Core Studies Section B And C Flashcards

Question

What is the key them for Freud and Baron-cohen?

Answer 1

Understanding disorder

Answer 2

Measuring differences

Answer 3

All human behaviour occurs in a social context and is influenced by the actual, imagined or implied presence of others. Other people and the environment influence our behaviour and thought processes.

Answer 4

Internal mental processes are important in understanding behaviour. Humans are like information processors; input, process, output. The output or behaviour is due to the mental processing which occurs. Mental processing can be tested scientifically.

Answer 5

* People change and develop with age and experience: this development may be social, cognitive or biological * Many of the biggest changes occur in childhood. * Human development is an interaction of the influences of nature and nurture as both are important in shaping behaviour.

Answer 6

* Behaviour can be largely explained in terms of biology – genes, the brain, hormones and nervous system have a direct influence on behaviour * Psychology should be seen as a science, to be studied in a scientific manner (usually in a lab) measuring variables objectively, eg MRI scans. * The biological approach focuses on how nature rather than nurture influences us.

Answer 7

Individuals differ in their behaviour & personal qualities so no-one is average Everyone is genetically unique and this uniqueness is displayed through their behaviour. So everyone behaves differently. All behaviour can be measured.

Answer 8

Behaviour is influenced by the interaction (dynamism) of drives and forces within the personality (psyche). Behaviour comes from the unconscious personality. Personality is shaped by relationships, experience and conflict over time, particularly during childhood. The mind is like an iceberg. It has conscious, subconscious and unconscious thought, all of which can influence our behaviour

Answer 9

Psychology is a science and the only way to be objective is to observe / measure behaviour (i.e. not infer anything about mental processes). All behaviour is learned through Social Learning or classical / operant conditioning.

Answer 10

Helps us understand how behaviour can be influenced by other people and the situation you are in. Supports the nurture side of the debate.

Answer 11

Reductionist-underestimates the power of individual differences. Unethical- due to issues raised of deception or lack of withdrawal e.g. Milgram

Answer 12

Offers lots of practical applications e.g Grant It can overlook other behavioural factors

Answer 13

Uses longitudinal studies-scientific and shows development overtime. Adds evidence to the nature/nurture debate

Answer 14

Rigid stages of development Ps are often children Deterministic

Answer 15

Very scientific- experiments used are measurable, objective and can be repeated. Deterministic- Increases the likelihood of being able to treat people with abnormal behaviors.

Answer 16

Focuses too much on the 'nature' side of the debate. It develops theories about disorders and generalises them to apply to everyone.

Answer 17

Some methods used by this approach are objective and quantifiable Useful applications to the real world e.g. Rosenhan

Answer 18

Often sample is of very few numbers, so data can't be generalised Case studies= unethical due to issues with confidentiality, as ps may be easily recognised from the case

Answer 19

Explores the innate drive that motivates our behaviour Emphasises the influence of childhood relationships and experiences on later development.

Answer 20

Deterministic, Unscientific and un-falsifiable.

Answer 21

Scientific=cause and effect Real-life application: operant conditioning=prisons etc Classical conditioning=treating phobias.

Answer 22

Environmental determinism- behaviour is determined by past experiences that have been conditioned Mechanist view of behaviour- Seen as passive and machine- like responders with little or no conscious insight into their behaviour.

Answer 23

Modelling Rewarding (positive reinforcement) Punishment (negative reinforcement) Educational films Changing cognitions that will then change behvaiour Classical conditioning, social leanirng theory

Answer 24

Individual differences, Reductionist, Ethics, Lack of resources

Answer 25

This is anything that a psychologist may be intrested in studying... look at the key themes the studies are paired in or the aims of the study to get an idea such as: Obediance Authority Influence of culture effect of reward effect of punishment etc.

Answer 26

nature/nurture Freewill/determinism Reductionism/holism Individual/situational Uselfulness of research Ethical considerations Conducting socially sensitive nreseacrh Psychology as a science

Answer 27

Refers to bio psychologists trying to reduce complex behaviours to a physical explanation in terms of genes, neurotransmitters, hormones, brain structure, etc.

