reporting any defects, malfunctions, etc that can cause adverse effects on the airworthiness of the aircraft
3) Advise the “state of design” if a type is added to its registers
4) determine the continued airworthiness of an aircraft
5) determine the inspection period to ensure the continued validity of the airworthiness certificate
Airworthiness certficate contains:
Aircraft nationality & Registration mark
Aircraft manufacturer and manufacturing model
aircraft serial #
issuance date
Notes/validity
Airworthiness review certificate
Aircraft damage in a state other than state of registry
- The other state has the right to now allow the damaged aircraft to resume its flights
- the other state can position the damaged aircraft to fly (without passengers) to repari faciity
**in both cases, the other state must advise/seek permission from the state of registry **
Annex 2 and 11 purpose is:
purpose is to ensure safe flight over territories and high seas
over high seas,
* annex 2 is applied without exceptions
* * but some provisions of Annex 11 might be applied
SERA
Standardized European Rules of Air
incorporates ICAO SARPS and notes deviations to create one common rules of air - that applies to:
- Within europe
- to all eurpean registered aircraft whever they are, as long as SERA doesn’t conflict with local laws
- to all ATS, on ground aircraft operations and competent authorities
collision avoidance
pilot responsible
must make collision avoidance manoevers based on advises from ACAS equipment
