Important things to remember Flashcards
What is the key theme for Milgram and Bocchiaro?
Responses to people in authority
What is the key theme for Loftus and Palmer and Grant et al?
Memory
What is the key theme for Bandura and Chaney et al?
External influences on children’s behaviour
What is the key theme for Sperry and Casey et al?
Regions of the brain
What is the key theme for Freud and Baron-Cohen?
understanding disorders
What was the aim of Milgram’s study?
To investigate the tendency for destructive obedience
Describe the sample in Milgram’s study
40 mean aged 20-50, recruited by means of a newspaper advertisement. Mostly volunteer or self-selected sample. They were from a range of backgrounds and held a range of jobs.
Before Milgram’s study was conducted psychology students were asked to estimate what percentage of ps would obey the orders what was the result?
1.2%
What was the average voltage given in Milgram’s study?
368v
What was the percentage of ps that gave 300v or more?
100%
What percentage of ps gave 450v 3 times?
65%
When did the leaner punch on the wall in Milgram’s study?
300v and 315v
How many ps were there in bocchiaro’s pilot study?
92
Describe the sample from Bocchiaro study
From the VU university of Amsterdam. 149 ps took part in the main study (96 women and 53 men, with a mean age of 20.8 years) The sample consisted of volunteers recruited by flyers posted in the university cafeteria
How many ps were surveyed on how they believed they would respond in Bocchiaro’s study?
138
How many people obeyed, disobeyed and whistleblew in Bocchiaro’s study?
76.5%, 14.1% and 9.4%
What did participants think the percentage was that they would obey, disobey and whistblow in Bocchiaro’s study
3.6%,31.9%, 64.5%
Q
What percentage of students said that others at the uni would obey, disobey and whistleblow in Bocchiaro’s study?
18.8%, 43.9%, 37.3%
Describe the sample in experiemnt 1 for Loftus and Palmer
45 students
what was the estimated speed when the verb smashed was used in Loftus and palmer’s study?
40.5
what was the estimated speed when the verb collided was used in Loftus and palmer’s study?
39.3
what was the estimated speed when the verb bumped was used in Loftus and palmer’s study?
38.1
what was the estimated speed when the verb hit was used in Loftus and palmer’s study?
34.0
what was the estimated speed when the verb contacted was used in Loftus and palmer’s study?
31.8
Describe the sample in experiment 2 of loftus and Palmer’s study
150 students
When the verb smashed was used how many people said ‘yes’ there was glass in Loftus and Palmer’s study?
16
When the verb hit was used how many people said ‘yes’ there was glass in Loftus and Palmer’s study?
7
When it was the control group how many people said ‘yes’ there was glass in Loftus and Palmer’s study?
6
Describe the sample in Grant’s study
39 ps aged 17-56 ( 17 females and 23 males). They were recruited by opportunity sampling from 8 psychology students, acting as experimenters, each found 5 acquaintances who would be ps.
In the silent-silent condition for the multiple-choice test what was the mean score?
14.3
In the silent-noisy condition for the multiple-choice test what was the mean score?
12.7
In the noisy-silent condition for the multiple-choice test what was the mean score?
12.7
In the noisy-noisy condition for the multiple-choice test what was the mean score?
14.3
What was the mean score in the short answer test for the silent-silent category?
6.7
What was the mean score in the short answer test for the silent-noisy category?
4.6
Describe the sample in bandura’s study
72 ps: 36 males and 36 females. All were selected from the nursery school of Stanford university. Ages ranged from 37 months to 69 months. The mean age was 52 months
What was the aggression score for a male imitating physical aggression with a male model and a female model?
25.4 and 12.8
What was the aggression score for a female imitating physical aggression with a male model and a female model?
7.2, 5.5
What was the aggression score for a female imitating verbal aggression with a male model and a female model?
2.0, 13.7
describe the participant’s in chaney’s study
32 children: 22 male and 10 female. the age range was 1.5-6 years with a mean age of 3.2 years and an average duration of asthma of 2.2 years. The sampling technique was a random sample of asthmatic children who had been prescribed drugs delivered by pMDI and spacer and were recruited from clinics across a large geographical area.
How many children found pleasure using a normal spacer compared to the funhaler
3-21
What percentage of parents had medicated their child the day before with the normal spacer and the funhaler?
59%-81%
How many parents felt completely happy medicating their child when using the normal spacer and the funhaler in chaney’s study?
3-19
Describe the sample in Sperry’s study
11 participants with epilepsy. They all had a operation to divide their brain in half along the corpus colossum to reduce the spread of epileptic seizures from one side of the brain to the other
State 3 results for Sperry’s study
-Pictures of objects were only recognised is they we re-flashed to the same visual field, a ball is flashed to the LVF and it can only be recognised if it is flashed again the the LVF
-Ps could describe objects only flashed to the RVF, a picture of a spoon flashed to the RVF could be named but if shown to the LVF it could not be.
