Skill Acquisition (2.1) Flashcards
on the musular movement continuum skills are classified into _______ or _____ skills
gross
fine
on the environmental influence continuum skills are classified into ____ or ______
open
closed
on the continuity continuum skills are classified into _____ , ______ or ______
discrete
serial
continuous
on the pacing continuum skills are classified into _____ or______
internally paced
externally paced
on the difficulty continuum skills are classified into ____ or _____
simple
complex
on the organisation contiuum skills are classified into _____ or _____
low
high
a gross skill is…
a skill that uses large muscle groups
a fine skill is….
a skill that is an intricate movement using only small muscle groups
a sporting example of a gross skill is
running in a 1500m
a sporting example of a fine skill is
a snooker shot
an open skill is…
a skill that is affected by the environment, where the environment is constantly changing
a closed skill is…
a skill that is not affected by the environment, where the environment is predictable
an example of an open skill is…
a return in a game of tennis
an example of a closed skill is…
a serve in tennis
a discrete skill is…
a skill that is brief, with well defined actions that have a clear beginning, middle and end
a serial skill is…
a skill where a group of discrete skills are strung together to make a new and complex movement
a coninuous skill is…
a skill that has no clear beginning or end and is repeated
an example of a discrete skill is…
a penalty kick in football
an example of a serial skill is…
the hop, skip and jump in a triple jump
an example of a continuous skill is…
running
an internally paced skill is…
a skill that is self paced, the performer controls the rate at which the skill is executed
an externally paced skill is…
when the environment controls the rate of performing of the skill
an example of an internally paced skill is…
javelin throw
an example of an externally paced skill is…
a dancing routine that has to be in time to the music
a simple skill is….
a skill that involves few decisons and little concentration
a complex skill is…
a skill that involves many decisions and are complicated
an example of a simple skill is…
sprinting in a 100m sprint
an example of a complex skill is…
a vault in gymnastics
a low organisation skill is…
a skill that is easy and uncomplicated and can be broken down into subroutines
a high organisation skill is…
a skill that cannot be broken down into sub-routines
what are the 8 different types of practice?
part practice
whole practice
whole-part-whole practice
progressive part practice
massed practice
distibuted practice
fixed practice
varied practice
what is part practice?
working on an isolated subroutine to perfect it
the 2 advantges of part practice are
it reduces the possibility of overload
allows the performer to gain confidence
give a practical example of part practice
practising only the backswing in a tennis serve
what is whole practice?
a skill being taught and practised as a whole
when is whole practice used ?
high organistaion skills
what is the advantage of whole practice?
helps to develop kinasthesis
give a practical example of whole practice
practicising a golf swing
what is whole-part-whole practice?
practising the whole skill then practising a sub routine in isolation then practising the whole skill again
when is whole-part-whole practice used?
serial skills or low organisation skills
what are the 2 advantages of whole-part-whole practice?
can identify strengths & weaknesses
allows some feel of the skill
give a practical example of whole-part-whole practice
practising the whole swim stroke
practising the leg kick in isolation using a float
practice whole stroke again `
what is progressive part practice?
where a skill is broken down into subroutines. the athlete learns one link then once mastered adds another link on (chaining) until the whole skill is complete
when is progressive part practice used?
serial skills
complex skills
low organisation skills
what is the advantage of progressive part practice?
helpful to allow perfomer to learn links between subroutines and transfer these to the whole skill
give a practical example of progressive part practice
gymnastics floor routine
what is massed practice?
practice with short or no rest intervals
when is massed practice used ?
discrete skills
highly motivated performers with high fitness levels
give a practical example of massed practice
hitting 5 minutes of tennis forehand shots with little or no rest between shots, using a ball machine
what is distributed practise?
practice sessions with rest intervals included
when is distributed practice used ?
continuous skills
with beginners
complex skills
what are the 2 advantages of distributed practice?
rest intervals allows time for feedback
helps maintain motivation
give a practical example of distributed practice
a swimmer does a length than has a rest while the coach gives feedback
what is fixed practice?
a specific movement pattern is practised repeatedly in a stable environment
when is fixed practice used?
with closed skills
what is the advantage of fixed practice?
allows skills to become habitual and automatic
give a practical example of fixed practice
a discus thrower practising in the throwing circle - the discus always ways the same and the circle is always the same area
what is varied practice?
when a skill is practised in many environments
when is varied practice used?
with open skills
what are the advantages of varied practice?
allows the performer to develop decision making skills
give a practical example of varied practice
a small sided game in football where the athlete can work on passing in a pressure situation
what are the 5 types of transfer?
