Sports Psychology (2.2) Flashcards
1
Q
define personality
A
an individuals behavioural characteristics that make him or her different to others
2
Q
define trait
A
a single characteristic of personality that is believed to be a natural force causing an individual to behave in a predicted way
3
Q
what is the trait theory?
A
all behaviours are genetically programmed (inherited by parents)
4
Q
give a sporting example of trait personality
A
a footballer is always aggressive in matches no matter of the situation
5
Q
the two drawbacks of the trait theory are….
A
- takes no account of environmental influence
- trait view implies that genetically inherited is always predictable
6
Q
the two personality types Girdano incentivised were…
A
Type A and Type B
7
Q
identify the 5 personality characteristics of a type A person
A
•highly competitive
•strong desire to succeed
•likes control
•prone to suffer stress
•impatient
8
Q
identify the 5 personality characteristics of a type B person
A
•not competitive
•lack of desire to succeed
•doesn’t enjoy control
•less prone to stress
•relaxed
9
Q
Eysenck identified four personality types
A
introvert
extrovert
stable
neurotic
10
Q
identify the characteristics of a extrovert personality
A
• relates well to other people
• outgoing and social able
• slower arousal than others
• low sensitivity to Reticular Activating System
11
Q
identify the characteristics of a introvert personality
A
• tend to be shy and reserved
• prefers isolation from others
• aroused quicker than extroverts
• high sensitivity to RAS
12
Q
identify the characteristics of a stable person
A
• displays predictable emotions in appropriate situations
•tend to not be stressed
•recovery from stress is quick
13
Q
identify the characteristics associated with a neurotic personality
A
• displays extreme and unpredictable emotions
• moods are unreliable
• stressed
• recovery from stress is slow
14
Q
what is the equation that goes with the social learning perspective?
A
behaviour = function of environment
15
Q
the social learning theory suggested that all behaviour is ______ through interaction with __ _______ and _____ ____ do not influence personality
A
learned
interaction with the environment
inherited factors
16
Q
who came up with the Social Learning Perspective?
A
Bandura
17
Q
the social learning perspective says personality is learnt in two ways that are…
A
- we imitate the behaviour of others through observation and copying
- new behaviours are acquired when they are endorsed through social reinforcement
18
Q
what are the drawbacks of the Social Learning theory?
A
takes no account of genetic influence and implement that behaviour is predictable
19
Q
what is the equation that goes with the interaction theory for personality?
A
behaviour = function of (personality x environment)
20
Q
who came up with the interactionist theory to explain personality?
A
Bowers
21
Q
the interactionist theory for personality considers…
A
the inherited characteristics and the environmental influences
22
Q
the interactionist theory for personality says that behaviour is…
A
unpredictable
23
Q
give a sporting example of the interactionist theory for personality
A
A footballer when the team is winning is happy and demonstrates Fairplay. However, when the same player is losing, he becomes angry and aggressive and acts in an unsportsmanlike way
24
Q
what is motivation?
A
the drive to learn and be successful
25
intrinsic motivation is….
our inner drive to participate and be successful. this is the desire to take part for fun, enjoyment pride and satisfaction
26
extrinsic motivation is….
our external drive to be successful.
27
positives of extrinsic motivation are…
1. may have a more significant impact on motivation of an athlete
2. improve confidence
28
negatives of extrinsic motivation…
if removed motivation may decline
and
may not lead to lifelong participation
29
positives of intrinsic motivation…
may be more valuable with the athlete taking part for their own gain
and
may encourage lifelong participation
and
more self-sufficient
30
negatives of intrinsic motivation
may not be enough to maintain long term participation
and
a cognitive learner may find it difficult and not enjoyable so may need more than intrinsic motivation
31
define attitude…
A learned behaviour that is the typical response of the individual
32
attitudes can be ____
changed
33
in extreme situations attitudes can lead to…
prejudice
34
how are attitudes formed?
• watching and copying significant others
• following social norms
• positive past experiences
• negative past experiences
• media influences
• cultural influences
• education
• positive reinforcement
35
identify the two methods of changing attitudes
1. cognitive dissonance theory
2. persuasive communication theory
36
the triadic model spilts attitudes into 3 components which are…
1. cognitive
2. affective
3. behavioural
37
in the the triadic model for attitudes what is the cognitive component and give an example?
reflects beliefs and knowledge that an individual hold about the attitude object
e.g. You know spin classes are good for your health.
