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A level PE > Skeletal and muscular systems (1.1a) > Flashcards

Skeletal and muscular systems (1.1a) Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 5 common features of a synovial joint?

A

ligament
synovial fluid
articular cartilage
joint capsule
bursa

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2
Q

describe the structure and function of a ligament

A

a tough band of slightly elastic connective tissue that connects bone to bone and stabilises joints during movement

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3
Q

describe the structure and function of synovial fluid

A

lubricating liquid contained within the joint cavity that reduces friction and nourishes articular cartilage

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4
Q

describe the structure and function of the articular cartilage

A

smooth tissue that covers the surface of articulating bones that absorbs shock and allows friction free movement

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5
Q

describe the structure and function of a joint capsule

A

a fibrous sac with an inner synovial membrane that encloses and strengthens the joint secreting synovial fluid

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6
Q

describe the structure and function of the bursa

A

a closed fluid filled sac found where tendons rub over bones which reduces friction between tendons and bones

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7
Q

the three planes of movement are…

A

sagittal
transverse
frontal

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8
Q

the sagittal plane divides the body into…

A

left and right

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9
Q

the transverse plane divides the body into…

A

upper and lower

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10
Q

the frontal plane divides the body into…

A

anterior and posterior
(front and back)

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11
Q

what 4 types of movement can occur in the sagittal plane?

A

flexion
extension
dorsi-flexion
plantar flexion

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12
Q

what 2 types of movement can occur in the frontal plane?

A

abduction
adduction

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13
Q

what 3 types of movement can occur in the transverse plane?

A

horizontal extension
horizontal flexion
rotation

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14
Q

the joint type at the shoulder and hip is….

A

ball and socket

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15
Q

the joint type at the elbow, knee and ankle is…

A

hinge

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16
Q

the joint type at the wrist is…

A

condyloid

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17
Q

the articulating bones at the shoulder are…

A

humerus and scapula

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18
Q

flexion of the shoulder
agonist:
antagonist:
plane of movement:

A

agonist - anterior deltoid
antagonist - posterior deltoid
plane- sagittal

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19
Q

extension of the shoulder
agonist:
antagonist:
plane of movement:

A

agonist - posterior deltoid
antagonist - anterior deltoid
plane - sagittal

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20
Q

adduction of the shoulder
agonist:
antagonist:
plane of movement:

A

agonist - latissimus dorsi
antagonist - medial deltoid
plane - frontal

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21
Q

abduction of the shoulder
agonist:
antagonist:
plane of movement:

A

agonist - medial deltoid
antagonist - latissimus dorsi
plane - frontal

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22
Q

horizontal flexion of the shoulder
agonist:
antagonist:
plane:

A

agonist - pectoralis major
antagonist - posterior deltoid and teres minor
plane - transverse

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23
Q

horizontal extension of the shoulder
agonist:
antagonist:
plane:

A

agonist - posterior deltoid and teres minor
antagonist - pectoralis major
plane - transverse

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24
Q

medial rotation of the shoulder
agonist:
antagonist:
plane:

A

agonist - teres major & subscapularis
antagonist - teres minor & infraspinatous
plane - transverse

