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A level PE > Skill Acquisition (2.1) > Flashcards

Skill Acquisition (2.1) Flashcards

1
Q

on the musular movement continuum skills are classified into _______ or _____ skills

A

gross
fine

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2
Q

on the environmental influence continuum skills are classified into ____ or ______

A

open
closed

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3
Q

on the continuity continuum skills are classified into _____ , ______ or ______

A

discrete
serial
continuous

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4
Q

on the pacing continuum skills are classified into _____ or______

A

internally paced
externally paced

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5
Q

on the difficulty continuum skills are classified into ____ or _____

A

simple
complex

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6
Q

on the organisation contiuum skills are classified into _____ or _____

A

low
high

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7
Q

a gross skill is…

A

a skill that uses large muscle groups

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8
Q

a fine skill is….

A

a skill that is an intricate movement using only small muscle groups

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9
Q

a sporting example of a gross skill is

A

running in a 1500m

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10
Q

a sporting example of a fine skill is

A

a snooker shot

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11
Q

an open skill is…

A

a skill that is affected by the environment, where the environment is constantly changing

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12
Q

a closed skill is…

A

a skill that is not affected by the environment, where the environment is predictable

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13
Q

an example of an open skill is…

A

a return in a game of tennis

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14
Q

an example of a closed skill is…

A

a serve in tennis

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15
Q

a discrete skill is…

A

a skill that is brief, with well defined actions that have a clear beginning, middle and end

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16
Q

a serial skill is…

A

a skill where a group of discrete skills are strung together to make a new and complex movement

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17
Q

a coninuous skill is…

A

a skill that has no clear beginning or end and is repeated

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18
Q

an example of a discrete skill is…

A

a penalty kick in football

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19
Q

an example of a serial skill is…

A

the hop, skip and jump in a triple jump

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20
Q

an example of a continuous skill is…

A

running

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21
Q

an internally paced skill is…

A

a skill that is self paced, the performer controls the rate at which the skill is executed

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22
Q

an externally paced skill is…

A

when the environment controls the rate of performing of the skill

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23
Q

an example of an internally paced skill is…

A

javelin throw

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24
Q

an example of an externally paced skill is…

A

a dancing routine that has to be in time to the music

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25
Q

a simple skill is….

A

a skill that involves few decisons and little concentration

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26
Q

a complex skill is…

A

a skill that involves many decisions and are complicated

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27
Q

an example of a simple skill is…

A

sprinting in a 100m sprint

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28
Q

an example of a complex skill is…

A

a vault in gymnastics

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29
Q

a low organisation skill is…

A

a skill that is easy and uncomplicated and can be broken down into subroutines

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30
Q

a high organisation skill is…

A

a skill that cannot be broken down into sub-routines

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31
Q

what are the 8 different types of practice?

A

part practice
whole practice
whole-part-whole practice
progressive part practice
massed practice
distibuted practice
fixed practice
varied practice

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32
Q

what is part practice?

A

working on an isolated subroutine to perfect it

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33
Q

the 2 advantges of part practice are

A

it reduces the possibility of overload
allows the performer to gain confidence

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34
Q

give a practical example of part practice

A

practising only the backswing in a tennis serve

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35
Q

what is whole practice?

A

a skill being taught and practised as a whole

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36
Q

when is whole practice used ?

A

high organistaion skills

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37
Q

what is the advantage of whole practice?

A

helps to develop kinasthesis

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38
Q

give a practical example of whole practice

A

practicising a golf swing

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39
Q

what is whole-part-whole practice?

A

practising the whole skill then practising a sub routine in isolation then practising the whole skill again

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40
Q

when is whole-part-whole practice used?

A

serial skills or low organisation skills

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41
Q

what are the 2 advantages of whole-part-whole practice?

A

can identify strengths & weaknesses
allows some feel of the skill

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42
Q

give a practical example of whole-part-whole practice

A

practising the whole swim stroke
practising the leg kick in isolation using a float
practice whole stroke again `

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43
Q

what is progressive part practice?

A

where a skill is broken down into subroutines. the athlete learns one link then once mastered adds another link on (chaining) until the whole skill is complete

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44
Q

when is progressive part practice used?

A

serial skills
complex skills
low organisation skills

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45
Q

what is the advantage of progressive part practice?