38
in the the triadic model for attitudes what is the affective component and give an example?
consist of feelings or an emotional response to towards an object, wether we like or dislike something
e.g. you like going to spin classes because you enjoy it.
39
in the the triadic model for attitudes what is the behavioural component and give an example?
concern is how a person behaves, or responds towards an attitude object
e.g. Going to spin classes twice a week.
40
what is dissonance?
if two attitude components can be made to oppose or come into conflict with each other, then the individual experiences emotional discomfort and the attitude can be changed
41
the cognitive dissonance theory for attitudes involves 3 steps that are…
1. The introduction of new information is presented to change the current belief.
2. The more uncomfortable, the individual is the greater the desire to change one of the views.
3. In order to remove discomfort
42
what is persuasive communication?
changing the attitude of a person through a process of persuasion
43
there are for elements to the persuasive communication theory these are…
1. persuader
2. message
3. recipient
4. situation
44
in the persuasive communication theory what is the persuader?
person that is significant and of high status
45
in the persuasive communication theory what is the message?
the information must be accurate and backed up with evidence and positive
46
in the persuasive communication theory what is the recipient?
a person who is open to persuausion
47
in the persuasive communication theory what is the situation?
the place where the persuasion is to take place. somewhere the recipient feels comfortable
48
give a practical example of the persuasive communication theory
A teacher wants to promote gymnastics to boys.
The attitude is negative as it is seen as feminine.
Teacher introduces the group to all the boys with muscular definition.
Boys now believe the gym mastics is more masculine and creates dissonance.
Boys have a now have a positive attitude
49
the 7 methods for changing attitudes are…
1. positive reinforcement
2. negative reinforcement
3. punishment
4.role models
5.peer pressure
6.goalsetting
7.raise self-esteem
50
people possess positive attitudes towards PE and sport because….
1. they believe in the value of exercise
2. they enjoy the activities
3. they are good at the activity
4. to escape from stress
51
people possess negative attitudes towards PE and sport because….
1. they are frightened of the activity
2. they lack physical skills
3. they experience stress when participating
4. nonparticipation is a social norm
52
social facilitation is…
the positive influence of others who may be watching or competing in a sport’s performance
53
social inhibition is…
the negative influence of others who may be watching or competing which leads to a decrease in sports performance
54
the effect of an audience on sport is based around 2 psychological theories which are…
1. drive theory of social facilitation
2. evaluation apprehension theory
55
the drive theory of social facilitation says that the presence of audience or ______ increase the _____ of an athlete. the increase mean the _____ response is more likely to occur. if the skill is simple or performer is an ____ the response is likely to be _____ . if the skill is _____ or the performer is a novice the response is likely to be _____ .
co actors
arousal
dominant
expert
correct
complex
incorrect
56
the evaluation is apprehension theory says that the presence of ____ or co actors alone that raise ____ levels. and for some performers it is ______ . arousal levels only increased when the athlete felt _______ by the audience. however some athletes rely upon _____ to stimulate arousal and _____ increase performance.
audience
arousal
calming
judged
evaluation
increase
57
the 3 theories associated with arousal are...
drive theory
inverted U theory
catastrophe theory
58
in the drive theory the relationship between performance and arousal is...
linear
59
in the drive theory if arousal level is low, performance is....
low
60
in the drive theory if arousal level is high, performance is....
high
61
in the inverted U theory states that....
arousal improves up to an optimal point byt past this point performance decreases
62
if someone is under-aroused the athlete...
loses concentration
cannot do selective attention
information overload prevents decision making
63
if someone is at optimum arousal the athletes...
is able to learn and fully concentrate
increased capacity to concentrate means most important cues can be absorbed from the envrironment
64
if someone is over aroused the athlete...
performer is often in panic
relevant information cues are lost
65
define cognitive anxiety
anxiety experienced by the mind
66
define somatic anxiety
anxiety experienced physiologically
67
the catastrophe theory states that...
as somatic arousal increases, the quality of performance improves however performance will only be at its optimal is cognitive anxiety is also low
68
define trait anxiety
genetically programmed anxiety, where the performer is likley to feel anxious in any stressful situation
69
define competitive trait anxiety
a tendency to percieve competitive situations as threatening and have apprehension in these times
70
define state anxiety
an athlete's emotional state at any given time, variable from situation to situation
71
symptoms of somatic anxiety include...
sweating
nausea
increased blood pressure
72
symptoms of cognitive anxiety include...
indecision
confusion
loss of confidence
73
when is the optimum zone of functioning elite performers can be described as...
