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A level PE > Skeletal and muscular systems (1.1a) > Flashcards

Skeletal and muscular systems (1.1a) Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 5 common features of a synovial joint?

A

ligament
synovial fluid
articular cartilage
joint capsule
bursa

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2
Q

describe the structure and function of a ligament

A

a tough band of slightly elastic connective tissue that connects bone to bone and stabilises joints during movement

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3
Q

describe the structure and function of synovial fluid

A

lubricating liquid contained within the joint cavity that reduces friction and nourishes articular cartilage

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4
Q

describe the structure and function of the articular cartilage

A

smooth tissue that covers the surface of articulating bones that absorbs shock and allows friction free movement

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5
Q

describe the structure and function of a joint capsule

A

a fibrous sac with an inner synovial membrane that encloses and strengthens the joint secreting synovial fluid

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6
Q

describe the structure and function of the bursa

A

a closed fluid filled sac found where tendons rub over bones which reduces friction between tendons and bones

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7
Q

the three planes of movement are…

A

sagittal
transverse
frontal

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8
Q

the sagittal plane divides the body into…

A

left and right

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9
Q

the transverse plane divides the body into…

A

upper and lower

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10
Q

the frontal plane divides the body into…

A

anterior and posterior
(front and back)

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11
Q

what 4 types of movement can occur in the sagittal plane?

A

flexion
extension
dorsi-flexion
plantar flexion

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12
Q

what 2 types of movement can occur in the frontal plane?

A

abduction
adduction

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13
Q

what 3 types of movement can occur in the transverse plane?

A

horizontal extension
horizontal flexion
rotation

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14
Q

the joint type at the shoulder and hip is….

A

ball and socket

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15
Q

the joint type at the elbow, knee and ankle is…

A

hinge

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16
Q

the joint type at the wrist is…

A

condyloid

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17
Q

the articulating bones at the shoulder are…

A

humerus and scapula

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18
Q

flexion of the shoulder
agonist:
antagonist:
plane of movement:

A

agonist - anterior deltoid
antagonist - posterior deltoid
plane- sagittal

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19
Q

extension of the shoulder
agonist:
antagonist:
plane of movement:

A

agonist - posterior deltoid
antagonist - anterior deltoid
plane - sagittal

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20
Q

adduction of the shoulder
agonist:
antagonist:
plane of movement:

A

agonist - latissimus dorsi
antagonist - medial deltoid
plane - frontal

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21
Q

abduction of the shoulder
agonist:
antagonist:
plane of movement:

A

agonist - medial deltoid
antagonist - latissimus dorsi
plane - frontal

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22
Q

horizontal flexion of the shoulder
agonist:
antagonist:
plane:

A

agonist - pectoralis major
antagonist - posterior deltoid and teres minor
plane - transverse

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23
Q

horizontal extension of the shoulder
agonist:
antagonist:
plane:

A

agonist - posterior deltoid and teres minor
antagonist - pectoralis major
plane - transverse

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24
Q

medial rotation of the shoulder
agonist:
antagonist:
plane:

A

agonist - teres major & subscapularis
antagonist - teres minor & infraspinatous
plane - transverse

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25
Q

lateral rotation of the shoulder
agonist:
antagonist:
plane:

A

agonist - teres minor & infraspinatous
antagonist - teres major & subscapularis
plane - transverse

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26
Q

the articulating bones at the elbow are..

A

humerus, radius and ulna

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27
Q

flexion at the elbow
agonist:
antagonist:
plane:

A

agonist - biceps brachii
antagonist - tricpes brachii
plane - sagittal

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28
Q

extension at the elbow
agonist:
antagonist:
plane:

A

agonist - tricpes brachii
antagonist - biecps brachii
plane - sagittal

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29
Q

the articulating bones at the wrist are…

A

radius, ulna and carpals

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30
Q

flexion at the wrist
agonist:
antagonist:
plane:

A

agonist - wrist flexors
antagonist - wrist extensors
plane - sagittal

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31
Q

extension at the wrist
agonist:
antagonist:
plane:

A

agonist - wrist extensors
antagonist - wrist flexors
plane - sagittal

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32
Q

the articulating bones at the hip are…

A

pelvis and femur

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33
Q

flexion at the hip
agonist:
antagonist:
plane:

A

agonist - illiopsoas
antagonist - gluteus maximus
plane - sagittal

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34
Q

adduction at the hip
agonist:
antagonist:
plane:

A

agonist: adductor group
antagonist: gluteus medius & minimus
plane: frontal

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35
Q

abduction at the hip
agonist:
antagonist:
plane:

A

agonist: gluteus medius and minimus
antagonist: adductor group
plane: frontal

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36
Q

medial rotation at the hip
agonist:
antagonist:
plane:

A

agonist: gluteus medius & minimus
antagonist: gluteus maximus
plane: transverse

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37
Q

lateral rotation at the hip
agonist:
antagonist:
plane:

A

agonist: gluteus maximus
antagonist: gluteus medius & minimus
plane: transverse

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38
Q

the articulating bones at the knee are..