Answer 28

Focuses on stimulus-response relationships and that complex behaviours are the results of a series of S-R chains.

Answer 29

Where a complex behaviour is reduced to a single (isolated) variable for the purpose of testing.

Answer 30

Reduces cognitive control/ability to delay gratification down to just activity in our right inferior gyrus

Answer 31

Only focuses on operant conditioning to explain medical compliance in children.

Answer 32

Considers a range of different factors in the cost-benefit model of helping behaviour e.g. race of victim, ill vs drunk, effect of modelling, bystanders.

Answer 33

The way in which the research was conducted, namely an in-depth case study collecting data over a period of approx 2 years in an unstructured way, was relatively holistic.

Answer 34

Humans can make choices but these are often limited by and therefore determined by certain factors out of their control.

Answer 35

Argues that humans have no free will and pre-determining factors beyond the individual cause us to behave the way we do.

Answer 36

Behaviour is a consequence of factors within our environment which we can’t control.

Answer 37

It sees that our behaviour is a consequence of factors within our biology which we can’t control.

Answer 38

That humans have the unique intellectual capacity to age independent decisions about how they behave in any situation. Thus humans are a) morally responsible for their own behaviour and b) self-determining.

Answer 39

This is because her study suggests that people are born with brain differences that mean some people can resist temptation and other cannot.

Answer 40

There is evidence that the children selectively chose who they wanted to imitate. Such as boys imitate ale (25.4) when displaying aggressive behaviour then when they saw a female model (12.8)

Answer 41

The extent to which particular aspects of behaviour are a product of either inherited (i.e. genetic) or acquired (i.e.learned) characteristics.

Answer 42

Ability to delay or not is predetermined, hence nature. resisting temptation (or not) is a relatively stable characteristic which suggests nature. the assumption is that ability to delay is a consequence of predetermined activity in the IFG and VS.

Answer 43

argued that different functions are lactated within certain areas of the brain and that these cause behaviour. He suggests that the performance of tasks is due to the activation in different brain structures that we are born with.

Answer 44

The children witnessed the behaviour f the role model and imitated it, showing how their experience, and this nurture, shaped their aggressive behaviour.

Answer 45

The ps conflict often seen within this study is a result of two opposing, deeply ingrained rules that have been “nurtured” within our culture E.G obeying authority figures.

Answer 46

This study supports the individual view because Freud identifies individual factors to explain Hans’ behaviour. little Hans’ early childhood experiences, drives, fantasies, dreams combine to explain his unique development of a horse phobia.

Answer 47

Identifies the specific individual factor that explains why HFA with autism perform badly on an adult TOM test

Answer 48

Looks at how the behaviour of the role models around us have a situational effect on behaviour.

Answer 49

I= Resisting temptation is a stable characteristic influence by lower activity in the inferior frontal gyrus. S= Being able to teach those who couldn’t delay “cooling strategies” and/or cultural difference (e.g. children in Cameroon found it far easier to delay than children from Germany) demonstrate the possibility of situational influences.

Answer 50

The idea that does the potential costs to the ps involved in the research outweigh the benefits to scientific understanding and wider society.

Answer 51

Milgram, Bandura and Bocchiaro

Answer 52

Grant, Casey and Bocchiaro

Answer 53

use to refer to psychological research/theories studies that has wider (usually negative) implications that affect people or groups in wider society-e.g. researchers and their institutions, families or people close to them, other groups in society. It may also refer to the sensitive nature of some of the cocnlsuions drawn by the research.

Answer 54

The findings can potentially have negative impact on the pop represented in this study and increase stigma. the discovery of this specific deficit in people with autism/AS might lead to even greater STIGMA in the form of exclusion of those with ASD from job, education, relationships etc.

Answer 55

His explanation of obedience can be seen as environmentally deterministic. this potentially removes blame for destructive obedience (e.g. holocaust) and can cause HARM since the conclusions from this study are seen as controversial.