-Ps could draw what they had seen in the LVF, but when they had been asked what they had drawn they would say whatever entered the RVF, if a dollar sign is shown to the LVF and a question mark to the right, ps could draw a dollar sign but say ‘question mark’
Describe the sample in Casey’s study
The sample was drawn from an initial cohort of 562 pupils aged 4 who had attended Stanford’s Bing Nursery school and completed the original delayed-of-gratification task during the late 1960s and early 1970s. From this original group, 155 completed a self-control scale in their 20s, reducing to 135 ps who took the same measurement in their 30s. Of those with scores either above or below average in terms of delay gratification and self control, 117 we contacted. Then 59 ps (23m, 36f) consented to take part in experiment 1 and 27 (13males and 14 females) in experiment 2
On experiment 1 of Casey’s study what were the results for the accuracy for the ‘go’ trials on the cool and hot task?
Cool-99.8%, hot-99.5%
In experiment 1 of Casey’s study what was the percentage of false alarms caused in low delayers and high delayers?
Low-14.5%, high-10.9%
What did experiment 2 of Casey’s study show?
Low delayers has higher false alarm rates of 14.5%. And the fMRI scanner shows that the right inferior frontal gurus appeared to be critical in withholding responses, with low delayers showing reduces activity in this region during the key no-go trial, as compared to high delayers or during go trials.
What was the sample used in freud’s study?
A Jewish boy from Vienna, Austria. 5 years old at the start of the study, however some events were recorded earlier. He was called little Hans in the study, but his real name was Herbert Graf. Little Hans was suffering from a phobia of horses. His father, a fan of Freud’s work, referred the case to Freud and went on to provide much information
What did Hans phobia of horses show?
Represented his father, made a good father symbol and they have large penises, scared of being bitten represents castration anxiety
What does the giraffe fantasy show?
Represents his parents. The large giraffe that cried out represented Han’s father objecting to Hans. The crumpled giraffe represented Han’s mother, the crumpling representing her genitals
What did the children fantasy represent?
A relatively friendly resolution of the Oedipus complex in which Hans replaces his father as his mother’s main love object, but the father still has a role of a grandfather
What did the plumber fantasy represent
Identification with the father. By this we mean that Hans could see himself growing a large penis like his father’s and becoming like him.
Describe the sample in baron-cohen’s study
The autism group consisted of 13 men and 3 women of normal intelligence and with a diagnosis of high functioning autism or Asperger’s syndrome. They were a volunteer sample recruited through their doctors and in response to an advert in the National Autistic society’s magazine. The control group was made up of 25 men and women with no autism diagnosis. They’re was no test for IQ. There were also 8 men and 2 women with Tourette’s syndrome
In Baron-Cohen’s study what were the mean score out of 25 for people with autism, control and Tourette’s
16.3, 20.3 and 20.4
What is the determinism debate?
The view that a person’s behaviour is caused by factors beyond their control which are either biological i.e. genes or environmental i.e. conditioning.
What is the free will debate?
The view that a person has the capacity to choose how to behave and so must be held responsible for their own actions.
What is the nature debate?
The view that behaviour is a product of inherited or biological factors i.e. genes or brain chemistry
What is the nurture debate?
The view that our behaviour has been learned/ acquired through experiences in the environment i.e upbringing, learning.
What is the individual debate?
The view that our behaviour results from factors within the person i.e.,. personality and disposition.
What is the situational debate?
The view that our behaviour results from factors within the situation the person is in i.e. other people and social context.
What is the psychology as a science debate?
The extent to which the research adheres to scientific principles i.e. follows the scientific method, collects quantitative and objective data, is controlled, replicability, falsifiability, cause& effect, induction or deduction
In Bandura’s study what was the aggression score for males imitating physical aggression with a aggressive male model vs an non aggressive male model
25.4-1.5
What is the assumption of the social area?
Behaviour is the result of social context/ environment/ setting and situational factors.
People’s thoughts, feelings, and behaviours are influenced by the actual, imagines, or implied presence of others.
What are the assumptions of the cognitive debate?
Behaviour is the result of mental processes, such as thinking, attention, perception, which can be measured scientifically.
Behaviour is the result of the mind working like a computer i.e. information is input, stored and retrieved
What are the assumptions of the developmental debate?
Behaviour changes and develops with age and experience.
Development of human behaviour is an interaction of the influences of nature and nurture
What are the assumptions of the biological debate?
