Sport topic 2 Flashcards
What is the endorphin hypothesis?
When you exercise, your body releases chemicals called endorphins. These endorphins interact with the receptors in your brain that reduce your perception of pain. Endorphins trigger a positive feeling in the body, similar to that of morphine
How did Boecker (2008) support the endorphin hypothesis?
using PET scans, they found an increase in endorphins in 10 distance runners after a 2 hour run. After the two hour run, there was evidence that there was an increase in endorphins released in the lambic system (an areas of the brain linked to emotions and motivation.)
What is the skill development hypothesis?
Here self esteem can be changed due to i task mastery and experience e.g. mastering a tennis serve after lots of practice.
What did Chad Rethorst et al (2009) find in relation to depression?
Showed that aerobic exercise significantly reduced symptoms of depression. They also I showed that exercise was more beneficial for clinically depressed individuals than for the general population.
What was the aim of they key research by Lewis?
To investigate the effect of dance on mood in the elderly, specifically a group of individuals with Parkinson’s disease.
Additionally, the effects of duration were studied, looking at a long duration programme of 12 weeks and a short duration programme of one hour.
What was the method of Lewis et al’s research?
Matched pairs and repeated ensures
IV; this was a naturally occurring variable of either Parkinson’s or control
The cycle time used, either long or short duration. Long cycle= ps were studied over a long cycle time of 12 weeks and scores from 1 week were compared with week 12. Short cycle time= scores were compared before and after one session
DV: was ps mood score. long cycle mood changes were measured using POMS and short cycle were measured using BRUMS
What was the sample in Lewis et al’s reasearch?
37ps (50-80)
PD group: 22ps (12m, 10f) had been diagnosed with PD and were all rated by trained physiotherapists as having old to moderate PD
Control group: 15ps (7m, 8f) acted as age-matched controls. * were partners of those in the PD group and the others were carers
Recruited through local advertisements through contact with local PD support groups
What were some findings from Lewis et al’s study?
Total disturbance in mood was lower after dance sessions but there was no sig difference between pD and control
For the elderly and especially those with PD: Dance interventions can provide physical and psychological benefits over both a long and short time.
dance can improve mood states, particularly anger inj elderly people, especially those with Parkinson’s disease
Exercise, including dance aerobics, cna improve level of vigour, TMD score and fatigue
What was the POMS test used for ?
to measure mood changes over a long tie cycle. The POMS measured mood on 6 sub categories e.g tension-anxiety and vigour0activity
What did Arent (2000) show about the effects of rowing on MH?
Meta- analysed the results of 32 studies looking at the effects on mood in older adults. It was concluded that regular exercise had a moderate but consistently positive effect on mood in older people.
What does Cohen (2009) show about the effects of rowing on MH?
Used 12 male rowed from Oxford and found that rowers who rowed for 45 mins continuously in groups reported greater pain thresholds which may be due to a surge in hormone. He showed the painkilling effects of endorphines is increased when rowing together.
