Energy for Exercise (1.1c) Flashcards
1
Q
ATP stands for…
A
adenosine triphosphate
2
Q
ATP is stored in…
A
the muscle cell
3
Q
what is the only immediate available source of energy for muscle contraction?
A
ATP
4
Q
an exothermic reaction is one that…
A
releases energy
5
Q
an endothermic reaction is one that…
A
absorbs energy
6
Q
the equation for ATP breakdown is….
and what is it catalysed by…
A
ATP –> ADP + P + Energy
ATPase
7
Q
the equation of ATP resynthesis is…
A
ADP + P + Energy –> ATP
8
Q
ATP breakdown is an ________ reaction
A
exothermic
9
Q
ATP resynthesis is an _________ reaction
A
endothermic
10
Q
the ATP-PC system is used during…..
A
very high intensity excercise
11
Q
a practical example for the ATP-PC system is…
A
100m sprint
12
Q
when does the ATP-PC system kick in?
A
after 2 seconds of excercise
13
Q
In the ATP-PC system PC is broken down ______
A
anaerobically
14
Q
in the ATP-PC system,
when ATP levels fall and ADP and P levels rise what enzyme is triggered?
A
creatine kinase
15
Q
in the ATP-PC system the first reaction is…
A
PC –> P + C + Energy
16
Q
in the ATP-PC system the second reaction is…
A
ADP + P + Energy –> ATP
17
Q
what is the ATP yield of the ATP-PC system?
A
1:1
18
Q
are there any by-products of the ATP-PC system?
A
no
19
Q
what is the duration of the ATP-PC system?
A
2-10 seconds
20
Q
what are 3 strengths of the ATP-PC system?
A
- no delay for O2
- PC readily available in muscle cell
- simple & rapid breakdown
- provides energy for high intensity exercise
- no fatiguing by products
- simple compounds aid fast recovery
21
Q
what is the weakness of the ATP-PC system?
A
low ATP yield and small PC stores lead to rapid fatigue after 8-10 seconds
22
Q
During a 100m sprint an athlete resynthesises the ATP. Identify the fuel used to resynthesise ATP and the site of the reaction.
(2 marks)
A
Food fuel - phosphocreatine
Site of reaction - sarcoplasm
23
Q
when does the glycolytic system kick in?
A
after 10 seconds
24
Q
in the Glycolytic system when PC and ATP stores deplete alongside the rise in levels of P and ADP, what enzyme is released?
A
phosphofructokinase (PFK)
25
Phosphofructokinase catalyses...
the breakdown of glucose
26
In the Glycolytic system,
If glucose levels dip ________ is released
glycogen phosphorylase (GPP)
27
In the Glycolytic System,
GPP catalyses...
catalyses the breakdown of glycogen to glucose
28
in the Glycolytic System,
Glycogen ----> _______ (catalysed by ___ ) ---> ________ (catalysed by ___ ) --> _____ (catalysed by ____)
---> glucose catalysed by GPP --> pyruvic acid catalysed by PFK ---> lactic acid catalysed by lactate dehydrogenase
29
does the glycolytic system work anaerobically or aerobically?
anaerobically
30
the site of reaction in the glycolytic system is...
sarcoplasm
31
the ATP yield of the Glycolytic system is...
1:2
32
the by product of Glycolytic system is..
lactic acid
33
how long can the Glycolytic System last?
3 minutes
34
what are 3 strengths of the Glycolytic system?
1. no delay for O2
2. large fuel stores in liver and muscles
3. fast fuel breakdown
4. lactic acid can be recycled into fuel for further energy production
35
what are 3 weaknesses of the Glycolytic system?
1. lactic acid reduces pH and enzyme activity
2. relatively low ATP yield
3. recovery can be lengthy
36
give sporting examples of the Glycolytic systems?
800m run
100m swim
37
The aerobic system kicks in after....
3 minutes of exercise
38
in the aerobic system, aerobic glycolysis occurs like this:
Glycogen --->______ (catalysed by _____ ) ----> ______ (catalysed by ____ ) ----> _______by ___)
Glucose catalysed by GPP
Pyruvic acid by PFK
Acetyl CoA by coenzyme A
39
the aerobic system is broken into 3 parts that are:
1. aerobic glycolysis
2. kreb's cycle
3. electron transport chain
40
in aerobic glycolysis,
what enters the krebs cycle?
and how is it made?
citric acid
acetyl coA and oxaloacetic acid
41
what by-products are produced in the Krebs cycle?
CO2
hydrogen
42
how much ATP is produced from the Krebs cycle?
