Sport Topic 3

Question 1

What is intrinsic motivation?

Answer 1

Comes from within the individual. For example, we may enjoy the physical sensations experienced in the sport or enjoying socialising with team mates

Question 2

What is extrinsic motivation?

Answer 2

Comes from external sources. For example, we may feel motivated by a prize.

Question 3

What did Ashford et al find were intrinsic motivators for partaking in sport?

Answer 3

-physical well-being
-psychological well being
-seeing improvement in their performance
-assertive achievement achieving personal and competitive goals that are not related to external rewards).

Question 4

What is self-efficacy?

Answer 4

Refers to our beliefs about our abilities. It is a cognitive rather than an emotional concept and it is often situation-specific, therefore we can have different self-efficacy in different situations.

Question 5

what did Bandura suggest about self-efficacy?

Answer 5

That it derives from our natural experiences. For example, if we experience a negative consequence in sport-our self-efficacy will reduce. In a sporting context, a person at know, for example, that training regularly and effectively will lead to success, as they have experienced this before. High self-efficacy is important when it comes to motivation.

Question 6

What are Bandura’s factors affecting self-efficacy?

Answer 6

Previous personal achievement- successful in the past will act as a reinforcement taht increases your self-efficacy
Vicarious experience- we learn vicariously from the success of role models
verbal persuasion- encouraging feedback from the coach cna act as effective verbal persuasion and increase self-efficacy
Emotional arousal-It is important for an athlete to be fully focused on their performance and in order for this to happen they must be emotionally ready and optimally aroused.

Question 7

What is the difference between high self-efficacy and low self-efficacy?

Answer 7

High- the individual knows what is required of them and is confident that they can do it successfully. this increases their motivation
Low- the individual is unclear on what is needed to be successful or if they do know they are not confident that they can do it. this decreases their motivation.

Question 8

What is sport confidence?

Answer 8

This is about our abilities to succeed i.e win

Question 9

What is the difference between trait and state confidence by Robin Vealey?

Answer 9

trait- your belief in your general sports ability. This is relatively stable and retaliated to previous experiences. This will increase if our motivation levels are high.
State- ability to perform in a particular sporting context e.g. scoring a penalty in football or making a free throw in basketball. this can alter our levels of motivation

Question 10

What factors influence sport confidence?

Answer 10

Prior achievement, self-regulation, climate

Question 11

What questionairre did Gill and deeter create and what did this entail?

Answer 11

Sports orientation questionnaire (SOQ). this is a 25 item questionairre scale which measures a multitude of relating factor including competitiveness, win orientation and goal orientation

Question 12

What did Gill and Deeter find when they tested the SOQ?

Answer 12

Tested on a large group of athletes and non-athletes, both m and f.
For athletes in general goal orientation was more important than win orientation
Competitiveness had the strongest influences on the motivation to enter competitive sporting situations
Males score higher on competitiveness and win orientation, whereas females cored higher on goal orientation

Question 13

What is competitive orientation?

Answer 13

Suggests that the competitive ness of the situation has an impact on motivation

Question 14

what is imagery?

Answer 14

A way to enhance both self-confidence and self-efficacy. imagery involves imagining scenes taking place. E.g. mental practice/ mental rehearsal of the sport being performed.

Question 15

What is MG-A imagery?

Answer 15

Motivation-general arousal- A type of imagery which involves the athlete reflecting on feelings of stress, anxiety or arousal in relation to sport. in other words, imagining their feelings about the sport.

Question 16

What is MG-M imagery?

Answer 16

Motivation-General Mastery- A type of imagery which involves seeing ourselves coping with difficult situations and mastering them.

Question 17

Suggest 2 reasons to why imagery may be useful

Answer 17

-Imagery enables the performer to try out different startergies, run through routines or correct faults
- the sports player is able to practice or run through routines privately, avoiding arousal effects of an audience or the possibility of public failure.

Question 18

what was the aim of the key research by Munroe and chandler?

Answer 18

To investigate the relationship between MG-M, self confidence and self efficacy… specifically to see if the previously found relationship for adults also works for younger athletes.

Question 19

what was the sample for Munroe and Chandler’s study?

Answer 19

56 male and 69 female football players (Canada)
11-14 years
72 played at hour (non-elite) level
50 played at travel (elite) level
3 were removed since level was unknown

Question 20

What was the design for Munroe and Chandler’s study?

Answer 20

-compared imagery, self-confidence and self-efficacy in elite and non-elite footballers (using questionairre)
-correlational aspect-scores for imager, self-confidence and self-efficacy were correlated against one another.

Question 21

What was the procedure for Munroe and Chandler’s study?

Answer 21

-consent was obtained and coaches/parents were informed of the study.
-Data was collected before practice over a two-week period
-Partcipants completed imagery, self-confidence and self-efficacy questions in taht order (around 15 mins)
-demographic questionairres were also completed.

Question 22

What did the results for Munroe and Chandler’s study find?

Answer 22

-All imagery sub-scales correlated sig with self-efficacy and self-confidence. this supports the idea that using imagery increases self-estee surrounding skirt- perhaps makes athletes feel more motivated and work harder
-competitive athletes in particular, scored higher and showed stronger positive correlations between imagery use, self-efficacy and self-confidence. Thsi could explain why they’ve pursued the sport to an elite level.

Question 23

what are two applications you can use for topic 3?

Answer 23

Imagery and CBT

Question 24

Why does imagery work?

Answer 24

Being able to imagine physical and emotional environment that we will be exposed to allows us to feel more prepared to competition. Thsi therefore increases our beliefs in own abilities (self-efficacy) and potentially sport-confidence (the belief in our ability to win), hence we are more motivated as we feel as though we are able to do well. therefore the use of imagery increases self-efficacy and in turn motivation, which can have a good impact on performance.

Question 25

What does CBT involve?

Answer 25

Identifying, challenging and replacing negative thoughts processes with positive ones to improve motivation, such as taking the thought process ‘I can’t’ and replacing it with ‘I can and I will’.

Question 26

Why may CBT be useful?

Answer 26

It’s a collaborative and empowering therapy that is interactive. As it’s so personal the therapist will be able to challenge and replace their specific thoughts that are stopping them from being more motivated. CBT can help increase self-efficacy and confidence to increase motivation.