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25
lateral rotation of the shoulder agonist: antagonist: plane:
agonist - teres minor & infraspinatous antagonist - teres major & subscapularis plane - transverse
26
the articulating bones at the elbow are..
humerus, radius and ulna
27
flexion at the elbow agonist: antagonist: plane:
agonist - biceps brachii antagonist - tricpes brachii plane - sagittal
28
extension at the elbow agonist: antagonist: plane:
agonist - tricpes brachii antagonist - biecps brachii plane - sagittal
29
the articulating bones at the wrist are...
radius, ulna and carpals
30
flexion at the wrist agonist: antagonist: plane:
agonist - wrist flexors antagonist - wrist extensors plane - sagittal
31
extension at the wrist agonist: antagonist: plane:
agonist - wrist extensors antagonist - wrist flexors plane - sagittal
32
the articulating bones at the hip are...
pelvis and femur
33
flexion at the hip agonist: antagonist: plane:
agonist - illiopsoas antagonist - gluteus maximus plane - sagittal
34
adduction at the hip agonist: antagonist: plane:
agonist: adductor group antagonist: gluteus medius & minimus plane: frontal
35
abduction at the hip agonist: antagonist: plane:
agonist: gluteus medius and minimus antagonist: adductor group plane: frontal
36
medial rotation at the hip agonist: antagonist: plane:
agonist: gluteus medius & minimus antagonist: gluteus maximus plane: transverse
37
lateral rotation at the hip agonist: antagonist: plane:
agonist: gluteus maximus antagonist: gluteus medius & minimus plane: transverse
38
the articulating bones at the knee are..
femur and tibia
39
flexion at the knee agonist: antagonist: plane:
agonist: biceps femoris, semitendinosus and semimembranosus (hamstrings group) antagonist: rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus intermedius and vastus medialis (quad group) plane: sagittal
40
extension at the knee agonist: antagonist: plane:
agonist: rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus intermedius and vastus medialis (quad group) antagonist: biceps femoris, semitendinosus and semimembranosus (hamstrings group) plane: sagittal
41
the muscles that make up the hamstrings group are:
biceps femoris semitendinosus semimembranosus
42
the muscles the make up the quadriceps group are:
rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus intermedius vastus medialis
43
the articulating bones at the ankle are...
tibia talus fibula
44
dorsi flexion at the ankle agonist: antagonist: plane:
agonist: tibialis anterior antagonist: gastrocnemius & soleus plane: sagittal
45
plantar flexion at the ankle agonist: antagonist: plane:
agonist: gastrocnemius & soleus antagonist: tibialis anterior plane: sagittal
46
muscles are made up of fibres that contain...
filaments
47
in muscles thick filaments are made of the protein _______
myosin
48
in muscles thin filaments are made of a protein called ___
actin
49
myosin and actin filaments are arranged in an _______ pattern
overlapping
50
a fixator is....
a muscle that stabilises one part of a body while another part moves
51
during muscular contraction the agonist _______ to create movement
shortens
52
during muscular contraction the antagonist _____ to co-ordinate the action
lengthens
53
there are 2 main types of muscle contraction which are...
isotonic isometric
54
the two 2 types of isotonic contraction are...
concentric eccentric
55
how does a concentric contraction cause movement?
the muscle shortens to produce tension
56
give a practical example of a concentric contraction
the biceps brachii concentrically contracts to lift weight in the upward phase of biceps curl
57
give a practical example of an eccentric contraction
the biceps brachii eccentrically contracts to lower the weight in the downward phase of a biceps curl
58
how does an eccentric contraction produce movement?
muscle lengthens to produce tension
59
how does an isometric contraction produce movement?
muscle contracts but does not change length and no movement is created
60
give a practical example of an isometric contraction
holding the press up position still with arms and elbows extended
61
explain how a motor unit is stimulated to create muscular contraction (5 steps)
1. nerve impulse is initiated in the motor neurone cell body 2. nerve impulse conducted down the axon of the motor neurone by a nerve action potential to the synaptic cleft 3. acetylcholine is secreted into the synaptic cleft to conduct the nerve impulse across the gap 4. if the electrical charge is above threshold the muscle will contract 5. this happens in an all or none fashion
62
slow oxidative fibres have a _____ neurone size
small
63
slow oxidative fibres have ___ fibres per neurone
few
64
slow oxidative fibres have _____ capillary density
high
65
slow oxidative fibres have ___ mitochondria denisty
high
66
slow oxidative fibres have ___ myoglobin denisty
high
67
slow oxidative fibres have a ___ phosphocreatine store
low
68
fast oxidative glycolytic fibres have a ____ neurone size
large
69
fast oxidative glycolytic fibres have _____ fibres per neurone
many
70
fast oxidative glycolytic fibres have a ____ capillary denisty
high
71
fast oxidative glycolytic fibres have a ______ mitochondria denisty
moderate
72
fast oxidative glycolytic fibres have a ____ myoglobin density
moderate
73
fast oxidative glycolytic fibres have a ______ phosphocreatine store
high
74
fast glycolytic fibres have a ______ neurone size
large
75
fast glycolytic fibres have _____ fibres per neurone
many
76
fast glycolytic fibres have ______ capillary density
low
77
fast glycolytic fibres have ____ mitochondria density
low
78
fast glycolytic fibres have ____ myoglobin denisty
low
79
fast glycolytic fibres have a _____ phosphocreatine store
high
80
slow oxidative fibres have a _____ speed of contraction
slow
81
slow oxidative fibres have a ___ force of contraction
low
82
slow oxidative fibres have a ____ resistance to fatigue
high
83
slow oxidative fibres have a ___ aerobic capacity
high
84
slow oxidative fibres have a ____ anaerobic capacity
low
85
fast oxidative glycolytic fibres have a ____ speed of contraction
fast
86
fast oxidative glycolytic fibres have a ___ force of contraction
low
87
fast oxidative glycolytic fibres have a ______ resistance to fatigue
moderate
88
fast oxidative glycolytic fibres have a _____ aerobic capacity
moderate
89
fast oxidative glycolytic fibres have a ____ anaerobic capacity
moderate
90
fast glycolytic fibres have a _____ speed of contraction
fast
91
fast glycolytic fibres have a ____ force of contraction
high
92
fast glycolytic fibres have a ______ resistance to fatigue
low
93
fast glycolytic fibres have a _____ aerobic capacity
low
94
fast glycolytic fibres have a _____ anaerobic capacity
high
95
do slow oxidative fibres recover quickly?
yes
96
what type of exercise intensity are slow oxidative fibres used for
sub maximal
97
do fast oxidative fibres resist fatigue?
yes
98
practical example that uses slow oxidative fibre types
marathon
99
practical example that uses fast oxidative glycolytic fibres
800m run
100
practical example that uses fast glycolytic fibres
100m sprint
101
delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS) is...
pain and stiffness felt in the muscles, which peaks 24-72 hours after exercise associated with eccentric muscle contraction

A level PE (20 decks)

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