A

helpful to allow perfomer to learn links between subroutines and transfer these to the whole skill

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46
Q

give a practical example of progressive part practice

A

gymnastics floor routine

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47
Q

what is massed practice?

A

practice with short or no rest intervals

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48
Q

when is massed practice used ?

A

discrete skills
highly motivated performers with high fitness levels

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49
Q

give a practical example of massed practice

A

hitting 5 minutes of tennis forehand shots with little or no rest between shots, using a ball machine

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50
Q

what is distributed practise?

A

practice sessions with rest intervals included

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51
Q

when is distributed practice used ?

A

continuous skills
with beginners
complex skills

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52
Q

what are the 2 advantages of distributed practice?

A

rest intervals allows time for feedback
helps maintain motivation

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53
Q

give a practical example of distributed practice

A

a swimmer does a length than has a rest while the coach gives feedback

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54
Q

what is fixed practice?

A

a specific movement pattern is practised repeatedly in a stable environment

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55
Q

when is fixed practice used?

A

with closed skills

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56
Q

what is the advantage of fixed practice?

A

allows skills to become habitual and automatic

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57
Q

give a practical example of fixed practice

A

a discus thrower practising in the throwing circle - the discus always ways the same and the circle is always the same area

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58
Q

what is varied practice?

A

when a skill is practised in many environments

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59
Q

when is varied practice used?

A

with open skills

60
Q

what are the advantages of varied practice?

A

allows the performer to develop decision making skills

61
Q

give a practical example of varied practice

A

a small sided game in football where the athlete can work on passing in a pressure situation

62
Q

what are the 5 types of transfer?

A

proactive transfer
retroative transfer
negative transfer
positive transfer
bilateral transfer

63
Q

postive transfer is…

A

when the learning and performance of one skill helps the learning and performance of another skill

64
Q

give a practical example of positive transfer

A

the skill of throwing can be transferred to the arm action of a tennis serve

65
Q

negative transfer is…

A

when the learning and performance of one skill hinders the performance of another skill

66
Q

give a practical example of negative transfer

A

a sqaush player who takes up tennis may find it difficult to learn not to use their wrist during shots

67
Q

bilateral transfer is….

A

the transfer of learning from one limb to the other

68
Q

give a practical example of bilateral transfer

A

a footballer who can shoot with the right foot then also learns to do it on the left

69
Q

proactive transfer is….

A

when a skill learned previously affects a skill yet to be learned

70
Q

give a practical example of proactive transfer

A

throwing a ball will help an overarm volleyball serve

71
Q

retroactive transfer is…

A

when learning a new skill affects a previously learned skill

72
Q

what 4 ways can positive transfer be maximised?

A
  1. Learner should be made aware of transferable elements of a previously learned skills
  2. Situational Influence - the situation needs to be similar to the real situation
  3. The information processing required is similar for the two skills
  4. Ensure that previously learned skills have been well learned
73
Q

what 4 ways can negative transfer be minimised?

A
  1. Draw the performer’s attention to the differences in the response
  2. Make practice sessions similar to the performance / game situation
  3. Make sure skills are thoroughly learned before moving on to new ones
  4. Don’t teach conflicting skills at the same time
74
Q

the 4 theories of learning are:

A
  1. operant conditioning
  2. Thorndike’s laws
  3. cognitive theory of learning
  4. Bandura’s observational learning
75
Q

the 3 stages of learning are:

A

cognitive
associative
autonomous

76
Q

what are they key features of a cognitive learner?

A
  • lots of trial and error
  • makes lots of mistakes
  • no kinasthesis
  • trying to create a mental picture of the skill
77
Q

give a practical example of a cognitive learner in a sport of your choice

A

in skiing a cognitive learner will be wobbly on their skiis, fall over regularly and unable to turn

78
Q

what are the key features of an associative learner?

A
  • performer practices skills​
  • can create a mental image of the skill​
  • more aware of subtle and complex cues​
  • inconsistent
79
Q

give a practical example of an associative learner in a sport of your choice

A

in skiing an associative learner would make fewer and smaller errors, would fall over less and can make basic turns

80
Q

what are the key features of an automonous learner?