A

femur and tibia

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39
Q

flexion at the knee
agonist:
antagonist:
plane:

A

agonist: biceps femoris, semitendinosus and semimembranosus (hamstrings group)
antagonist: rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus intermedius and vastus medialis (quad group)
plane: sagittal

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40
Q

extension at the knee
agonist:
antagonist:
plane:

A

agonist: rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus intermedius and vastus medialis (quad group)
antagonist: biceps femoris, semitendinosus and semimembranosus (hamstrings group)
plane: sagittal

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41
Q

the muscles that make up the hamstrings group are:

A

biceps femoris
semitendinosus
semimembranosus

42
Q

the muscles the make up the quadriceps group are:

A

rectus femoris,
vastus lateralis,
vastus intermedius
vastus medialis

43
Q

the articulating bones at the ankle are…

A

tibia
talus
fibula

44
Q

dorsi flexion at the ankle
agonist:
antagonist:
plane:

A

agonist: tibialis anterior
antagonist: gastrocnemius & soleus
plane: sagittal

45
Q

plantar flexion at the ankle
agonist:
antagonist:
plane:

A

agonist: gastrocnemius & soleus
antagonist: tibialis anterior
plane: sagittal

46
Q

muscles are made up of fibres that contain…

A

filaments

47
Q

in muscles thick filaments are made of the protein _______

A

myosin

48
Q

in muscles thin filaments are made of a protein called ___

A

actin

49
Q

myosin and actin filaments are arranged in an _______ pattern

A

overlapping

50
Q

a fixator is….

A

a muscle that stabilises one part of a body while another part moves

51
Q

during muscular contraction the agonist _______ to create movement

A

shortens

52
Q

during muscular contraction the antagonist _____ to co-ordinate the action

A

lengthens

53
Q

there are 2 main types of muscle contraction which are…

A

isotonic
isometric

54
Q

the two 2 types of isotonic contraction are…

A

concentric
eccentric

55
Q

how does a concentric contraction cause movement?

A

the muscle shortens to produce tension

56
Q

give a practical example of a concentric contraction

A

the biceps brachii concentrically contracts to lift weight in the upward phase of biceps curl

57
Q

give a practical example of an eccentric contraction

A

the biceps brachii eccentrically contracts to lower the weight in the downward phase of a biceps curl

58
Q

how does an eccentric contraction produce movement?

A

muscle lengthens to produce tension

59
Q

how does an isometric contraction produce movement?

A

muscle contracts but does not change length and no movement is created

60
Q

give a practical example of an isometric contraction

A

holding the press up position still with arms and elbows extended

61
Q

explain how a motor unit is stimulated to create muscular contraction

(5 steps)

A
  1. nerve impulse is initiated in the motor neurone cell body
  2. nerve impulse conducted down the axon of the motor neurone by a nerve action potential to the synaptic cleft
  3. acetylcholine is secreted into the synaptic cleft to conduct the nerve impulse across the gap
  4. if the electrical charge is above threshold the muscle will contract
  5. this happens in an all or none fashion
62
Q

slow oxidative fibres have a _____ neurone size

A

small

63
Q

slow oxidative fibres have ___ fibres per neurone

A

few

64
Q

slow oxidative fibres have _____ capillary density

A

high

65
Q

slow oxidative fibres have ___ mitochondria denisty

A

high

66
Q

slow oxidative fibres have ___ myoglobin denisty

A

high

67
Q

slow oxidative fibres have a ___ phosphocreatine store

A

low

68
Q

fast oxidative glycolytic fibres have a ____ neurone size

A

large

69
Q

fast oxidative glycolytic fibres have _____ fibres per neurone

A

many

70
Q

fast oxidative glycolytic fibres have a ____ capillary denisty

A

high

71
Q

fast oxidative glycolytic fibres have a ______ mitochondria denisty

A

moderate

72
Q

fast oxidative glycolytic fibres have a ____ myoglobin density

A

moderate

73
Q

fast oxidative glycolytic fibres have a ______ phosphocreatine store

A

high

74
Q

fast glycolytic fibres have a ______ neurone size

A

large

75
Q

fast glycolytic fibres have _____ fibres per neurone

A

many

76
Q

fast glycolytic fibres have ______ capillary density

A

low

77
Q

fast glycolytic fibres have ____ mitochondria density

A

low

78
Q

fast glycolytic fibres have ____ myoglobin denisty

A

low

79
Q

fast glycolytic fibres have a _____ phosphocreatine store

A

high

80
Q

slow oxidative fibres have a _____ speed of contraction

A

slow

81
Q

slow oxidative fibres have a ___ force of contraction

A

low

82
Q

slow oxidative fibres have a ____ resistance to fatigue

A

high

83
Q

slow oxidative fibres have a ___ aerobic capacity

A

high

84
Q

slow oxidative fibres have a ____ anaerobic capacity

A

low

85
Q

fast oxidative glycolytic fibres have a ____ speed of contraction

A

fast

86
Q

fast oxidative glycolytic fibres have a ___ force of contraction

A

low

87
Q

fast oxidative glycolytic fibres have a ______ resistance to fatigue

A

moderate

88
Q

fast oxidative glycolytic fibres have a _____ aerobic capacity

A

moderate

89
Q

fast oxidative glycolytic fibres have a ____ anaerobic capacity

A

moderate

90
Q

fast glycolytic fibres have a _____ speed of contraction

A

fast

91
Q

fast glycolytic fibres have a ____ force of contraction

A

high

92
Q

fast glycolytic fibres have a ______ resistance to fatigue

A

low

93
Q

fast glycolytic fibres have a _____ aerobic capacity

A

low

94
Q

fast glycolytic fibres have a _____ anaerobic capacity

A

high

95
Q

do slow oxidative fibres recover quickly?

A

yes

96
Q

what type of exercise intensity are slow oxidative fibres used for

A

sub maximal

97
Q

do fast oxidative fibres resist fatigue?

A

yes

98
Q

practical example that uses slow oxidative fibre types

A

marathon

99
Q

practical example that uses fast oxidative glycolytic fibres

A

800m run

100
Q

practical example that uses fast glycolytic fibres

A

100m sprint

101
Q

delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS) is…

A

pain and stiffness felt in the muscles, which peaks 24-72 hours after exercise associated with eccentric muscle contraction

A level PE (20 decks)

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