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A level PE > Biomechanical principles, levers and the use of technology (1.3a) > Flashcards

Biomechanical principles, levers and the use of technology (1.3a) Flashcards

1
Q

newtons first law is…

A

the law of inertia

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2
Q

newtons second law is…

A

the law of acceleration

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3
Q

newtons third law is…

A

the law of reaction

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4
Q

define the law of inertia

A

a body continues in a state of rest or uniform velocity unless acted on by an external or unbalanced force

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5
Q

define the law of acceleration

A

a body’s rate of change in momentum is proportional to the size of force applied and acts in the same direction as the force applied

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6
Q

define the law of reaction

A

for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction

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7
Q

define velocity

A

the rate of change in displacement

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8
Q

velocity is measured in….

A

m/s

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9
Q

velocity =

A

displacement / time taken

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10
Q

define momentum

A

the quantity of motion possessed by a moving body

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11
Q

momentum is measured in…

A

kgm/s

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12
Q

momentum =

A

mass x velocity

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13
Q

define acceleration

A

the rate of change in velocity

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14
Q

acceleration =

A

(final velocity - initial velocity) / time

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15
Q

acceleration is measured in…

A

m/s/s

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16
Q

define force

A

a push or a pull that alters the state of motion of a body

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17
Q

force is measured in…

A

N

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18
Q

force =

A

mass x acceleration

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19
Q

the two types of force are…

A

internal force
external force

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20
Q

force has 5 effects, which are….

A
  1. create motion
  2. accelerate a body
  3. decelerate a body
  4. change the direction of a body
  5. change the shape of a body
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21
Q

if net force is zero..

A

there is no change in motion as forces are balanced

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22
Q

define net force

A

the sum of all forces acting on a body

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23
Q

the external force acting on a body can be split into two different forces that are…

A

horizontal force
vertical force

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24
Q

the vertical forces that act on a body are….

A

weight and reaction

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25
Q

define weight

A

the gravitational pull that the earth exerts on a body

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26
Q

weight =

A

mass x acceleration due to gravity

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27
Q

weight is measured in….

A

N

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28
Q

define reaction

A

the equal and opposite force exerted by the body in response to the action force placed upon it

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29
Q

reaction force is measured in…

A

N

30
Q

the horizontal forces that act on a body are…

A

friction
air resistance `

31
Q

define friction

A

the force that opposes the motion of two surfaces in contact

32
Q

what 4 factors affect friction?

A

roughness of ground surface
roughness of contact surface
temperature
size of normal reaction

33
Q

practical example of roughness of ground surface affecting friction

A

athletes run on rough, rubber tracks

34
Q

practical example of roughness of contact surface affecting friction

A

athletes wearing spiked shoes

35
Q

practical example of temperature affecting friction

A

F1 drivers have a warm up lap to increase tire temperature

36
Q

practical example of size of normal reaction affecting friction

A

shot putter have a high mass creates a greater opposite reaction force allowing greater friction in throwing circle `

37
Q

define air resistance

A

the force that opposes the direction of motion of a body through the air

38
Q

what 4 factors affect air resistance?

A

velocity
shape
frontal cross sectional area
smoothness of surface ``

39
Q

practical example of velocity affecting air resistance

A

the greater the velocity of a cyclist the greater the force of AR opposing their motiom

40
Q

practical example of shape affecting air resistance

A

cyclists wearing a teardrop helmet to minimise AR

41
Q

practical example of frontal cross sectional area affecting air resistance

A

the low crouched position of a downhill skier reduces AR

42
Q

practical example of smoothness of surface affecting air resistance

A

increased smoothness from lycra suits reduces AR

43
Q

define centre of mass

A

the point at which an object or body is balanced in all directions

44
Q

define stability

A

the ability of the body to resist motion and return to the original position without damage

45
Q

what 4 factors that affect stability?

A

mass of the body
height of the centre of mass
base of support
line of gravity

46
Q

how does mass of the body affect stability?

A

the greater the mass, the greater the inertia and therefore the stability

47
Q

how does height of the centre of mass affect stability?

A

the lower the centre of mass, the greater the stability

48
Q

how does base of support affect stability?

A

the greater the size of the base of support, the greater the stability

49
Q

how does line of gravity affect stability?

A

the more central the lie of gravity to the base of support the greater the stability

50
Q

the 2 main functions of a lever system are….

A

to generate muscular effort to overcome a given load

to increase the speed of a given movement

51
Q

the 4 components of a lever system are…

A

lever
fulcrum
effort
load

52
Q

what is the order of components in a first class lever?

A

load fulcrum effort
(LFE)

53
Q

what is the order of components in a second class lever?

A

effort load fulcrum
(ELF)

54
Q

what is the order of components in a third class lever?

A

fulcrum effort load
(FEL)

55
Q

an example of a first class lever being used in the body is

A

extension of the neck when preparing to header a football

56
Q

an example of a second class lever being used in the body is

A

ball of the foot in the take-off phase of a high jump `

57
Q

an example of a third class lever being used in the body is

A

flexion of the elbow during a biceps curl

58
Q

the effort arm is…

A

the distance between the fulcrum and the effort

59
Q

the load arm is…

A

the distance between the load and fulcrum

60
Q

a lever has mechanical advantage when….

A

its effort arm is longer than its load arm so a larger load can be moved with a relatively small effort

61
Q

which type of lever in the body has mechanical advantage?

A

second

62
Q

a lever has mechanical disadvantage when….

A

the load arm is greater than the effort arm so a large effort is needed to move a relatively small load

63
Q

which type of lever in the body has mechanical disadvantage?

A

third

64
Q

define limb kinematics

A

study of movement in relation to time and space

65
Q

define force plates

A

ground reaction forces are measured in lab conditions using force plates

66
Q

define wind tunnels

A

steel frame building containing wide fans where artificial wind is produced

67
Q

how is limb kinematics used?

A

3D or optical motion analysis records an athlete doing a sporting action, allowing the evaluation of efficiency of movement

68
Q

how are force plates used?

A

athletes balance, run and jump on the plates which assesses the size and direction of forces acting on the athlete, acceleration rates, work and power output

69
Q

how are wind tunnels used?

A

technology is used to develop the drag reduction system. objects can be tested for aerodynamic efficiency

70
Q

how can limb kinematics be used to optomise an athletes performance?

A

data produced can be used by coaches to improve performance and technique of an athlete

71
Q

how can force plates be used to optomise an athletes performance?

A

used for sports biomechanics assessment, gait analysis, balance rehabilitation and physical therapy

72
Q

how can wind tunnels be used to optomise an athletes performance?

A

engineers study the flow of air around an objcet, the aim is to improve the air flow around an object to increase lift or decrease drag

A level PE (20 decks)

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