Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

A level PE > Cardiovascular System (1.1b) > Flashcards

Cardiovascular System (1.1b) Flashcards

1
Q

what type of muscle is the heart

A

cardiac muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what does myogenic mean

A

the capacity of the heart to generate its own electrical impulse, causing the cardiac muscle to contract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

name the 5 structures involved in the conduction system

A

SA node
AV node
bundle of his
bundle branches
purkyne fibres

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what does the SA node do

A

generates the electrical impulse and fires it through the atria walls causing them to contract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

where is the SA node found

A

in the right atrial wall

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

why is the SA node known as the ‘pacemaker’

A

it’s firing rate will determine heart rate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what does the AV node do

A

it collects the impulse and delays is for about 0.1 sec to allow atria to finish contracting. then releases impulse to bundle of his

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

where are the bundle of his located

A

septum of the heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what does the bundle of his do

A

it splits the impulse in two, ready to be distributed through each separate ventricle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what do the bundle branches do

A

they carry the impulse to the base of each ventricle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what do the purkinje fibres do

A

they distribute the impulse through the ventricle walls, causing them to contract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what happens when the impulses journey is complete

A

the atria and ventricles relax and heart re fills with blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

define heart rate (HR)

A

no. of times the heart beats per minute

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is the average HR of an untrained person at rest

A

70-72 bpm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is the average HR of a trained athlete at rest

A

lower than 60 bpm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what is the term used for when a person has lower than 60 bpm av HR

A

bradycardia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

define stroke volume (SV)

A

volume of blood ejected from the left ventricle per beat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what is the average SV of an untrained person at rest?

A

70ml/beat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what is the average SV of a trained athlete at rest?

A

100ml/beat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

define cardiac output (Q)

A

the volume of blood ejected from the left ventricle per min

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

how do you calculate Q

A

SV x HR

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what is the average max HR of all people

A

220bpm - age

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what is the average stroke volume of an untrained person during max exercise

A

100-120ml

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what is the average Q of an untrained person at rest