relaxed
confident
being in control
74
define aggressiom
intent to harm or injure outside of the rules of the event
75
define assertion
forceful behaviour within the laws of the event
76
the 4 theories of aggression are...
instinct theory of aggression
frustration-agression hypothesis
social learning theory
agressuve cue hypothesis
77
the instinct theory of agression views agression as...
a natural animalistic response that humans developed at a survival instinct
78
give a practical example of a performer using the instinct theory of agression
a boxer channels their agression to win a boxing match
79
the frustration-aggression hypothesis states that...
frustration will always lead to agression
80
describe the frustration-aggression hypothesis
any goal that is blocked increases the athletes drive, increasing agession which increases aggression. is success follows then aggression leads to catharsis
81
give a practical example of the frustration-agression hypothesis...
a hockey player is foules and gets frustrated, this frustration is channelled and become determined to score and when they do they feel catharsis
82
the social learning theory states that....
aggression is learned observation of others behaviour, imitation of this behaviour is reinforced by social acceptance
83
give a practical example of the social learning theory
a child watches an ice hockey match and sees players fighting next time he is in a match he starts a fight with a player from the other team
84
the agressive cue hypothesis states that...
for aggression to occur certain stimuli must be present that are subconsciously linked to aggression
85
give a practical example of the aggressive cue hypothesis...
a player sees a teammates foules then decides to join in
86
define social facilitation
the positive influenece on sports performance of others whomay be watching or competing
87
define social inhibition
the negative influence on sports performance of others who may be watching or competing
88
performers that perform alongside you are called...
co-actors
89
the spectators are known as...
the audience
90
does the presence of an audience increase arousal?
yes
91
if arousal is high what response will occur?
the dominant response
92
if arousal is high and the skill is well learned the response will be...
correct
93
if arousal is high and the skill is poorly learned the response will be...
incorrect
94
how is peformance affected by home and away?
teams oftem win at home, maybe due to the nature of the audience
95
how is performance affected by personality?
type A personalities perform less well in front of an audience than type B personalities
96
how is performance affected by level of experience?
elite performers perform better as their dominant responses are correct
97
what type of skills are helped by high arousal?
gross skill
98
what type of skills are helped by low arousal?
fine skill
99
what strategies are used to minimise social inhibition?
1. imagery
2. relaxation techniques
3. training with an audience present
4. remaining calm and focused
100
the four stages of Tuckmans Model of group formation are...
forming
storming
norming
performing
101
what are the characteristics of the forming stage of group development?
high dependence on leader
individual roles are unclear
group members are getting to know each other
102
what are the characteristics of the storming stage of group development?
group decisions are difficult
cliques form
leader has an advisory role
103
what are the characteristics of the norming stage of group development?
roles and responsibilities are accepted
decisions made through group agreement
team members are friendly with each other
104
what are the characteristics of the performing stage of group development?
focus on achieving goals
clear vision and aim
team doesn'tneed to be instructed
105
cohesion has 2 dimensions...
group integration
individual attraction to the group
106
define group integration
how the individual members of the group feel about the group as a whole
107
define individual attraction to the group
how attracted the individuals are to the group
108
actual productivity =
potentia productivity - losses due to faulty processes
109
what are 'losses due to faulty processes' caused by:
co-ordination problems
motivational problems
110
define social loafing
some individuals in a group lose motivation caused by them losing identity when in a group
111
define group
a collection of people who share similair goals and interact with one another
112
what strategies can be used to eliminate social loafing?
highlighting individuals performances
feedback
support from others in the team
113
what does SMART goal setting involve?
specific
measurable
achieveable
recorded
time-phased
114
what does SPECIFIC mean in SMART goal setting?
goals must be clear and specific
115
what does MEASURABLE mean in SMART goal setting?
goals must be assesed and able to be measured
116
what does ACHIEVEABLE mean in SMART goal setting?
the goal set has to be realistic to the ability of the athlete
117
what does RECORDED mean in SMART goal setting?
goals should be recorded so progress can by monitored
118
what does TIME-PHASED mean in SMART goal setting?
goals should be split into short-term goals leading to long term ones
119
the 3 types of goals
performance goals
process-orientated goals
outcoem goals
120
give an example of a performance goal...
to achieve a 100m race in under 10 seconds
121
give an example of a process-orientated goal...
to ensure frontcrawl arm technique is correct
122
give an example of an outcome goal...
to win a race
123
attribution is...
the percieved cause of a particular outcome
124
the attributon model was designed by...
Weiner
125
weiners model is not _________
sport-specific
