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A level PE > Energy for Exercise (1.1c) > Flashcards

Energy for Exercise (1.1c) Flashcards

1
Q

ATP stands for…

A

adenosine triphosphate

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2
Q

ATP is stored in…

A

the muscle cell

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3
Q

what is the only immediate available source of energy for muscle contraction?

A

ATP

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4
Q

an exothermic reaction is one that…

A

releases energy

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5
Q

an endothermic reaction is one that…

A

absorbs energy

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6
Q

the equation for ATP breakdown is….
and what is it catalysed by…

A

ATP –> ADP + P + Energy
ATPase

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7
Q

the equation of ATP resynthesis is…

A

ADP + P + Energy –> ATP

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8
Q

ATP breakdown is an ________ reaction

A

exothermic

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9
Q

ATP resynthesis is an _________ reaction

A

endothermic

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10
Q

the ATP-PC system is used during…..

A

very high intensity excercise

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11
Q

a practical example for the ATP-PC system is…

A

100m sprint

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12
Q

when does the ATP-PC system kick in?

A

after 2 seconds of excercise

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13
Q

In the ATP-PC system PC is broken down ______

A

anaerobically

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14
Q

in the ATP-PC system,
when ATP levels fall and ADP and P levels rise what enzyme is triggered?

A

creatine kinase

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15
Q

in the ATP-PC system the first reaction is…

A

PC –> P + C + Energy

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16
Q

in the ATP-PC system the second reaction is…

A

ADP + P + Energy –> ATP

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17
Q

what is the ATP yield of the ATP-PC system?

A

1:1

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18
Q

are there any by-products of the ATP-PC system?

A

no

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19
Q

what is the duration of the ATP-PC system?

A

2-10 seconds

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20
Q

what are 3 strengths of the ATP-PC system?

A
  1. no delay for O2
  2. PC readily available in muscle cell
  3. simple & rapid breakdown
  4. provides energy for high intensity exercise
  5. no fatiguing by products
  6. simple compounds aid fast recovery
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21
Q

what is the weakness of the ATP-PC system?

A

low ATP yield and small PC stores lead to rapid fatigue after 8-10 seconds

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22
Q

During a 100m sprint an athlete resynthesises the ATP. Identify the fuel used to resynthesise ATP and the site of the reaction.
(2 marks)

A

Food fuel - phosphocreatine
Site of reaction - sarcoplasm

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23
Q

when does the glycolytic system kick in?

A

after 10 seconds

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24
Q

in the Glycolytic system when PC and ATP stores deplete alongside the rise in levels of P and ADP, what enzyme is released?

A

phosphofructokinase (PFK)

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25
Q

Phosphofructokinase catalyses…

A

the breakdown of glucose

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26
Q

In the Glycolytic system,
If glucose levels dip ________ is released

A

glycogen phosphorylase (GPP)

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27
Q

In the Glycolytic System,
GPP catalyses…

A

catalyses the breakdown of glycogen to glucose

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28
Q

in the Glycolytic System,
Glycogen —-> _______ (catalysed by ___ ) —> ________ (catalysed by ___ ) –> _____ (catalysed by ____)

A

—> glucose catalysed by GPP –> pyruvic acid catalysed by PFK —> lactic acid catalysed by lactate dehydrogenase

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29
Q

does the glycolytic system work anaerobically or aerobically?

A

anaerobically

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30
Q

the site of reaction in the glycolytic system is…

A

sarcoplasm

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31
Q

the ATP yield of the Glycolytic system is…

A

1:2

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32
Q

the by product of Glycolytic system is..

A

lactic acid

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33
Q

how long can the Glycolytic System last?

A

3 minutes

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34
Q

what are 3 strengths of the Glycolytic system?

A
  1. no delay for O2
  2. large fuel stores in liver and muscles
  3. fast fuel breakdown
  4. lactic acid can be recycled into fuel for further energy production
35
Q

what are 3 weaknesses of the Glycolytic system?

A
  1. lactic acid reduces pH and enzyme activity
  2. relatively low ATP yield
  3. recovery can be lengthy
36
Q

give sporting examples of the Glycolytic systems?

A

800m run
100m swim

37
Q

The aerobic system kicks in after….

A

3 minutes of exercise

38
Q

in the aerobic system, aerobic glycolysis occurs like this:
Glycogen —>______ (catalysed by _____ ) —-> ______ (catalysed by ____ ) —-> _______by ___)

A

Glucose catalysed by GPP
Pyruvic acid by PFK
Acetyl CoA by coenzyme A

39
Q

the aerobic system is broken into 3 parts that are:

A
  1. aerobic glycolysis
  2. kreb’s cycle
  3. electron transport chain
40
Q

in aerobic glycolysis,
what enters the krebs cycle?
and how is it made?

A

citric acid
acetyl coA and oxaloacetic acid

41
Q

what by-products are produced in the Krebs cycle?

A

CO2
hydrogen

42
Q

how much ATP is produced from the Krebs cycle?

A

2 ATP

43
Q

in aerobic respiration, in the ETC the hydrogen atoms are split into…

A

protons and electrons

44
Q

in aerobic respiration, in the ETC the protons are..