proactive transfer
retroative transfer
negative transfer
positive transfer
bilateral transfer
postive transfer is…
when the learning and performance of one skill helps the learning and performance of another skill
give a practical example of positive transfer
the skill of throwing can be transferred to the arm action of a tennis serve
negative transfer is…
when the learning and performance of one skill hinders the performance of another skill
give a practical example of negative transfer
a sqaush player who takes up tennis may find it difficult to learn not to use their wrist during shots
bilateral transfer is….
the transfer of learning from one limb to the other
give a practical example of bilateral transfer
a footballer who can shoot with the right foot then also learns to do it on the left
proactive transfer is….
when a skill learned previously affects a skill yet to be learned
give a practical example of proactive transfer
throwing a ball will help an overarm volleyball serve
retroactive transfer is…
when learning a new skill affects a previously learned skill
what 4 ways can positive transfer be maximised?
- Learner should be made aware of transferable elements of a previously learned skills
- Situational Influence - the situation needs to be similar to the real situation
- The information processing required is similar for the two skills
- Ensure that previously learned skills have been well learned
what 4 ways can negative transfer be minimised?
- Draw the performer’s attention to the differences in the response
- Make practice sessions similar to the performance / game situation
- Make sure skills are thoroughly learned before moving on to new ones
- Don’t teach conflicting skills at the same time
the 4 theories of learning are:
- operant conditioning
- Thorndike’s laws
- cognitive theory of learning
- Bandura’s observational learning
the 3 stages of learning are:
cognitive
associative
autonomous
what are they key features of a cognitive learner?
- lots of trial and error
- makes lots of mistakes
- no kinasthesis
- trying to create a mental picture of the skill
give a practical example of a cognitive learner in a sport of your choice
in skiing a cognitive learner will be wobbly on their skiis, fall over regularly and unable to turn
what are the key features of an associative learner?
- performer practices skills
- can create a mental image of the skill
- more aware of subtle and complex cues
- inconsistent
give a practical example of an associative learner in a sport of your choice
in skiing an associative learner would make fewer and smaller errors, would fall over less and can make basic turns
what are the key features of an automonous learner?
- can execute skill without concious thought
- motor programmes are in long term memory
- consistent
give a practical example of an automonous learner in a sport of your choice
in skiing an automonous learner rarely falls over, turns fluidly and rarely makes handling errors
the 4 types of guidance are:
verbal
visual
mechanical
manual
verbal guidance is….
a coach or significant other telling the performer what they are doing right and wrong
the 2 advantages of verbal guidance are…
- can reinforce good movements and identify errors that need to be corrected
- can hold tha attention of the performer and be used to motivate
the 2 disadvantages of verbal guidance are….
- can lead to information overload
- if guidance is inaccurate skills will be hindered
visual guidance is…
the use of images or demonstrations to help a learner develop a skill
the 3 advantages of visual guidance are…
- easy to create a mental picture
- skill can be seen at different stages
- encourages observational learning
the 3 disadvantages of visual guidnace are…
- if demo is incorrect, bad habits could form
- coach may not be able to show acccurate demo
- visual representation may be too quick
manual guidance is…
physical support from another person when learning or developing a skill
mechanical guidance is….
physical support from a mechanical device to help develop a skill
the 4 advantages of manual guidance are…
- helps with confidence
- can increase safety
- can give kinasthesis feel
- can be used to isolate a skill action
the 3 disadvantages of manual guidance are…
- can be over restrictive
- can lead to false kinasthesis
- could negatively affect motivation
the 4 advantages of mechanical guidance are…
- helps with confidence
- can increase safety
- can give kinasthesis feel
- can be used to isolate a skill action
the 3 disadvantages of mechanical guidance are…
- can be over restrictive
- can lead to false kinasthesis
- could negatively affect motivation
the 6 types of feedback are…
intrinsic
extrinsic
positive
negative
knowledge of results
knowlwdge of performance
intrinsic feedback is…
internal feedback for tha athlete from proprioreceptors about the feel of the movement
give a practical example of intrinsic feedback
a swimmer feels their leg kick is strong and effective
extrinsic feedback is…
feedback that comes from an external source
give a practical example of extrinsic feedback
a coach tells a gymnast she needs to point her toes in her straddle jump
positive feedback is…
feedback that reinforces skill learning and gives information about a successful outcome
give a practical example of positive feedback
a badminton coach praises a player when they perform the short serve correctly
negative feedback is…
information about an unsuccessful outcome that can be used to build more successful strategies
give a practical example of negative feedback
a coach tells the netballer that their shooting has been inaccurate
knowledge of results is…
terminal feedback that gives the performer information about the end result of the response
give a practical example of knowledge of results
a gymnast learns her score after her beam routine
knowledge of performance is..