A

5 litres per min

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
what is the average Q for an untrained person at max exercise
20 - 30 litres per min
26
what is the average SV for a trained athlete at rest
100ml/beat
27
what is the average SV of a trained athlete during max exercise
160 - 200ml/beat
28
what is the average Q of a trained athlete at rest
5 litres per min
29
what is the average Q for a trained athlete during max exercise
30-40 litres per min
30
what is sub-maximal exercise
exercise that is low to moderate intensity within a performers aerobic capacity.
31
give a practical example of sub-maximal exercise
marathon running
32
what is maximal excercise
excercise is at a high intensity above the performers aerobic capacity, which will take a performer to exhaustion
33
give a practical example of maximal exercise
100m sprint
34
name the 5 stages in response to sub-maximal exercise
1. anticipatory rise 2. rapid increase 3. steady state 4. rapid decrease 5. gradual decrease
35
why is there an anticipatory rise before exercise starts
there’s a release of adrenaline
36
name the 5 stages in response to maximal exercise
1. anticipatory rise 2. rapid increase 3. slower increase 4. rapid decrease 5. gradual decrease
37
how does SV change in response to sub maximal exercise
SV increases in proportion to exercise intensity until a plateau is reached at approx 40-60% of working capacity
38
how is SV able to increase
increased venous return and the Frank-Starling mechanism
39
venous return is...
the volume of blood that returns to the heart from the body
40
what happens to venous return during exercise
it increases
41
what is frank-starling mechanism
increased VR leads to an increased SV, due to a stretch of ventricle walls and therefore force of contraction
42
why does SV plateau during sub-maximal exercise
increased HR doesn’t allows enough time for the ventricles to fill with blood completely in the diastolic phase
43
define cardiac diastole
relaxation of the cardiac muscle allowing it to refill with blood
44
define cardiac systole
contraction of cardiac muscle forcing blood out of the blood
45
what are the three stages of the cardiac cycle
1. diastole 2. atria systole 3. ventricular systole
46
what happens during diastole (4 steps)
1. atria and ventricle expand and draw in blood 2. pressure in atria increases opening AV valves 3. blood passively enters ventricles 4. SL valves closed to prevent blood leaving the heart
47
what happens during atria systole (1 stage)
the atria contract forcing blood into the ventricles
48
what happens during ventricular systole ( 2 stages)
1. ventricles contract increasing pressure, causing the AV valves to close 2. SL valves open as blood is ejected from ventricles into aorta and pulmonary artery
49
what is the cardiac control centre
a control centre responsible for HR regulation
50
where is the cardiac control centre
in the medulla oblongata
51
what is the sympathetic nervous system
part of the autonomic nervous system responsible for increasing HR, specifically during exercise
52
what is the parasympathetic nervous system responsible for?
decreasing HR specifically during recovery
53
what does the autonomic nervous system do
involuntarily regulates HR and determines the firing rate of the SA node
54
identify the receptors involved in neural control
chemoreceptors baroreceptors proprioreceptors
55
where are chemoreceptors found
muscles aorta carotid arteries
56
what are chemoreceptors responsible for
inform CCC of chemical changes in the blood stream ( LA and CO2)
57
where are proprioreceptors found
muscles tendons joints
58
what are proprioreceptors responsible for
inform CCC of motor activity
59
where are baroreceptors found
blood vessel walls
60
what are baroreceptors responsible for
inform CCC of blood pressure changes
61
what are the two parts of intrinsic control
temperature and venous return
62
intrinsic control - how will temperature have an affect on the CV system
affects viscosity of blood and speed of nerve impulse transmission
63
intrinsic control - how will venous return have an effect on the CV system
affects the stretch in the ventricle walls force of contraction and therefore stroke volume
64
what chemicals are involved in hormonal control
adrenaline and noradrenaline
65
what do adrenaline and noradrenaline do
increase the force of ventricular contraction (therefore SV) and increasing the spread of the electrical activity through the heart (therefore HR)
66
what do the arteries do
transport oxygenated blood from heart to the muscles and organs
67
what do arteries sub divide into
atrioles
68
what do veins do
transport deoxygenated blood from muscles/organs back to the heart
69
what do capillaries do
bring blood slowly into close and organ cells for gaseous exchange
70
what is vascular shunt
the redistribution of blood through the vasodilation and vasoconstriction of veins
71
during exercise what do the arterioles leading to the muscles do
vasodilate
72
during exercise what do the arterioles leading to the non vital organs do
vasoconstrict
73
what type of blood does the pulmonary artery carry and where to
deoxygenated blood to the lungs
74
what type of blood does the pulmonary vein carry and where to
oxygenated blood to the heart from the lungs
75
where does the aorta take blood to
the body
76
what does the vena cava do
allows deoxygenated blood from the body to re enter the heart
77
does the aorta carry oxygenated or deoxygenated blood
oxygenated
78
name the 5 venous return mechanisms
pocket valves smooth muscle gravity muscle pump respiratory pump
79
what do pocket valves do
prevent back flow of blood
80
what is the smooth muscle (involved in venous return)
it’s a layer of smooth muscle in the vein wall
81
what does the smooth muscle do to increase venous return?
it vasoconstricts to create venomotor tone which aids blood movement
82
what does gravity do to venous return
helps it back to the heart
83
how does the muscle pump increase venous return?
during exercise muscles contract which compresses veins between them squeezing blood to heart
84
what does the respiratory pump do in venous return
in exp/inspiration a pressure difference between the thoracic cavity and abdominal cavity is created squeezing blood to heart
85
how is oxygen transported in the blood
1. blood plasma 2. combining with haemoglobin to form oxyhemoglobin
86
how is vascular shunt achieved by arterioles when exercise begins
vasoconstriction of aterioles leading to organs + vasodilation of aterioles of to muscles
87
how is vascular shunt achieved by pre capillary sphincters when exercise begins
pre capillary sphincters leading to muscles open + pre capillary sphincters leading to non vital organs close
88
define blood pooling
accumulation of blood in the veins due to gravitational pull and lack of venous return
89
what is vasomotor tone?
the smooth muscle in the walls of arterial blood vessels that is always in a slight state of contraction

A level PE (20 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions