Mental Health Topic 2

Question 1

What is the medical model?

Answer 1

Explains mental disorder due to physical causes such as:
Brain structure,
genetics and biochemistry.

Question 2

How is the medical model deterministic?

Answer 2

as it emphasizes that a person has no more free choice or control over a mental disorder than a physical illness.

Question 3

Is the medical model restuctionist or holistic?

Answer 3

The medical model is reductionist as it oversimplifies causes of mental illness, ignoring psychological and environmental factors. In the other hand, recent biological explanations are looking at complex interactions between genes and environment, therefore becoming more holistic.

Question 4

What is the basic biochemical principals?

Answer 4

-Brain cells transmit information in the form of electrical impulses around the brain.
-Between brain cells are gaps (synapses)
-For info to pass from one cell to the next, neurotransmitters must pass across the synapse.
-different neurotransmitters are important in different parts of the brain and are believed to be important in regulating different mental processes.
-One explanation for MI is the possibility that symptoms are due to abnormal neurotransmitter levels or action.

Question 5

What is the monamine hypothesis?

Answer 5

Low levels of certain monamines which are a group of neurotransmitters that regulate mood can cause MI.

Question 6

What does serotonin do?

Answer 6

Regulates the other neurotransmitters. Without this regulation, brain functioning becomes erratic. When serotonin levels drops so does noradrenaline’s and dopamine’s

Question 7

What does noradrenaline do?

Answer 7

Is needed for alertness and low levels can be linked to a lack of pleasure.

Question 8

What does dopamine do?

Answer 8

Related to alertness, energy, motivation and to feel pleasure/rewards Low levels of dopamine are linked to anxiety.

Question 9

How is the gene 5-HTT linked to depression

Answer 9

Linked to regulating serotonin levels. People with variations to the 5-HTT gene that are under-active seem more likely to suffer from depression after stressful life events.

Question 10

How is the chemical MAO-A linked to depression?

Answer 10

Removes monamines from the synapse. This is an important brain function called “re-uptake” that recycles neurotransmitters when they don’t appear to be needed. If there is too much MAO-A in the synapse, it will remove monamines that are needed, starving the brain of serotonin, noradneranaline and dopamine leading to symptoms of depression.

Question 11

What is the basics for anti-depressant drugs?

Answer 11

Inhibit the activity of MAO-A. This leads to more monamine activity and a reduction in the symptoms of depression.

Question 12

What is the genetic explanation of mental illness?

Answer 12

genetic inheritance may determine features of our behavior, appearance, personality and achievements. Genes may also influence individual psychological characteristics including metal illness

Question 13

What are concordance rates?

Answer 13

Similarities between two relatives can be measured using a term concordance rat yes. a researcher would compare people that are genetically related on a basis of weather they have the same disorder.

Question 14

What are the family studies?

Answer 14

Family studies commonly show relationships between tarits and inheritance. Family studies tend to compare first-degree relatives to individuals and assess concordance rate. you would expect higher CR for first-degree relatives.

Question 15

What are the twin studies?

Answer 15

A quasi experiment in which we compare CR for identical (monozygotic) and non identical twins (dizygotic). You would assume that MZ twins have higher CR due to the fact they are genetically identical. However twins are often brought up in the same environment.

Question 16

What are the adoption studies?

Answer 16

Individuals who have been adopted as children are assessed in terms of characteristics and compared to biological and adoptive parents. Genetic factors are involved if CR are higher amongst biological relatives compared to adoptive relatives.

Question 17

What did Allen (1976) find?

Answer 17

CR for MZ twins and depression was 40% but this falls to 11% for DZ twins, providing evidence for genetic contribution to depression.

Question 18

What did Wender et al find?

Answer 18

Showed clear evidence for genetic effects. they found that biological relatives of a depressed adoptee were eight times more likely that adoptive relatives to also have depression.

Question 19

What is the brain abnormality explanation?

Answer 19

Refers to how a mentally ill patient’s brain is different from a neuro-typical person’s brain, or how their brain differs from when they were mentally healthy. Focuses on abnormality of the structure in the brain rather than biochemical abnormalities.

Question 20

What is the prefrontal cortex responsible for?

Answer 20

beahavioural control- damage causes issues with self-control and emotional processing.

Question 21

What is the amygdala responsible for?

Answer 21

Feelings of fear and emotional memory storage.

Question 22

What is the hippocampus responsible for?

Answer 22

processing memories and responding to stress hormones. When damaged associated with memory loss.

Question 23

What scans are used to investigate brain differences?

Answer 23

PET and MRI

Question 24

what happens to the hippocampus with depression?

Answer 24

May cause it to shrink or weaken.
Repeated stress may cause neurons in the hippocampus to shrink.

Question 25

What happens to the pre frontal cortex in depressed patients?

Answer 25

Shrink

Question 26

What happens to the amygdala in a depressed patient?