information about how well a movement is being executed
give a practical example of of knowledge of performance
a golfer is told by their coach that their putting has been consistent
give 3 ways of improving memory in sport
- chunking of information
- use of mental rehearsal
- association
benefits of chunking
can extend capacity of STM
minimise no. or complexity of skill
makes it easier for info retention
info stored in smaller amounts
give an example of chunking in sport
e.g using stories like “clean palm, dirty neck” in shot put
explain use of mental rehersal
thinking through routines or patterns of movement and developing mantas strategies like imagery
give an example of use of mental rehearsal in sport
a gymnast focusing on movement patterns of her gymnastics routine before performing
explain association in sport
performer remembers better if they can associate with something already learned, developing s-r bond
give an example of association in sport
give a practical example of association in sport
when a player sees a particular arm action of the opponent in squash he knows to expect a particular type of shot
define encoding
involves conversion of info into codes. visual, auditory and semantic
define retrieval
involves recovering info that is stored
define chunking
different pieces of information can be chunked together and remembered as one piece
define selective attention
allows relevant information to be filtered through STM and irrelevant information is lost or forgotten
the three memory stores in Atkinson and Shiffrens model are…
the short term sensory
the short term memory
the long term memory
what is the capacity of the short term sensory store?
unlimited
what is the capacity of the short term memory?
5-9 items
what is the capacity of the long term memory?
unlimited
define operant conditioning
used trail and error learning to strengthen s-r bonds that are useful and weaken those that aren’t
what are the three parts involved in operant conditioning
positive reinforcement
negative reinforcement
punishment
operant coaching - what is postive reinforcement and give an example
praise that strengthens the s-r bond
e.g. a coach telling tennis player their serving is accurate
operant conditioning- what is negative reinforcement and give an example
where criticism is removed where previously given meaning athlete realised they are doing well and strengthens s-r bonds
e.g. a coach stops telling swimmer their stroke needs improvement
operant conditioning - what is punishment and give an example
the infliction of a penalty due to an offence by an athlete to weaken the not useful s-r bond
e.g. a cricket player is fined for dropped balls in a match to weaken that s-r bond so they stop doing it
what are the 4 stages of observational theory of learning
- attention
- retention
- motor production
- motivation
observational theory - explain and give an example of attention
performers need to watch a suitable demonstration of skill at the right difficulty level for them
e.g. a coach shows a gymnast a video demonstration of a somersault with key teaching points
observational theory - explain retention and give an example
creating the mental picture of a skill required and practicing it over and over in your mind
e.g a gymnast visualises what a successful somersault looks like and what she needs to do to achieve it
observational theory - explain motor production and give an example
the physical movement to perform the skill, athlete must have the ability to repeat skill first try of through series of progressions
e.g. gymnast learns to perform skill through progressions…
observational theory - what is motivation and give an example
the learners need, want or desire to replicate the skilled action
e.g. the gymnast enjoys feeling of accomplishment after learning the skill and coach congratulates her
what are thorndikes laws
law of readiness
law of effect
law of excercise
thorndikes laws - explain the law of excercise
epeating skills helps strengthen their s-r bonds
the more a skill is practiced the more likely a response will be linked to a stimulis
thorndikes laws - explain the law of effect
response followed by a satisfier leads to strengthened s-r bond
response followed by an annoyer leads to weakened s-r bond
thorndikes laws - explain the law of readiness
s-r bond strengthened when an individual is ready to learn and is allowed to do so
example of cognitive learning
learner gets on a bike
try to ride it and falls off
learner grasps insight and outs connections together and will make dramatic improvements
it will ‘click’
benefits of cognitive learning
kinasthesis and flow of skill is maintained
allows performer to create and develop their own strategy
negatives of cognitive learning
part learning not considered effective
the success of retrieval depends on…
depends on how well info is known and how much there is
give a practical example of massed practice
a tennis player rehearsing a serve over and over again without a rest period
give a practical example of distributed practice
a basketball player doing ten free throws then resting then repeating free throws
the advantages of the multi-store memory model are…
simplifies the memory process
explains how those with brain damage may have a dysfunctional memory
the disadvantages of the multi-store memory model are….
too simplified
doesn’t explain the intercation between LTM and STM
the advantages of the craik and lockhart’s memory model…
explains that if we understand information we are more likely to remember it
the longer we consider and analyse information the more likely we remember it
the disadvantges of the craik and lockhart’s memory model…
its difficult to know what deep processing involves
doesn’t take into account individual differences
define memory trace
when the brain cells retain or store information