A

oxidised and removed as H2O

45
Q

in aerobic respiration, in the ETC the electrons are….

A

carried by NAD to release 30 ATP and FAD to produce 4 ATP

46
Q

what is the energy yield of ATP are produced in the ETC in aerobic respiration?

A

34

47
Q

what is the energy yield of ATP in the krebs cycle in aerobic respiration?

A

2

48
Q

what is the energy yield of ATP in aerobic glycolysis in aerobic respiration?

A

2

49
Q

what are the by products of aerobic respiration?

A

CO2 and water

50
Q

the aerobic system is used for what type of excercise?

A

low to moderate

51
Q

what is the duration of the aerobic energy system?

A

3 minutes plus

52
Q

give 3 strengths of the aerobic system

A
  1. large energy yield
  2. no fatiguing by products (H2O & CO2 easily removed)
  3. able to work for long periods
  4. fat can also be used as a fuel
53
Q

give 3 weaknesses of the aerobic system

A
  1. slower rate of ATP resynthesis
  2. more complex series of reactions
  3. requires more O2
54
Q

a sporting example of the aerobic energy system being used is…

A

marathon running

55
Q

OBLA stands for…..

A

onset of blood lactate accumulation

56
Q

what is onset of blood lactate accumulation (OBLA)?

A

the point at which blood lactate levels significantly rise and fatigue sets in

57
Q

what measure of blood lactate does OBLA occur?

A

4 mmol/l

58
Q

elite swimmer complete a 100m swim in 1 minute. describe the predominant energy system used in the race. (5 marks)

A
  1. glycolytic system would be used
  2. glycogen is broken down into pyruvic acid
  3. this occurs without sufficient O2 levels
  4. in the sarcoplasm
  5. 2 ATP produced per molecule of glucose
59
Q

explain why the use of the glycolytic system cannot be sustained for more than several minutes. (2 marks)

A

two from:
1. lactic acid causes fatigue in muscles
2. there is an increase in acidity
3. decreases ATP synthesis

60
Q

the 3 energy systems work together depending on three things that are….

A
  1. intensity of exercise
  2. duration of exercise
  3. athletes fitness levels
61
Q

define the term ENERGY CONTINUUM

A

the relative contribution of each energy system to overall energy production, depending on intensity and duration of exercise

62
Q

define the term INTERMITTENT EXERCISE

A

where the intensity alternates, either during interval training between work and relief intervals or during a game with breaks of play or changes in intensity

63
Q

define the term THRESHOLD

A

the point at which an athletes predominant energy production moves from one energy system to another

64
Q

explain what the energy continuum is and justify the position of one sporting activity on the energy continuum ( 4 marks )

A
  1. the energy continuum is the relative contribution of each energy system
  2. dependent of the intensity and duration of exercise
  3. e.g. a marathon predominantly uses the aerobic system
  4. which is performed over a long duration at low-moderate intensity
65
Q

PC stores deplete within…..

A

8 seconds

66
Q

PC stores are replenished 50% in…

A

30 seconds

67
Q

PC stores are 100% replenished in…

A

3 minutes

68
Q

oxygen stored in MYOGLOBIN deplete after ________ exercise and fully relinked in _ mins of rest

A

exhaustive
3

69
Q

MYOGLOBIN is…

A

a red protein in the muscle cell responsible for carrying and storing oxygen

70
Q

with the correct work relief ratios and sufficient O2 supply…

A

lactic acid can be broken down and removed

71
Q

what type of exercise aids lactic acid removal?

A

low intensity activity

72
Q

athletes use glucose tablets, gels, bananas and isotonic drinks to maintain….

A

glycogen stores and replace lost glucose

73
Q

an athlete with higher VO2 max can work at…

A

a higher intensity before OBLA is reached and fatigue sets in

74
Q

a higher level of fitness increases…
which limits…

A

..buffering capacity
…the effects of LA accumulation

75
Q

in a trained athlete oxygen arrives onsite earlier than untrained athletes minimising time spent in the glycolytic system which means…

A

less lactic acid accumulates

76
Q

define excess post-exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC)

A

the volume of oxygen consumed post-exercise to return the body to a pre-exercise state

77
Q

EPOC is broken into 2 stages which are…

A
  1. fast (alactacid) component
  2. slow (lactacid) component
78
Q

what are the 2 stages of the fast alactacid component?

A

PC stores are restored
replenishment of blood and muscle oxygen

79
Q

what are the 3 stages of the slow lactacid component?

A

increaed circulation and ventilation
increased body temperature
removal of lactic acid

80
Q

what are the 7 things that an athlete needs to consider to maximise recovery?

A
  1. warm up
  2. active recovery
  3. cooling aids
  4. intensity of training
  5. work:relief ratios
  6. strategies and tactics
  7. nutrition
81
Q

how does a warm up affect recovery?

A

it reduces oxygen defecit

82
Q

how does active recovery affect recovery?

A

it maintains HR and respiratory rate which speeds up LA removal

83
Q

how do cooling aids affect recovery?

A

used post events to speed up LA removal and reduce DOMS

84
Q

how can strategies and tactics be used to improve recovery?

A

time-outs and substitution should be used to lower intensity and delay OBLA

A level PE (20 decks)

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