2 ATP
43
in aerobic respiration, in the ETC the hydrogen atoms are split into...
protons and electrons
44
in aerobic respiration, in the ETC the protons are..
oxidised and removed as H2O
45
in aerobic respiration, in the ETC the electrons are....
carried by NAD to release 30 ATP and FAD to produce 4 ATP
46
what is the energy yield of ATP are produced in the ETC in aerobic respiration?
34
47
what is the energy yield of ATP in the krebs cycle in aerobic respiration?
2
48
what is the energy yield of ATP in aerobic glycolysis in aerobic respiration?
2
49
what are the by products of aerobic respiration?
CO2 and water
50
the aerobic system is used for what type of excercise?
low to moderate
51
what is the duration of the aerobic energy system?
3 minutes plus
52
give 3 strengths of the aerobic system
1. large energy yield
2. no fatiguing by products (H2O & CO2 easily removed)
3. able to work for long periods
4. fat can also be used as a fuel
53
give 3 weaknesses of the aerobic system
1. slower rate of ATP resynthesis
2. more complex series of reactions
3. requires more O2
54
a sporting example of the aerobic energy system being used is...
marathon running
55
OBLA stands for.....
onset of blood lactate accumulation
56
what is onset of blood lactate accumulation (OBLA)?
the point at which blood lactate levels significantly rise and fatigue sets in
57
what measure of blood lactate does OBLA occur?
4 mmol/l
58
elite swimmer complete a 100m swim in 1 minute. describe the predominant energy system used in the race. (5 marks)
1. glycolytic system would be used
2. glycogen is broken down into pyruvic acid
3. this occurs without sufficient O2 levels
4. in the sarcoplasm
5. 2 ATP produced per molecule of glucose
59
explain why the use of the glycolytic system cannot be sustained for more than several minutes. (2 marks)
two from:
1. lactic acid causes fatigue in muscles
2. there is an increase in acidity
3. decreases ATP synthesis
60
the 3 energy systems work together depending on three things that are....
1. intensity of exercise
2. duration of exercise
3. athletes fitness levels
61
define the term ENERGY CONTINUUM
the relative contribution of each energy system to overall energy production, depending on intensity and duration of exercise
62
define the term INTERMITTENT EXERCISE
where the intensity alternates, either during interval training between work and relief intervals or during a game with breaks of play or changes in intensity
63
define the term THRESHOLD
the point at which an athletes predominant energy production moves from one energy system to another
64
explain what the energy continuum is and justify the position of one sporting activity on the energy continuum ( 4 marks )
1. the energy continuum is the relative contribution of each energy system
2. dependent of the intensity and duration of exercise
3. e.g. a marathon predominantly uses the aerobic system
4. which is performed over a long duration at low-moderate intensity
65
PC stores deplete within.....
8 seconds
66
PC stores are replenished 50% in...
30 seconds
67
PC stores are 100% replenished in...
3 minutes
68
oxygen stored in MYOGLOBIN deplete after ________ exercise and fully relinked in _ mins of rest
exhaustive
3
69
MYOGLOBIN is...
a red protein in the muscle cell responsible for carrying and storing oxygen
70
with the correct work relief ratios and sufficient O2 supply...
lactic acid can be broken down and removed
71
what type of exercise aids lactic acid removal?
low intensity activity
72
athletes use glucose tablets, gels, bananas and isotonic drinks to maintain....
glycogen stores and replace lost glucose
73
an athlete with higher VO2 max can work at...
a higher intensity before OBLA is reached and fatigue sets in
74
a higher level of fitness increases...
which limits...
..buffering capacity
...the effects of LA accumulation
75
in a trained athlete oxygen arrives onsite earlier than untrained athletes minimising time spent in the glycolytic system which means...
less lactic acid accumulates
76
define excess post-exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC)
the volume of oxygen consumed post-exercise to return the body to a pre-exercise state
77
EPOC is broken into 2 stages which are...
1. fast (alactacid) component
2. slow (lactacid) component
78
what are the 2 stages of the fast alactacid component?
PC stores are restored
replenishment of blood and muscle oxygen
79
what are the 3 stages of the slow lactacid component?
increaed circulation and ventilation
increased body temperature
removal of lactic acid
80
what are the 7 things that an athlete needs to consider to maximise recovery?
1. warm up
2. active recovery
3. cooling aids
4. intensity of training
5. work:relief ratios
6. strategies and tactics
7. nutrition
81
how does a warm up affect recovery?
it reduces oxygen defecit
82
how does active recovery affect recovery?
it maintains HR and respiratory rate which speeds up LA removal
83
how do cooling aids affect recovery?
used post events to speed up LA removal and reduce DOMS
84
how can strategies and tactics be used to improve recovery?
time-outs and substitution should be used to lower intensity and delay OBLA
