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Air Law > Airspace & ATS > Flashcards

Airspace & ATS Flashcards

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1
Q

What is FIR

A

FIR = Flight information region

it’s the first division of the world’s airspace

all airspaces in a state’s control is assigned to 1 or more FIRs

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2
Q

what are the services offered in FIR

A

FIS (flight info service) + Alerting service

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3
Q

FIR is divided into how many layers vertically?

A

2 layers -
lower and upper FIR

each have different flying rules dependign of flying traffic

boundary between lower and upper FIR differ from state to state

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4
Q

EXplain UFIR

A

Upper FIR boundary corresponds to the a VFR cruising level

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5
Q

Within an a FIR there are 2 types of airspaces

A

Controlled (with air traffic control) and uncontrolled (with no/little air traffic control)

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6
Q

In a controlled airpaces - there are further subdivisions

A

Control Area: volume of airspace whose lower limits are above the surface of the ground

Control zone: volume of airspace extends down to the ground

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7
Q

Control area

A

This is composed of: airways/volumes above airports knows as Terminal Manoeuvring areas

Lowest limit of control area is no less than 700 ft above ground level and can be expressed in height, altitude or Flight level

The upper limit is established if:
ATS is not provided above that upper limit

if there is another control area ontop, therefore the lower limit of one coinsides with the upper limit of the other

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8
Q

Control Zone

A

The lateral limits of the Control Zone contains the path of IFR flights arriving and departing under IMC

usually 9.3km lateral distance from the centre of aerodrome.

if control zone is within a control area, then the control zone extends towards the lower limit of the control area

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9
Q

Where to find info on ATS

A

Annex 11 has principles of ATS but states may have variations - publshed in PANS-ATM (doc 4444)

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10
Q

Objective of ATS

A

Excercise control and provide guidance to aircraft in order to maintain separation between aircraft and another aircraft or aircraft and obstacles

maintain and expediate orderly flow of air traffic

to provide info necessary for safe and efficienct conduct of flight

to assist in search and rescue operation/interception

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11
Q

ATS split into 3 parts

A

**ATC -air traffic control **
has ATC Unit to manage controlled airspace traffic

**FIS - Flight information services
**Provides pertinent info for all flights flying in a FIR
Delivered by FIC (flight info centre)

Alert services
Provides assistance to aircraft in distress flying in a FIR region
Delivered by FIC (flight info centre)

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12
Q

ATC is split into 3 parts

A

ATC Tower
Manage the traffic control at the aerodrome

Approach Control Unit
Manage approach, arrival and departure control at the Control zone
A unit may manage it for one aerodrome or multiple

Area control unit
manage the air traffic control of enroute flights.
Usually the name is prefixed by georgraphical name
“London ACC’

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13
Q

If Area Control services is limited - which unit can support?

A

service for enroute traffic can be handed to the Approach Control Unit

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14
Q

If there isn’t a dedicated Approach Control Unit, to whom can that service be handed to?

A

ATC Tower (aerodrome tower)

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15
Q

ATC Tower gets handed the following traffic:

A

Arriving Aircraft that are visual or after landing

Aircraft flying IMC just before entering the runway and before take off or after being airborn.

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16
Q

Approach unit get handed the following traffic

A

flights departing in VMC when they leave the vicinity of aerport or entering in IMC

17
Q

what is the term used when there is a longitude and longitude separation between aircraft

A

composite separation

18
Q

5 parts of ATC clearance

A

aircraft identification
limits of the clearance
route of flight
flight levels for full route or part of.
Other: departure or arrival maneouvring, clearance expiry time, communication, etc..

**given verbatim*

19
Q

What must a PIC do with an ATC clearance

A

Read it back ‘read back’ so ATC can undestand that the instructions are acknowledged.

PIC can override the ATC clearnace for safety of flight and is in charge of observing rule of air

20
Q

Clearance Crossing from one FIR to another

A

Clearance is required -
ACC contacts the other ACC enroute to alert before PIC enters.
PIC must ensure though that he gets clearance anyway before entering the other FIR.

EUROCONTROL - Upper area control centre

21
Q

Where is FIS offered?

A

FIS -
Offered in controlled an uncontrolled airspace.

In controlled -
Usually ATC takes precedence but FIS is also available

In uncontrolled -
It might be the only service offered

22
Q

how is FIS provided to an aircraft

A

Transmits info directly to an aircraft or generic info on a set frequency for anyone who listens in

23
Q

What are the FIS broadcasts

A

HF - Operation Flight Information Service (OFIS) - for long haul (ex: IFR)

VHF - Operation Flight Information Service (OFIS) - for short haul (ex: VFR)

ATIS - Automated Terminal Informatin Service

24
Q

What information is transmitted by FIS?

A

Weather conditions at departure and destinations, alternate airdromes + SIGmet / AIRmet

Volcanic activities, ashes cloud, etc

Release of hazardous material

conditions of aerodrome and movement area

**serviceability of navigation aids **

collision hazard in classes C,D,E,F,G

surface vessel info over water

accepting flight plan

**passing requests **to controlled airspaces

ETAs to destinations

25
Q

Why is ATIS used

A

To reduce load on approach frequencies

26
Q

how is ATIS provided (frequencies)

A
  • a single frequency for arriving aircraft
  • a single frequency for departing aircraft
  • a single frequency for arriving and departing aircraft (all)
  • 2 frequencies in one aerodrome - one for departure and one for arrival
27
Q

If ATIS frequencies are not available, how to transmit the info?

A

Via voice channel of terminal navigation aid (VOICE ATIS)

This aid is a very high frequency omni-directional radio signals used at low or high altitudes

28
Q

can an ATIS transmit info for multiple aerodromes?

A

no, info must relate to one aerodrome

29
Q

how long are the ATIS broadcasts

A

short - 30 sec each

30
Q

how are the ATIS messages identified

A

phonetic letter

if the message expires or gets updated, the next letter in alphabetical order gets used.

31
Q

what should the aircraft do after receiving an ATIS

A

aircraft can report the information letter when it checks in with ATC

(this way the controller at ATC doesn’t have to repeat the message)

32
Q

what if the aircraft checks in with an ATIS identifier that is no longer current

A

ATC controller must correct the aircraft by replying back with the update

33
Q

who provides altimeter setting to aircraft?

A

ATC controller MUST do so.

34
Q

ATIS gives cloud cover infomation if..

A

cloud is below 5000ft or below the highest minimum sector altitude

35
Q

SEGMET

A

info issued by MET office to announce an occurence or expected occurence of a weather phenomna that could affect the safety of a flight operation.

36
Q

An amended aerodrome forecast must be passed to an aircraft how long before its arrival?

A

60 min

37
Q

Alert Services does not provide..

A

Doesn’t provide Search and rescue aid, but
provides Alerting services to SSR aid and appropriate parties regarding an aircraft in needs for assistance

38
Q

Who provides Alert Services

A

Any ATS Unit and even a FIC

39
Q

Alerting services is provided to:

A
  • aircraft provided with air control traffic service
  • aircraft subject to unlawful interferance
  • aircraft that submitted flight plan and/ or has made itself knowns to ATS

Air Law (21 decks)

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