A
  • can execute skill without concious thought
  • motor programmes are in long term memory
  • consistent
81
Q

give a practical example of an automonous learner in a sport of your choice

A

in skiing an automonous learner rarely falls over, turns fluidly and rarely makes handling errors

82
Q

the 4 types of guidance are:

A

verbal
visual
mechanical
manual

83
Q

verbal guidance is….

A

a coach or significant other telling the performer what they are doing right and wrong

84
Q

the 2 advantages of verbal guidance are…

A
  1. can reinforce good movements and identify errors that need to be corrected
  2. can hold tha attention of the performer and be used to motivate
85
Q

the 2 disadvantages of verbal guidance are….

A
  1. can lead to information overload
  2. if guidance is inaccurate skills will be hindered
86
Q

visual guidance is…

A

the use of images or demonstrations to help a learner develop a skill

87
Q

the 3 advantages of visual guidance are…

A
  1. easy to create a mental picture
  2. skill can be seen at different stages
  3. encourages observational learning
88
Q

the 3 disadvantages of visual guidnace are…

A
  1. if demo is incorrect, bad habits could form
  2. coach may not be able to show acccurate demo
  3. visual representation may be too quick
89
Q

manual guidance is…

A

physical support from another person when learning or developing a skill

90
Q

mechanical guidance is….

A

physical support from a mechanical device to help develop a skill

91
Q

the 4 advantages of manual guidance are…

A
  1. helps with confidence
  2. can increase safety
  3. can give kinasthesis feel
  4. can be used to isolate a skill action
92
Q

the 3 disadvantages of manual guidance are…

A
  1. can be over restrictive
  2. can lead to false kinasthesis
  3. could negatively affect motivation
93
Q

the 4 advantages of mechanical guidance are…

A
  1. helps with confidence
  2. can increase safety
  3. can give kinasthesis feel
  4. can be used to isolate a skill action
94
Q

the 3 disadvantages of mechanical guidance are…

A
  1. can be over restrictive
  2. can lead to false kinasthesis
  3. could negatively affect motivation
95
Q

the 6 types of feedback are…

A

intrinsic
extrinsic
positive
negative
knowledge of results
knowlwdge of performance

96
Q

intrinsic feedback is…

A

internal feedback for tha athlete from proprioreceptors about the feel of the movement

97
Q

give a practical example of intrinsic feedback

A

a swimmer feels their leg kick is strong and effective

98
Q

extrinsic feedback is…

A

feedback that comes from an external source

99
Q

give a practical example of extrinsic feedback

A

a coach tells a gymnast she needs to point her toes in her straddle jump

100
Q

positive feedback is…

A

feedback that reinforces skill learning and gives information about a successful outcome

101
Q

give a practical example of positive feedback

A

a badminton coach praises a player when they perform the short serve correctly

102
Q

negative feedback is…

A

information about an unsuccessful outcome that can be used to build more successful strategies

103
Q

give a practical example of negative feedback

A

a coach tells the netballer that their shooting has been inaccurate

104
Q

knowledge of results is…

A

terminal feedback that gives the performer information about the end result of the response

105
Q

give a practical example of knowledge of results

A

a gymnast learns her score after her beam routine

106
Q

knowledge of performance is..

A

information about how well a movement is being executed

107
Q

give a practical example of of knowledge of performance

A

a golfer is told by their coach that their putting has been consistent

108
Q

give 3 ways of improving memory in sport

A
  1. chunking of information
  2. use of mental rehearsal
  3. association
109
Q

benefits of chunking

A

can extend capacity of STM
minimise no. or complexity of skill
makes it easier for info retention
info stored in smaller amounts

110
Q

give an example of chunking in sport

A

e.g using stories like “clean palm, dirty neck” in shot put

111
Q

explain use of mental rehersal

A

thinking through routines or patterns of movement and developing mantas strategies like imagery

112
Q

give an example of use of mental rehearsal in sport

A

a gymnast focusing on movement patterns of her gymnastics routine before performing

113
Q

explain association in sport

A

performer remembers better if they can associate with something already learned, developing s-r bond
give an example of association in sport

114
Q

give a practical example of association in sport

A

when a player sees a particular arm action of the opponent in squash he knows to expect a particular type of shot

115
Q

define encoding

A

involves conversion of info into codes. visual, auditory and semantic

116
Q

define retrieval

A

involves recovering info that is stored

117
Q

define chunking

A

different pieces of information can be chunked together and remembered as one piece

118
Q

define selective attention

A

allows relevant information to be filtered through STM and irrelevant information is lost or forgotten

119
Q

the three memory stores in Atkinson and Shiffrens model are…

A

the short term sensory
the short term memory
the long term memory

120
Q

what is the capacity of the short term sensory store?