Behaviour can be best explained as the result of nature processes.
Behaviour is biologically determined
What are the assumptions of the individual differences debate?
In order to understand the complexity of human behaviour and experience it is better to focus on the difference between people rather than what they have in common.
We can understand human behaviour in terms of the individual’s uniqueness due to genetic and psychological make up, personal qualities and social experiences.
What are the assumptions of the behaviourism debate?
Our behaviour is purely a product of our environment and therefore nurture is more powerful than nature.
Behaviours are learnt through three main processes: classical conditioning (association), operant conditioning (consequence) and social learning (observation and imitation of role models)
What are the assumptions of the psychodynamic theory?
The structure and drives of our unconscious mind (the id, ego and superego) strongly influence our behaviour.
Children’s behaviour develops in stages- our personality is shaped by early experiences and relationships, i.e. what happens in childhood determines the adult we become
What was the percentage giving 450v in the variations of the Milgram procedure?
victim silent throughout
No lab coat
participant chooses voltage
100%
20%
2.5%
What is the key theme for Piliavin and Levine?
Responses to people in need
What is the key theme for Moray and Simons and Chabris?
Attention
What is the key theme for Kohlberg and lee?
Moral development
What is the key theme for B&C and Maguire?
Brain plasticity
What is the key theme for Gould and Hancock?
Measuring differences
Who are the participant’s in Piliavin’s study?
estimated of around 4,550 passengers that travelled in the trains targeted by the researchers. An average of 43 were present in each carriage which the procedure was conducted, and a model average of eight were in the immediate or critical area. the racial mix of passengers was estimated as 45% black and 55% white.
In the ill versus drunk condition what was the percentage of help received spontaneously ?
cane-95%
drunk-50%
In the ill versus drunk condition what was the percentage of help received in under 70s?
cane-83%
drunk-17%
What was found from the affect of modelling in Piliavin’s study?
the model intervening after 70s was more likely to lead to help from other passengers (nine cases) than the one intervening after 150 seconds (three cases)
Describe the sample in Levine’s study
23 countries, 1198 ps in total. Chosen by the 2nd person to cross a certain line on the pavement. (population size= more than 230,000
What results were given in Levine’s study?
Rio de janeiro-93%, Kuala Lumpur, malysia-40%.
Most of the time those who helped in one situation were also people who tended to help in another. however there were anomalies such as NYC and Mexico. In minority cities (Vienna, Budapest, Copenhagen) people were most helpful in dropped pen
the only sig finding was that countries with simpatia as a cultural value were sig more helpful (Simpatia mean- 82.87%, non-simpatia-65.87%)
What were the community characteristics measured in Levine’s study?
Population size, purchasing power parity, walking speed, individualism/collectivism
What was the sample in Moray’s study?
male and female undergraduate students and researchers. Study 2- 12ps, study 3- Had two groups of 14
Results of experiment 1 in Moray’s study
When the short list of simple words was presented as the non-attended message there was no trace of the words being remembered even when being presented many time
Results of experiment 2 in moray’s study
When instructions were given in the non-attended message ps heard 20/39 when this was preceded by their name but 4/36 when not preceded by the name
Results of experiment 3 in Moray’s study
There was no significant difference in the number of digits recalled in either condition.
What was the sample in Simons and Chabris study?
228 ps in total, volunteer sample. Most were undergraduate students who were offered a reward of a candy bar or a single fee for their participation in this and other unrelated studies
What were some results for S&C’s study?
Out of 192 ps, 54% noticed the unexpected event and 46% failed to.
Ps were more likely to notice the unexpected event in the unexpected opaque condition (67%) compared to the transparent condition (42%)
64% noticed unexpected event in easy compared to 45% in hard
More people noticed umbrella women than gorilla:58%vs 27%
What was the sample in kohlberg’s study?
75 American boys. At the start of the study they were aged between 10 and 16 and at the end 22-28. Boys from Taiwan, Mexico, Uk, Turkey were also studied
What stages did the preconventional level include in Kohlberg’s study?
-Orientation towards punishment
2.Orientation towards self-interest
What stages did the conventional level include in Kohlbergs study?
-Good-boy-good-girl orientation
4-Orientation towards authority
What stages did the postconventional level include in Kohlbergs study?
5- Social contract orientation
6- Orientation towards conscience and ethical principals
Kohlberg believed that stages in moral development were universal but that reasoning behind moral thinking might differ between cultures. Outline one example shown in the study on one difference in reasoning between the USA and another culture
At age 16 in the USA the most common stage was stage 5, whereas in Mexico and Taiwan development was slower, with stage 3 most common at 16.
What was the sample in Lee’s study?
120 Chinese children: 40 7 years old (20 m and 20 F) and 40 9yr olds(20M, 20F) and 40 11 year olds (20m and 20F). They were recruited from elementary schools in Hangzhou, Zhejiang province, a medium- sized city in the people’s Republic of China.
108 Canadian Children: 36 7 year olds (20m and 16F), 40 9 year olds (24M and 16F), 32 11 year olds(14M, 18F). They were recruited from elementary schools in Fredericton, New Brunswick, Canada
What were the results in Lee’s study?
Among the chinese children, 8% of 7 year olds, 43% of 9 year olds and 48% of 11 year olds gave negative ratings for telling the truth (prsocial truth telling story).
25% of Chinese 7 year olds, 43% of 9 year olds and 70% of 11 year olds rated lying as positive (in the prosoical/lie telling story compared to 0% of 11yo Canadian Children)
What were the 4 conditions in the study by Lee?
1.Culture= chinese or Canadian
2.Age-7,9,11 years old
3.Type of story-Physical or social
4.Prosocial or antisocial
What was the sample in B&C’s study?
Labatory raised kittens that were housed in complete darkness until 2 weeks of age. 2 were used for the full examination.
What were the results in B&C’s study?
Within 10hrs the kittens could jump with ease. they were clumsy when chasing objects that were moving and often bumped into things. They were tested for line recognition and this showed behavioural blindness as those who were raised in a horizontal environment could not detect vertically aligned objects etc. When the kittens were 7.5 months old, 2 were anaesthetised while neurones in the visual cortex were studies. Comparing 125 neurons from each kitten. Horizontal plane neurons did not “fire off” in those kittens who were raised in a vertical environment and vice versa.
Outline 2 qualitative finding from B&C
kittens guided themselves mainly by touch and they were frightened when they reached the edge of the surface they were standing on. They also showed behavioural blindness’ in that the kittens raised in the horizontal environment could not detect vertically aligned objects and vice versa.
Outline a quantitative findings from B&C study
Horizontal plane recognition cells did not ‘fire-off’ in the kitten from the vertical environment and the vertical plane cells did not ‘fire-off’ in the kitten from the horizontal environment so there was distinct orientation selectivity, showing the kittens suffered from physical blindness.
What was the sample in Maguire’s study?
16 right-handed male taxi drivers with a mean age of 44 (32-62). Experience of a London taxi driver was 1.5- 42 years. all healthy and training took place over 2 years.
Control- 50ps on MRI database.
What were the results in Maguire’s study?
Increased volume of grey matter in both the left and right hippocampi in the taxi drivers brains.
Correlational analysis revealed that the volume of the right posterior hippocampus increased as moths of being a taxi driver increased.
taxi drivers had greater volume in their hippocampus whereas no taxi drivers had greater volume in their left anterior indicating a redistribution.
Identify two techniques used to analyse MRI scans in Maguire’s study
Pixel counting and Voxel based Morphometry
What was the sample in Gould’s study?
Opportunity sample: 1.75 million army recruits situated in training camps.
What were the results in Gould’s study?
Set standard age=16 years but results showed that most men would be classed as morons.
White (American)- 13.04
Black (American- 10.41
Russian (Immigrant- 11.34
Italian (Immigrant)- 11.01
Polish (Immigrant)- 10.74
What was the sample in Hancock’s study?
14 psychopathic and 38 non-psychopathic male models who were imprisoned in Canadian correctional facilities. All of the 52 ps had admitted their crime and volunteered for the study. The 2 criminals did not differ on age, and their overall mean age at the time of their current homicide was 28.9 years.
How was psychopathy determined in Hancock’s study?
PCL-R.
Wmatrix linguistic analysis tool was used to examine parts of speech and semantic content, while the Dictionary of Affect and language (DAL) tool was used to examine the emotional characteristics of the narratives.
State 3 results of Hancock’s study
-Instrumental language analysis showed that psychopaths were more likely to describe their homicide using subordinating conjunctions (1.82% of words in the psychopath corpora compared to 1.54% in control.)
-Crime narratives of the psychopaths emphasised more basic needs including food, sex and shelter. Compared to control that focused on higher level social needs such as: meaningful relationships and spirituality.
-Psychopaths used less positive or emotionally intense language. More instances of callousness and lack of empathy.
What are the 5 stages of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs?
- Self-actualization
2.Esteem needs
3.Love and belonging needs
4.Safety needs
5.Physiological needs
Frequency of basic needs for drinking for both psychopaths and non-psychopaths?
psychopaths:66%
Non-psychopaths: 38%
frequency of social needs for family for both psychopaths and non-psychopaths?
Psyhcopaths:28%
Non-psychopaths: 57%