Answer 56

Gould highlights how Yerkes administered a number i of culturally biased tests to ensure the intelligence of 1.75 million army recruits which resulted in political consequences e.g. these “facts” were used to justify the immigration Restriction Act of 1924 which prevented up to 6 million Europeans from immigrating to the USA during WW2. These people will have ended up suffering at the hands of the Nazis as a cocquence

Answer 57

Grant and Chaney

Answer 58

-relies on well controlled lab experiments which enables cause and effect to be established. -Uses standardised procedures that allow for replication. This means results can be verified.

Answer 59

-Relies on methodological procedures that reduce the objectivity of data collection e.g. self-reports, subject to experimenter bias, not all extraneous variables are controlled, use of case studies etc. -if theories of human behaviour are devised that can’t be falsified i.e proved to be wrong.

Answer 60

Loftus & palmer, Casey, Bandura

Answer 61

Freud, Chaney, Bandura.

Answer 62

The deterministic stance can be linked to nature due to the clear focus on establishing cause and effect, particularly when investigating genetics. Nurture also tends to be deterministic as behaviourist research believed that factors in the environment can be isolated and understood to be directly causing behaviour. Therefore if our thinking and behaviour are entirely determined by our environment where is the role for free will?

Answer 63

Nature see genetic and other bio factors as the explanation for thinking and behaviour, which adopts reductionist view (which attempts to break down behaviour into constituent parts and using single factors to account for given actions)

Answer 64

Individual explanations of behaviour often assume that behaviour is innate and that the nurture side of the debate is true; By using a situational explanation researchers assume that the environment determines behaviour and therefore the nurture side of the debate is favoured.

Answer 65

Assuming that behaviour is due to nature and breaking down behaviour into constituent parts, may enable researchers to develop precise practical a applications (e.g. drug therapies) which would enhance usefulness. However, in order to isolate specific variables to establish cause and effect, researchers often use lab experiments, which are unlike real-life environment and hence lack generalisability.

Answer 66

Much SS research is about the genetic basis of behaviour and therefore the nature side of this debate. What is more, assuming that behaviour is due to nurture, e.g. our upbringing and its contribution to the development of our aggressive behaviour may cause some ethical issue (e.g. blaming parents)

Answer 67

Psychologists more likely to use the scientific approach earn truing to establish a bio cause of behaviour. It is easier to isolate possible bio contributions than nurture. Too many confounding variables if looking at nurture.

Answer 68

Determinism and reductionism align with similar assumptions about the predictability of behaviour and the scientific approach to explaining human behaviour; Reductionists look at one single cause of behaviour, meaning their explanations remove the influence of free will.

Answer 69

Determinism aligns more closely with situational explanations that focus on specific factors contributing to behaviour that can be predicted; it aims to establish cause and effect by isolating specific variables. However both sides of the ind/sit explanations assume that it is possible to predict behaviour based on specific variables and that people behave in systematic ways which removes the element of free will.

Answer 70

Determinism is very useful when trying to develop treatments; bio treatments may lack effectiveness in the long-term as behaviour return. Freewill is ore useful for therapeutic methods (sticking with treatment, making decisions about it etc) whereas determinism aids the development of very measurable treatments.

Answer 71

Determinism has the danger of causing psychological harm due to the implications research may have such as genetic causes of behaviour or poor upbringing.

Answer 72

deterministic explanations can lead to SS research as this suggest that there is a clear cause for behaviour. this can lead to labelling and discrimination and remove personal responsibility. SS research tends to be deterministic and suggest clear cause and effect which can be uncomfortable.

Answer 73

Determinism aims to be scientific however it can never lead to perfect predictions due to the complexity of human behaviour and the difficulty isolating variables complexity. Determinism does utilise many scientific methods compared to freewill.

Answer 74

Sit explanations of behaviour are often hard to quantify when explaining how groups, reserve of others and social triggers cause behaviour and therefore a more holistic approach is needed.

Answer 75

As with determinism, reductionism can be very useful when trying to develop treatments because it reads down the behaviour into constituent parts, which enable researchers to develop precise practical application (e.g. drug therapies) which would enhance usefulness.

Answer 76

Often SS research focuses on specific such as sex, or race, as the cause of behaviour.

Answer 77

Through scientific approach of hypothesis testing and variable control, researchers may seek to reduce explanations for behaviour to simple, single factors.

