Respiratory System (1.1b)

Question 1

define gaseous exchange

Answer 1

the movement of gases across a membrane

Question 2

define partial pressure

Answer 2

the pressure exerted by an individual gas held in a mixture of gases

Question 3

what are the units for partial pressure?

Answer 3

mmHg

Question 4

define diffusion

Answer 4

the movement of gases across a membrane down a gradient from high to low pressure

Question 5

define diffusion gradient

Answer 5

the difference in areas of pressure from one side of membrane to the other

Question 6

the blood is made up of…

Answer 6

45% blood cells
55% plasma

Question 7

how is CO2 carried in the body?

Answer 7

70% dissolves in H2O as carbonic acid

23% combined with haemoglobin to make carbaminohaemoglobin

7% blood plasma

Question 8

O2 is carried as…

Answer 8

97% with haemoglobin to make oxyhemoglobin

3% in blood plasma

Question 9

minute ventilation =

Answer 9

TV x f

Question 10

what is breathing rates response to exercise?

Answer 10

It increases proportionally to the intensity of the exercise, until reaching max

Question 11

what is tidal volumes response to exercise?

Answer 11

Increase depth of breathing initially in proportion to exercise

Question 12

what is minute ventilations response to exercise?

Answer 12

increases in line with intensity when TV and f increase

Question 13

what happen to minute ventilation at sub max…

Answer 13

1. Anticipatory rise
2. Rapid increase.
3. Steady state
4. Rapid then gradual decrease

Question 14

what happen to minute ventilation at maximal exercise?

Answer 14

1. ME doesn’t plateau
2. growing demand for O2 strives to meet
3. TV will plateau will ME continues to rise due to breathing rate

Question 15

what happens to minute ventilation during recovery…

Answer 15

rapid then gradual decrease to resting levels

Question 16

describe the mechanics of inspiration at rest:

Answer 16

diaphragm contracts and flattens

external intercostals contract.

Rib cage moves up and out.

vol of thoracic cavity increases.

Pressure of thoracic cavity decreases.
air dishes in from high-pressure outside to low pressure inside the lung

Question 17

describe the mechanics of expiration at rest…

Answer 17

diaphragm relaxes and returns domed

external intercostals contract

Rib cage moves down and in

vol of thoracic cavity decreases

Pressure of thoracic cavity increases

air forces out from a high pressure inside lungs to a low pressure outside

Question 18

describe the mechanics of inspiration during exercise

Answer 18

diaphragm contracts and flattens more than at rest

External intercostals contract more than at rest

Sternocleidomastoid recruited

Rib cage moves up and out further than the rest

Volume of thoracic cavity increases more than the rest

Pressure of thoracic cavity decreases more than a rest

More air moves from a high-pressure to low-pressure

ACTIVE PROCESS

Question 19

describe the mechanics of expiration during exercise

Answer 19

diaphragm and external intercostals relax

rectus abdominous and internal intercostals contract

Rib cage moves down and in more than at rest

Volume of thoracic cavity decrease is more than at rest

Pressure of thoracic cavity increase as more than at rest

More air moves from high to low pressure

Question 20

what does the respiratory control centre do?

Answer 20

Receives information from sensory neurons and sends directions through motor neurons to change the rate of respiratory muscle contraction

Question 21

what does the inspiration center (IC) do?

Answer 21

stimulates inspiratory muscles to contract at rest and exercise

Question 22

what does the expiratory centre (EC) do?

Answer 22

stimulates additional extra expiratory muscles during exercise

Question 23

during rest the IC…

Answer 23

generates intercostal neves causing external intercostals to contract

phrenic never generated causing the diaphragm to contract

Question 24

which receptors send info to the IC?

Answer 24

proprioreceptors
thermoreceptors

Question 25

which receptors send information to the EC during exercise?

Answer 25

baroreceptors

Question 26

during exercise the IC and EC send information to the…

Answer 26

RCC

Question 27

during exercise the RCC causes…

Answer 27

diaphragm and ext. intercostals contract with more force recruits pec minor and sternocleidamastoid increases breathing depth int. intercostals and rectus abdominals contacts reduces volume and increases pressure of thoracic cavity more than at rest

Question 28

describe gaseous exchange at rest…

Answer 28

imbalance of pO2 and pCO2 between alveoli and capillaries causes pressure gradient and allows passive movement of gases

Question 29

external respiration is..

Answer 29

the exchange of O2 and CO2 between the lungs and blood

Question 30

internal respiration is...

Answer 30

exchange of O2 and CO2 between blood and muscle tissues

Question 31

define breathing rate

Answer 31

the number of inspirations or expirations per minute

Question 32

define tidal volume

Answer 32

the volume of air inspired or expired per breath

Question 33

define minute ventilation

Answer 33

the volume of air inspired or expired per minute

Question 34

the average breathing rate of an untrained person at rest is...

Answer 34

12-15 breaths per minute

Question 35

the average breathing rate of an untrained person during max exercise is...

Answer 35

40-50 breaths per minute

Question 36

the average breathing rate of a trained person at rest is...

Answer 36

11-12 breaths per minute

Question 37

the average breathing rate of a trained person duing max exericse is...

Answer 37

50-60 breaths per minute

Question 38

the average tidal volume for an untrained person at rest is...

Answer 38

500ml

Question 39

the average tidal volume for an untrained person during max exercise is...

Answer 39

2.5-3 litres

Question 40

the average tidal volume for a trained person at rest is....

Answer 40

500 ml

Question 41

the average tidal volume for a trained person during max exercise is...

Answer 41

3-3.5 litres

Question 42

the average minute ventilaton of an untrained person at rest is...

Answer 42

6-7.5 litres per minute

Question 43

the average minute ventilation of an untrained person during maximal exercise

Answer 43

100 - 150 litres per minute

Question 44

the average minute ventilation of a trained person at rest is...

Answer 44

5.5 - 6 litres per minute

Question 45

the average minute ventilation of a trained person during maximal exercise

Answer 45

160 - 210 litres per minute

Question 46

is inspiration at rest active or passive?

Answer 46

active

Question 47

is expiration at rest active or passive?

Answer 47

passive

Question 48

is insipration during exercise active or passive?

Answer 48

passive

Question 49

is expiration during exercise active or passive?

Answer 49

active

Question 50

define dissociation

Answer 50

oxygen unloading from haemoglobin

Question 51

define Bohr shift

Answer 51

a move in the oxyhaemoglobin dissociation curve to the right caused by increased acidity in the bloodstream

Question 52

what effects does Bohr shift have on the body?

Answer 52

1. increased blood and muscle temperature 2. increase in partial pressure of CO2 3. increased lactic acid and carbonic acid production

Question 53

what impact does Bohr shift have on performance?

Answer 53

dissociation of oxygen to tissues is higher, therefore there is more oxygen available for diffusion and aerobic energy production for exercise

Question 54

what factors affect tidal volume?

Answer 54

1. age 2. fitness level 3. gender 4. respiratory conditions 5. size of lungs & thoracic cavity

Question 55

define diffusion

Answer 55

the movement of substances down the concentration gradient across a membrane

Question 56

heart rate increases prior to exercise, explain how

Answer 56

adrenaline is released from the adrenal gland by stimulating the SA node so its firing rate increases