Applied- Important To Remember Flashcards
What is section 2 of the DSM (M1)
Psychological and Environmental stressors- All stressful life events that have occurred over the past year are assessed on a 7 point scale 1=not stressful, 7=catastrophic.
What was the sample used in Rosenhan’s 1st study? (M1)
The ps were patients and staff at 12 psychiatric hospitals in five different states across America in the early 1960s. Rosenhan asked 8 pseudo-patients to pretend to be suffering from a mental disorder and present themselves at the hospital for admission.
How long did pseudo-patients remain in the hospital for? (M1)
7-52 days (mean 19 days)
What were the results for Rosenhan’s mini-experiment? (M1)
A
Only 4% of pseudo-patients received an answer from a psychiatrist out of 185 occasions. Only 0.5% received an answer from a nurse. On 88% of the occasions, the nurse moved on completely ignoring the patient.
On the other hand all 14 requests at the uni were acknowledged and responded to. Although when the student asked where she could find a psychiatrist the response dropped to 78%.
What was the sample in Rosenhan’s second study? (M1)
The staff in one psychiatric hospital were informed of the results of the first study.
What were the results of Rosenhan’s second study? (M1)
Over the 3 month period 193 patients were admitted for treatment. The number judged to be pseudo patients was:
41 by at least one staff member.
23 by one psychiatrist
19 by one psychiatrist and one other staff member.
What was the results of Beck et al’s study? (M1)
Found that agreement on diagnosis for 153 patients was only 54%
What did Ford and Widiger (1989) find? (M1)
Found that presenting the same case notes to the psychiatrist but changing the gender of the patient resulted in difference diagnoses. Females were more likely to get a diagnosis of histrionic personality whereas males wee more likely to be given a diagnosis of anti-social personality disorder.
What did Allen (1976) find? (M2)
CR for MZ twins and depression was 40% but this falls to 11% for DZ twins, providing evidence for genetic contribution to depression.
What did Wender et al find? (M2)
Showed clear evidence for genetic effects. they found that biological relatives of a depressed adoptee were eight times more likely that adoptive relatives to also have depression.
What is the prefrontal cortex responsible for? (M2)
beahavioural control- damage causes issues with self-control and emotional processing.
What is the amygdala repsonsible for? (M2)
Feelings of fear and emotional memory storage.
What is the hippocampus responsible for?
processing memories and responding to stress hormones. When damaged associated with memory loss.
What was the sample for Gottesmann’s study?
2.7 million danish people born before 1997
sampled in 2007
No consent was needed as data gathered was from public domain and names were anonymous.
A sample was taken from this population of:
-196 couples of whom has SZ and their 270 children
-83 couples both diagnosed as bipolar and their 146 children.
They also took sample of families where only one parent had a diagnosis.
and recorded the rest where neither had a diagnosis.
What were some results for Gottesan’s study (M2)
Risk of SZ with two parents= 27.3% and for any MI=67.5%
Risk of SZ with one parent=7% and for any MI=11.9%
For ps with neither=1.12% and for any 14.1%
What happens to the amygdala in depressed patient (M2)
Increases in activity have been found when depressed patients are presented with a negative stimuli such as a sad face. but reduced activity when presented with a positive stimuli.
Suggests that the amygdala of depressed patients does not process facial stimuli in a way that healthy individuals would do.
Since the Amygdala regulates emotion it makes sense that it s implemented in depression.
What did arroll et al find about the usefulness about drug treatments? (M2)
60% of patients treated with antidepressants improved compared to 47% with placebo.
What does Selgiman’s “learned helplessness theory” explain the cause of depression of? (M3)
That depression occurs as a concequence of classical conditioning in that a person leanrs taht their attempts to escape negative situation make no difference
What does Elkers et al study say in regard to the beahviourist explanation?
Conducted a meta analysis of 17 studies involving 1109 patients with depression. the found taht behavioural treatment that involved rescheduling daily activities to reintroduce positive reinforces and to reduce avoidnace of situtations that could involve reinforces significantly reduced depressive symptoms compared to a control group.
What are cognitive biases? (M3)
Thinking can be distorted in many ways that lead to cognitive biases:
Magnification of difficulties and faliures e.g.
Minimisation of successes adn achievements
Over-generalisation- an overall negative conclusion about all situation based on one, perhaps trivial event.
What is a negative schema? (M3)
A schema is a preconception of a situation where the expectation is taht a situation will be negative. beck believes taht a depressed person has developed a negative set of schemas upon which their expectation about life are based
What does rogers state can be the cause of psychological problems? (M3)
Anything that blocks our ability to elf-actualization, can be the cause of psychological problems
What were the six main section of Szasz’s article? (M3)
-Fifty years of change in US mental healthcare
-Mental illness- a medical or legal concept.
-‘mental illness’ is a metaphor
-Revisiting The Myth of Mental Illness
-Changing perspectives on human life and illness
-Having an illness does not make an individual into a patient.
What are some reason Szasz gives for the fact that the medical model is unacceptable (M3)
Diagnosis is subjective
-The medical model is dehumanizing, ignoring the suffering of a person
-Alternative ways- understanding the patient, help them to help themselves. medical treatments do not work they only suppress (not cure) the symptoms.
-No alternative legal approach- the government has become involved.
What did Lewinshon find in relation to the behaviourist perspective (M3)
Found that depressed people receive fewer positive reinforcements and are likely to have more unpleasant experiences than non-depressed people.
What did Beck and Clark find to support the cognitive approach (M3)
Found that depressed people do show dog more irrational thoughts than non-depressed people.
What did Butler et al find about the effects of CBT on depression? (M3)
Found that the beneficial effects of CBT on depression last longer than those of antidepressant drugs.
What did Osborne and West’s study find (C1)
Criminal behaviour has a tendency to run in families. OW compared the sons of criminal and non-criminal fathers. They found that 13% of the sons of non-criminal fathers had criminal convictions, compared to 40% of the sons of the criminal fathers
What did caspi et al look at? (C1)
Studied 1037 children (442 boys) born in 1972 in NZ. The children were studied from birth to adulthood (26 years) The study found that men with the variant is associated with low levels (MAOA-L) were sig more likely to grow up to exhibit antisocial behaviour, but only if they had been maltreated as children. On its own MAOA gene variant had no effect
How does the amygdala have a part in aggressive behaviour? (C1)
The amygdala is responsible for feelings of fear. People with an exaggerated amygdala reactivity show impulse aggression, whereas people who are aggressive but more cold and calculating, have reduced amygdala volume and functioning.