Answer 78

By understanding individual factors that determine behaviour researchers can develop real life applications such as therapy that focuses on changing factors such as faulty cognitions.

Answer 79

The danger of attributing the cause of behaviour to individual factors is that it can ;dad to socially sensitive research as the implication of findings could suggest that a person’s race, age, gender or disability cause behaviour. this can cause social stigma and discrimination. Sit explanations can be seen as removing ind responsibility whilst individual plantations risk labelling.

Answer 80

Areas of psych that use individual explanations of behaviour, such a s cog area, often use scientific methods that are high in control whereas sit explanations often find it harder to establish such high control.

Answer 81

Social approach because the results show how pressure from another person could lead people to administer potentially fatal electric shocks to another individual and how they could be led to do this in spite of their evident discomfort. Included because of the importance of its subject matter and because of the way in which it inspired so much other research in the area of obedience. Furthermore, Milgram emphasised situational rather than individual explanations.

Answer 82

A study which sought to develop a new way to investigate obedience experimentally. Similar to Milgram in revealing high levels of obedience, but a good contrast in that this study was conducted in the Netherlands; as it also sought to investigate if there were any personality differences distinguishing those who were obedient, disobedient or prepared to be whistle-blowers, it challenges a purely social approach to explaining behaviour and does consider individual explanations.

Answer 83

Social approach because it was seeking to investigate (in a real-life setting) the impact of other people on helping behaviour. It did this through counting of the number of people in the carriage at the time of the incidents (diffusion of responsibility was not seen) while another person was available to model helping behaviour in case this was necessary.

Answer 84

A more recent study investigating helping behaviour, this can be seen as building on the Piliavin study by investigating it in non-confined settings and also by doing so cross-culturally, in 23 different countries. Results found cultural differences in altruism, this offering culture as an explanation.

Answer 85

Cognitive because of its subject matter – namely, attention. This specific study was included because it is one of the many studies from the 1950s which sought to investigate auditory attention; Moray’s study comprises a series of three experiments, one of which investigates the ‘cocktail party effect’ and what kind of information breaks the attentional barrier is discussed.

Answer 86

This can be seen as building on Moray’s work by investigating visual (as opposed to auditory) attention. This study also explains why we may not recall information that we see, but do not pay attention to.

Answer 87

Cognitive because of its subject matter – namely, memory. This study shows the impact that post-event information can have on memory, even to the point (in the second of their two experiments) of producing false memories.

Answer 88

A study which shows another way in which memory can be affected – in this case, by whether information is recalled in a similar context to that in which it was first encountered. In contrast to Loftus and Palmer’s study, this research explains how memory can be enhanced, rather than distorted.

Answer 89

Developmental because of the way in which it shows how children’s behaviour can be influenced by the behaviour of adult role models (who they imitate). This lab study can be compared to Chaney et al’s field study.

Answer 90

Developmental because it is illustrating another way in which children’s behaviour can be influenced by external factors – in this case, the presence of positive and negative reinforcers.

Answer 91

Developmental because it is investigating how, as people get older, the nature of their moral thinking can be seen to evolve, potentially passing through six distinct stages of moral development. It is suggesting that this occurs in line with cognitive development and that it occurs irrespective of the culture a person is growing up in.

Answer 92

A cross-cultural study which challenges Kohlberg’s suggestion that the development of moral thinking is unaffected by the culture a child grows up in. Lee et al show the impact of culture through Chinese and Canadian children’s evaluations of lying and truth-telling. It also investigates the impact that a child’s age has on their evaluations of lying and truth-telling, and its use of a cross-sectional approach contrasts nicely with Kohlberg’s longitudinal approach.

Answer 93

Biological because it is showing, through split-brain patients, the way in which different abilities are localized within the two hemispheres of the brain and distinct areas control specific behaviours. Sperry’s study has a small sample in comparison to the Casey et al study.

Answer 94

Biological because it involves trying to see whether there is a neural basis to self-regulation. This is done through fMRI scans of people who, forty years previously, had taken part in Mischel’s delay-of-gratification (marshmallow) test.