Answer 26

Increases in activity have been found when depressed patients are presented with a negative stimuli such as a sad face. but reduced activity when presented with a positive stimuli.
Suggests that the amygdala of depressed patients does not process facial stimuli in a way that healthy individuals would do.
Since the Amygdala regulates emotion it makes sense that it s implemented in depression.

Question 27

What was the aim of Gottesman’s study?

Answer 27

To investigate weather two parents with MI would increase the probability that their child would also be diagnosed with a mental disorder.

Question 28

What method was used in Gottesman’s study?

Answer 28

national cohort study
Quasi experiment

Question 29

What was the IV and DV of Gottesman’s study?

Answer 29

IV-Parental SZ/BP (using ICD 8 or 10)
DV-offspring diagnosis of any mebnatl illness.

Question 30

What was the sample in Gottesman’s study?

Answer 30

2.7 million danish people born before 1997
sampled in 2007
No consent was needed as data gathered was from public domain and names were anonymous.
A sample was taken from this population of:
-196 couples of whom has SZ and their 270 children
-83 couples both diagnosed as bipolar and their 146 children.
They also took sample of families where only one parent had a diagnosis.
and recorded the rest where neither had a diagnosis.

Question 31

What were some results for Gottesman’s study?

Answer 31

Risk of SZ with two parents= 27.3% and for any MI=67.5%
Risk of SZ with one parent=7% and for any MI=11.9%
For ps with neither=1.12% and for any 14.1%

Question 32

what does a re uptake inhibitor do?

Answer 32

Prevents the process in which neurotransmitters are naturally reabsorbed into nerved cells in the brain after they are released to send messages between nerve cells.
A re uptake inhibitor prevents this so instead of getting reabsorbed the neurotransmitter stays in the gap between the nerves called the synapse.

Question 33

What is an example of a re uptake inhibitor?

Answer 33

selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors (SSRIs) which are some of the most commonly prescribed antidepressants available. They include Celexa, Lexapro, Luvox, Paxil, prozac and Zoloft

Question 34

What has research shown about the serotonin transporter gene? (Weinberger et al)

Answer 34

Shows that this gene is responsible for producing a nerurotranmitter called serotonin which has been implicated in depression.
Weinberger et al found that this gene has 3 forms, long-long, long-short and short-short. the short form leads to inefficient serotonin production: brain scan studies showed people with this variant react more negatively to emotional stimuli. this suggests that tehy will not be able to handle stressful life events as well as others and therefore are more vulnerable to responding to stress with depression.

Question 35

What did Thompson et al do and find in relation to the hippocampus?

Answer 35

MRI scan from 9,000 people in 7 countries was collected. Of those, just over 1700 had a clinical diagnosis of major depression and 7200 were a control he found:
Depressed people had a smaller hippocampus than non-depressed people
These brain differences become more severe the longer an individual suffers from depression as well as in people who receive a diagnosis of depression at an early age.

Question 36

What did Sheline (2001) find in relation to the amygdala?

Answer 36

Found that in an fMRI scan of 11 depressed patients and control. The scan showed that the amygdala was more active in the depressed patients both during “resting” states and when exposed to emotional stimuli such as images showing fear. When the depressed patients were given antidepressants there was a reduction in activity in the amygdala.

Question 37

What is reuptake and a reuptake inhibitor?

Answer 37

It’s the process in which neurotransmitters are naturally reabsorbed back into nerve cells in the brain after they are released to send messages between nerve cells. A reuptake inhibitor prevents this from happening. Instead of getting reabsorbed, the neurotransmitter stays in the gap between the nerves, called the synapse.

Question 38

What’s the benefit of reuptake inhibitors?

Answer 38

The basic theory goes like this: keeping levels of the neurotransmitters higher could improve communication between the nerve cells- and that can strengthen circuits in the brain which regulate mood.

Question 39

What are some examples of reuptake inhibitors?

Answer 39

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors are some of the most commonly prescribed antidepressants available. they include Celexa, Lexapro, Luvox, Paxil, Prozac and Zoloft

Question 40

What did Arroll et al find about the usefulness about drug treatments?

Answer 40

60% of patients treated with antidepressants improved compared to 47% with placebo.

Question 41

What are some problems with drug treatment?

Answer 41

Drugs only alleviate the symptoms of disorders. As soon as the patients stop taking the drugs the symptoms return.
All drugs have side effects! Anxiety, sexual dysfunction, insomnia, nausea, suicidal thought etc.
Dependence
Not effective for all
The effectiveness of antidepressants does not mean the sole cause of the depression is biochemical.

Question 42

What is the conclusion of Gottesman’s study?

Answer 42

Having both parents with a serious mental illnes is associated with a sig increased risk of developing mot only that disorder but mental illness in general, Having one parent with a serious mental illness carries a bit of risk. this provides useful information for genetic counselling which involves advising people of their own risks of developing illness or passing it on genetic vulnerability to their children.