A

unlimited

121
Q

what is the capacity of the short term memory?

A

5-9 items

122
Q

what is the capacity of the long term memory?

A

unlimited

123
Q

define operant conditioning

A

used trail and error learning to strengthen s-r bonds that are useful and weaken those that aren’t

124
Q

what are the three parts involved in operant conditioning

A

positive reinforcement
negative reinforcement
punishment

125
Q

operant coaching - what is postive reinforcement and give an example

A

praise that strengthens the s-r bond
e.g. a coach telling tennis player their serving is accurate

126
Q

operant conditioning- what is negative reinforcement and give an example

A

where criticism is removed where previously given meaning athlete realised they are doing well and strengthens s-r bonds
e.g. a coach stops telling swimmer their stroke needs improvement

127
Q

operant conditioning - what is punishment and give an example

A

the infliction of a penalty due to an offence by an athlete to weaken the not useful s-r bond
e.g. a cricket player is fined for dropped balls in a match to weaken that s-r bond so they stop doing it

128
Q

what are the 4 stages of observational theory of learning

A
  1. attention
  2. retention
  3. motor production
  4. motivation
129
Q

observational theory - explain and give an example of attention

A

performers need to watch a suitable demonstration of skill at the right difficulty level for them

e.g. a coach shows a gymnast a video demonstration of a somersault with key teaching points

130
Q

observational theory - explain retention and give an example

A

creating the mental picture of a skill required and practicing it over and over in your mind

e.g a gymnast visualises what a successful somersault looks like and what she needs to do to achieve it

131
Q

observational theory - explain motor production and give an example

A

the physical movement to perform the skill, athlete must have the ability to repeat skill first try of through series of progressions
e.g. gymnast learns to perform skill through progressions…

132
Q

observational theory - what is motivation and give an example

A

the learners need, want or desire to replicate the skilled action

e.g. the gymnast enjoys feeling of accomplishment after learning the skill and coach congratulates her

133
Q

what are thorndikes laws

A

law of readiness
law of effect
law of excercise

134
Q

thorndikes laws - explain the law of excercise

A

epeating skills helps strengthen their s-r bonds
the more a skill is practiced the more likely a response will be linked to a stimulis

135
Q

thorndikes laws - explain the law of effect

A

response followed by a satisfier leads to strengthened s-r bond
response followed by an annoyer leads to weakened s-r bond

136
Q

thorndikes laws - explain the law of readiness

A

s-r bond strengthened when an individual is ready to learn and is allowed to do so

137
Q

example of cognitive learning

A

learner gets on a bike
try to ride it and falls off
learner grasps insight and outs connections together and will make dramatic improvements
it will ‘click’

138
Q

benefits of cognitive learning

A

kinasthesis and flow of skill is maintained
allows performer to create and develop their own strategy

139
Q

negatives of cognitive learning

A

part learning not considered effective

140
Q

the success of retrieval depends on…

A

depends on how well info is known and how much there is

141
Q

give a practical example of massed practice

A

a tennis player rehearsing a serve over and over again without a rest period

142
Q

give a practical example of distributed practice

A

a basketball player doing ten free throws then resting then repeating free throws

143
Q

the advantages of the multi-store memory model are…

A

simplifies the memory process
explains how those with brain damage may have a dysfunctional memory

144
Q

the disadvantages of the multi-store memory model are….

A

too simplified
doesn’t explain the intercation between LTM and STM

145
Q

the advantages of the craik and lockhart’s memory model…

A

explains that if we understand information we are more likely to remember it
the longer we consider and analyse information the more likely we remember it

146
Q

the disadvantges of the craik and lockhart’s memory model…

A

its difficult to know what deep processing involves
doesn’t take into account individual differences

147
Q

define memory trace

A

when the brain cells retain or store information

A level PE (20 decks)

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