Answer 95

An early example of research into brain plasticity, in which evidence is put forward of the impact that the visual environment has on cats’ brains (specifically their visual neurons). Included as a biological study because of its focus on neurons, and also because it opens up the debate about whether biology affects behaviour or whether behaviour might even affect biology.

Answer 96

A modern counterpart to Blakemore and Cooper’s study which again illustrates brain plasticity. This time, though, it illustrates it amongst adult humans (specifically London taxi drivers) in a different part of the brain (the hippocampi). It also uses different techniques (MRI scans) to investigate it. The study also explains brain plasticity, in that the organisation of the brain is altered by experiences.

Answer 97

individual differences because of its focus on trying to explain a way in which people may differ – namely, by having phobias. It does this through the case study of a single boy.

Answer 98

Again, individual differences because of its focus on trying to understand a way in which people differ – in this case, through being diagnosed as being on the autistic spectrum. A good contrast to Freud because of the different research method used (a quasi experiment) and because of the number and ages of the participants as well as the different disorder.

Answer 99

Individual differences because of its focus on an attempt to develop a test to measure a way in which people differ – namely, in their levels of intelligence. Included for many reasons, but particularly because it shows how difficult it is to avoid cultural bias in supposedly objective measures.

Answer 100

Individual differences because, again, of its focus on trying to measure differences – in this case, text analysis tools are used to examine the mcrime narratives of 14 psychopathic and 38 non-psychopathic homicide offenders and the findings demonstrate how the two groups differ

Answer 101

Behaviourist because of the way it provides empirical support for social learning theory. This is shown through children imitating the aggressive behaviour of the role models that they observe.

Answer 102

Behaviourist because of the way it provides empirical support for operant conditioning (both positive and negative reinforcement). Results found increased adherence, due to the positive reinforcement provided by the funhaler.

Answer 103

Psychodynamic because of the way in which Freud’s theory of psychosexual development (especially the Oedipus complex) is drawn upon to explain little Hans’ phobias and fantasies.

Answer 104

Kohlberg’s study is not psychodynamic, but within his paper he explicitly positions his own work against Freudian views of the origins of virtue (as “...superego-identification with parents generated by a proper balance of love and authority in family relations”). Psychodynamic theories about moral development could be drawn out further in the course of exploring Kohlberg’s work.

Answer 105

Similarly, Hancock et al’s study is not in itself psychodynamic, but it makes repeated references to concepts that draw upon psychodynamic ideas throughout the course of the paper – namely, ego development, use of a Rorschach test, psychological ‘distancing’, basic and thrill-seeking drives,and language use being in all likelihood beyond conscious control. Again, these ideas could be drawn out and explicitly related to the psychodynamic perspective.

Answer 106

This area of research led to an understanding of terrible historical events such as the holocaust and how individuals may be led to behave in ways they would never predict they would. This has led to the idea that all individuals are susceptible; if they are asked by a figure in authority, to gradually carry out terrible acts they would previously have said were inconceivable. Bocchiaro et al found similar results and extended the evidence to include female behaviour along with male behaviour.

Answer 107

Both pieces of research highlight the need for society to question authority further as obedience levels in both studies were seen to be high. The contemporary study, Bocchiaro et al, uses students so may be limited in its ability to explain how different groups in society may behave but does look at a different part of society to Milgram who studied volunteers with a range of occupations.

Answer 108

Bocchiaro furthered Milgram’s ethnocentric research and showed that obedience is high cross-culturally as well as the importance of considering individual explanations alongside situational ones. The contemporary study also showed that obedience was similar over time and research in this area suggests that people are inherently obedient.

Answer 109

This area of research has found that individual’s responses to people in need do vary and factors such as the judgements of an individual in need and cultural factors do have an effect on helping behaviour.

Answer 110

The classic study suggests individuals use a cost-benefit analysis to decide whether to help those in need; as this includes perceptions of costs and stereotypes of those in need society can improve helping behaviour by breaking down stereotypes. As an example in Piliavin’s research people were more likely to help someone of the same race and this issue needs to be tackled however race was not focused on by Levine et al. The contemporary study found a shift in the helping behaviour of females and contrasted Piliavin’s research that showed helpers were predominantly males.

Answer 111

Levine carried out research cross-culturally that suggests that helping behaviour and altruism are affected by more than just situational explanations with countries that practice simpatia found more likely to help. This furthers the research by Piliavin et al and shows that cultural practices can be embedded to improve helping behaviour.

Answer 112

Our understanding of how individuals behave due to the increasingly detailed models of behaviour that explain specific elements of memory processing and how memory can be improved or distorted. As an example Grant et al found that, further to Loftus and Palmer’s conclusion that post-event information can affect memory recall, the ability to recall information is also affected by cues and the setting in which material has been processed in the first place.

Answer 113

The accuracy of memory is a concern for society as the criminal justice system often relies on testimony of people and the accuracy of memory processing has been questioned through this pair of core studies. This has led to changes to the criminal justice system such as those outlined in the Devlin report. The contemporary study doesn’t further our understanding of social diversity as both pieces of research use university students from America and does not specify further sectors of society.

Answer 114

This pair of core studies can explain cultural differences by investigating the factors that may influence memory recall. Although these studies are both ethnocentric they suggest a nomothetic explanation of behaviour that can be applied to different cultures where the culturally specific factors can be applied. Further research would need to be carried out in other cultures to establish if these models are nomothetic

Answer 115

The contemporary study does allow us to see how individuals process stimulus in their environment differently and this results in individual differences in the ability to pay attention to background stimuli. This extends the classic research into auditory information to visual information also.

Answer 116

Both pieces of research utilise students for their sample and therefore may not explain groups in society who do not share characteristics that are similar to these.

Answer 117

The contemporary study studied participants from Harvard university which allowed research to be applied to American culture as well as English culture that was previously studied by Moray.

Answer 118

Bandura showed that males and females imitate behaviour differently and are affected more by same sex role models. Chaney et al furthered the understanding of how males and females learn behaviours but did not differentiate between them as Bandura did.

Answer 119

The classic study Bandura et al explained the causes of behaviour and Chaney et al furthered an understanding of how behaviourist theories can be used to improve behaviour.

Answer 120

Chaney et al carried out their research with Australian children which furthers Bandura’s research in America and suggests that all children, regardless of culture, are able to learn and acquire behaviour using the principle of reinforcement.

Answer 121

Lee et al was able to study females and males and explain how both genders develop morally, based on cultural factors. This was an improvement to the classic study as Kohlberg only studied males.

Answer 122

Lee et al reinforce Kohlberg’s idea that morality is developed over time as they found both Canadian and Chinese children shifted their attitudes to truth- telling as they got older. Lee et al did show that moral development is not purely down to age and progression through moral stages but also due to cultural factors that affect a person’s understanding of whether lies should be told.

Answer 123

Sperry already suggested that individual differences in the brain lead to observed differences in behaviour and Casey et al furthered this understanding by focusing on more specific regions of the brain that contribute to individual differences. They found that the ventral striatum is associated with a lack of self-control.

Answer 124

The contemporary study focuses on American participants like the class study did and therefore is limited in its ability to explain cultural differences.

Answer 125

Maguire et al’s research was able to show that brain plasticity does not only apply to animals such as cats but to humans as well. Maguire et al showed that excessive use of navigation skills led the brain to adjust and for grey matter in the posterior hippocampi to develop to accommodate this demand.

Answer 126

The contemporary study doesn’t tell us more about social diversity but it does show great improvements in the ability to measure human brain activity and allow for future research to now explore this.

Answer 127

Both studies develop an understanding of individual differences and why behaviour may differ among people. Baron-Cohen et al were able to analyse specific characteristics that lead to changes in behaviour over a more sustained period of time whereas Freud was explaining the reason some individuals experienced phobias for a relatively shorter period of time.

Answer 128

The contemporary study does not give further information about social diversity, nor does Freud’s.

Answer 129

The contemporary study was carried out in the UK and suggests that Aspergers can be explained in the same way across other cultures however, like Freud, this research only focused on one culture.

Answer 130

Hancock et al was able to demonstrate that it is possible to measure behaviour to establish factors that cause individual differences fairly. This contemporary study allowed more specific behaviours to be measured to understand abnormal behaviour rather than Gould’s focus on typical intelligence.

Answer 131

Hancock et al focused on 52 men who were in prison for murder and was therefore not necessarily able to tell us more about social diversity as a whole but about a particular group of individuals who are likely, given research into offending, to have similar backgrounds. This did enable Hancock et al to explain an important issue in society and potentially reduce future offending.

Answer 132

The contemporary study focused on prisoners in Canada and therefore does not offer further insight into cultural diversity overall, it does extend our understanding from America in the classic study but could be improved by considering the behaviour of individuals in further cultures.

Answer 133

Both used students=unrepresentative Both used lab experiments Both used an independent measures design

Answer 134

Both used IMD, both gathered quant data, both used undergraduate students, both lab

Answer 135

Moray used RMD and IMD where’s S&C only used IMD.

Answer 136

Both studies experimental (with 1 condition), both collected quantitative and qual data, both had a standardise procedure

Answer 137

Milgram all male, Bocchiaro male and female Bocchiaro took ps personalities into account

Answer 138

Both field experiments, Both used IMD, Very large samples,quantitative data collected

Answer 139

Levine took place in 23 countries but Piliavin only 1, Piliavin collected some qual data of the verbal comments

Answer 140

Both had practical applications, Freud=training psychotherapists, BC=helping those with HF autism

Answer 141

Research method:F=case study, BC=quasi experiment Samples, Freud 1 p

Answer 142

Both used quantitative data All male

Answer 143

Gould=psychometric testing Hancock=self report Sample, Gould=1.76m, Hancock=52

Answer 144

Both studies used young children of a similar age, quantitative data.

Answer 145

Bandura=lab, Chaney=field Bandura observed, Chaney=self report

Answer 146

Both used fairly large samples

Answer 147

K=longitudinal, L= cross-cultural method

Answer 148

Both conducted in a lab, both produced quantitative data.

Answer 149

Sperry=small sample, Casey large sample

Answer 150

Both used IMD and collected quantitative data.

Answer 151

BC-cats M-taxi drivers BC-Lab experiment M-Quasi experiment

Answer 152

When the contemporary study finds THE SAME as the classic study, we say it CONFIRMS what we know

Answer 153

When the contemporary study finds something NEW/ADDITIONAL ABOUT THE KT from the classic study, we say it adds to what we know. E.g Grant adds to our understanding because he looks at a different part of memory

Answer 154

When a contemporary study investigates the same thing and finds A CONTRADICTORY RESULT to the classic study, we say it changes what we know.

Answer 155

1: Make a clear statement about whether contemporary study changes OR adds to OR confirms/doesn’t change our understanding of the key theme AND TO WHAT EXTENT 2: Then directly compare this to what the contemp study found 3: add 1 or 2 conclusions from contemp study and show how these are sim/diff, therefore changing/not changing our understanding of the key theme- when appropriate, refer to EXTENT OF CHANGS (large/small/no extent)

Answer 156

Consider factors such as the personalities of the ps used, their age, sex, mental health status

Answer 157

Consider factors such as teh Ps’ occupations in both studies, if they are students, their social class.

Answer 158

Consider factors such as Ps ethnic group in both studies, their religions, collectivist/individualist.

Answer 159

1)Make a clear statement about whether contemp study changes/ adds to/confirms/ doesn’t change our understanding of diversity in relation to individual factors, social factors and/or cultural factors. 2) Make a brief statement about what the classic (older) study found and directly compare this to the contemp study. 3) Add 1 or 2 other conclusions from contemp study and show how this is sim/diff, therefore not changing/ changing our understanding of diversity.

Answer 160

(Aim to give 2 strengths and 2 weaknesses) -state a strength/weakness -elaborate/explain it- clearly explain WHY it’s a strength/weakness -apply it to a relevant core study for the area/perspective -Link this to why this is a strength in this specific core study.

Answer 161

(Aim to make 3 PEEL points) -Point about the debate e.g. which side is supported or a strength of one side of teh debate -Elaborate/explain it e.g. define any key terms - example fo a relevant core study -Link by stating why this reference to the CS supports your point in relation to the debate.

Answer 162

More scientific

Answer 163

Over-simplifies complex phenomena

Answer 164

Gives a complete picture of human experience.

Answer 165

Too subjective and open to interpretation

Answer 166

Individual responsibility Suggests behaviour is free Emphasise on the individual

Answer 167

Unscientific- behaviour can’t be predicted or objectively measured.

Answer 168

Emphasis on cause and effect

Answer 169

Ignores free will over behaviour Behaviour is too complex and variable Doesn’t blame people for their behaviour

Answer 170

Objective methods used Can show cause and effect

Answer 171

No control over own behaviour Reductionist

Answer 172

allows for intervention programmes-Bandura etc Wide range of research methods used

Answer 173

Reductionist Harder to establish cause and effect

Answer 174

Free will-gives people the responsibility to change the self Holistic- Takes into account individual differences

Answer 175

Difficulties generalising Reductionist

Answer 176

Suggests that behaviour is predictable so cause and effect can be found Behaviour can be changes by improving one’s environment

Answer 177

Reductionist Tends to rely on observations

Answer 178

Develops therapies, intervention, preventative action or treatments Provokes further research in the field Progresses understanding beyound previous findings Is generalisable to a wide population Is valid so the results are accurate.

Answer 179

Psychologists must ‘weigh up’ the benefits to society that may be Gaines by testing new theories and the costs to participants within the research

Answer 180

Increasing rates of obedience in the classroom

Answer 181

Enhancing the quality of eyewitness accounts

Answer 182

Social services ensuring children’s home life is not traumatic

Answer 183

Drug therapy for mental health disorders

Answer 184

Development of personality tests, which can be used for recruitment purposes.

Answer 185

Social learning theory- teaching children how to behave appropriately in the classroom environment

Answer 186

Psychoanalysis for people with phobias e.g spider… dream analysis, free association

Answer 187

-What are you suggesting (1 mark) -In what SITUATION (1 mark) -How will it work (1 mark) -An additional detail about how it will work (1 mark)

Answer 188

PEEE- Point, Elaborate, Example 1, Example 2

Answer 189

-Provide a summary of the study (aim, sample, method) -Provide one-two findings (depending on marks) -Continual references to the name of the key theme (mentioned in the question)

Answer 190

A-Assumption of the area L-Link to the core study E-Example from the core study

Answer 191

PEEL-Point, Elaborate, Example, Link back

Answer 192

PEEE-Point, Elaborate, Example from area/perspective 1, Example from area/perspective 2

Answer 193

-Define debate -Name study/area.perspective that supports debate -provide relevant evidence from study/ area/ perspective to support debate

Answer 194

1.POINT- state strenth/weakness 2.ELABORATE on strength/weakness i.e. define 3.EVIDENCE from a specific core study 4.LINK-This is a strength because… 4 point sin total, 2 positive and 2 negative, at least 2 core studies need to be discussed

Answer 195

1. Define debate (both sides) with examples (not from core studies) 2.Outline how one core study demonstrates one side of that debate. 3. Outline a strength of taking that side of that debate. 4. Outline how one core study demonstrates the other side of that debate. 5. Outline a weakness of taking that side of that debate. repeat steps steps 2-5 with the other side of the debate.

Answer 196

PEC (15 marks) 1.POINT- Make a detailed point 2.EVIDENCE from a core study to prove your point 3. COMMENT- therefore this suggest that… (use the wording of the question) 4 point sin total (both sides of debate covered) and at least 2 core studies need to be discussed ( aim for more if possible)

Answer 197

PEEL x3 1. POINT-Identify your point 2. ELABORATE on your point i.e. define 3. EVIDENCE from a specific core study 4.LINK-Therefore this is useful because…/this is a strength because/ this is a weakness because 3 points in total (mix of positive and negative one’s)

Answer 198

Milgram used a lab procedure to test destructive obedience, showing that people are surprisingly likely to obey orders to carry out immoral acts. Bocchiaro used a similar lab procedure to show that people were also surprisingly likely to obey instructions to encourage people to take part in an unethical experiment. they also found that people rarely took the opportunity to blow the whistle on the experimenter.