Sport And Society Flashcards
What was life like in pre-industrial Britain?
Extreme agricultural economy Less populated Limited transportation Limited education for lower class Long working hours Clear class division
What are the 4 C’s ??
Cruel
Clear class division
Countryside
Communications
Feudal system
A way of structuring society around a relationship derived from the holding of land in exchange for service of labour.
Popular recreations
The sport and pastimes of people in pre-industrial Britain.
What were activities like?
Aggressive Male dominated Lots of property damage Reflected harsh society Lots of injuries/deaths
The effect of limited transport/communications on popular recreational activities?
Local
Specific to each community
No travelling to other towns/villages
The effect of illiteracy/lack of education on popular recreational activities?
Basic rules
Rules were often made up as they played
Nobody officiating games
The effect of the harsh society on popular recreational activities?
Aggressive
Rough
Lots of damage to property
Lots of injuries
The effect of the long working hours on popular recreational activities?
Only played once/twice a year- on holy days at festivals
The effect of pre industrial revolutions on popular recreational activities?
Simple
Natural- used natural materials around them
Rural
The effect of the two tier society on popular recreational activities?
Different activities for different classes
eg- Lower class: mob football
Upper class: real tennis
Access to different equipment
Mob football
Lower class activity
Localised activity
Played in the fields-natural resources eg: pigs bladder as the ball
Only played occasionally
Male dominated, violent, few rules- reflected harsh society
Real tennis (Royal Tennis/ Sport of Kings)
Exclusive to upper class males of society- Henry VIII had court Lacked violence and opponents had mutual respect for each other Played often as the upper class had lots of leisure time Upper class had ability to travel- non local Skilful, difficult technical demands-reflected upper class superiority
Athletics- FOOT RACING
Footmen (servants) competed as messengers for upper class Competitive running/walking involving endurance with wagering on who could run the fastest and longest Success of athletes meant increased social status for gentry- acted as patrons for lower class
Patron
Member of the gentry who looked after lower class by:
Arranging competitions
Prize money
Looking after welfare
Characteristics of popular recreations liked to pre 1780 festivals included:
Set in rural locations Annual event Prizes awarded by upper class Simple rules Betting occurred Events were local with people from neighbouring villages competing
Why were popular recreations banned in the 19th century?
Violent Led to injury/death Property damage Invoked gambling/wagering Alcohol consumption/drunken behaviour
Rational recreations
In the 19th century these were sports pastimes for the lower class which were designed by the middle classes to be ordered, organised and controlled
Negative effects of rationalised sports in the first half of the 19th century
Lack of leisure time Lack of income Poor health Migration of lower class into the city Loss of rights Lack of public provisions
Remember HITFOR
H- Health was poor I- lack of Income T- lack of Time F- lack of Facilities O- Overcrowded R- loss of Rights
Wenlock games
Founded- Dr William Penny Brookes
First took place in 1850- annual event
Set to promote moral, physical and intellectual improvements for LC
Participation in mixture of athletics/ traditional country sports
Pageantry and celebrations were important
Dr Brookes campaigned for physical activity to be in school curriculum
Urbanisation
Large number of people migrating from rural areas into towns and cities, seeking regular work in the factories
Key features of urbanisation
Lack of work space
Large working class population
Change in working class conditions
Loss of traditional sports
Transport increased participation:
Development of steam strains and railways Cheaper train travel Spectators could travel Field sport was more accessible Employers sponsored excursions
How did the church influence sports?
Church provided facilities
Encouraged civilised behaviour
Organised sports teams
Increased attendance at ceremonies
Emergence of the middle class
Codification- strict rules
Competition- development of leagues
Increase in leisure time- workers given time off
Professionalism- commercial/ professional sport
Public provisions- facilities through middle class philanthropists
Philanthropists
Kind, generous, middle class individuals who had a social conscience and were keen to try to provide for a better life among the working class
Public provisions
Local council provisions of facilities
Pre industrial VS post industrial
2 tier society 3 tier society
Physical/ violent. Exclusivity/ NGBs
Males only Written rules
Few rules Regular fixtures
Little equipment Commercialised/ professionals
Public provisions
Development of public baths was a positive influence for the working class WASH HOUSE ACT-1846 — trying to combat the diseases that had become widespread because of poor living conditions Involvement in physical activity was seen as a means of social control of the working class - less drinking/gambling Helped improve productivity as workers were healthier
Characteristics of rational recreations
Played regionally/ nationally And regular Rule based- codification Purpose built facilities Gambling controlled Respectable Impact on religion and revolutions
Why was there a development of the National Governing Bodies in the mid-late 19th century ?
More teams/ clubs
More fixtures required
Rules and codification- nationally agreed
More national/ international fixtures
Maintenance of control of sport among the middle and upper class
More leagues required
How was the FA formed? (1863)
Ebenezer Morley, a London solicitor who formed Barnes FC in 1862, could be called the ‘father’ of The Association. He wasn’t a public school man but old boys from several public schools joined his club and there were ‘feverish’ disputes about the way the game should be played.
The FA was formed there on 26 October 1863, a Monday evening. The captains, secretaries and other representatives of a dozen London and suburban clubs playing their own versions of football met “for the purpose of forming an Association with the object of establishing a definite code of rules for the regulation of the game”.
Why did some NGB’s try to prevent professionals from competing in their sport?
Due to their desire for the upper/middle class to maintain control of sport To preserve amateur ideal in sport To maintain exclusivity- didn’t want to mix with lower class Did not like losing lower working class who became professionals
Amateur
A person who plays sport for the love of it and does not receive financial gain
Professional
A person who plays sports for financial gain
Values of amateurism
Manliness- robustness, striving for physical endeavour
Appreciating the value of health and fitness
Appreciating the value of rule regulated activity
High moral integrity
Characteristics of gentleman amateur
Being a respected member of society with a public school background- high status in society
Belonging to the social elite- having wealth and plenty of free time for sport
Participation in sport was viewed as a natural character building exercise
Playing range of sports using natural talents
Playing sports to a high moral code
Positive impacts of amateurism
Code of amateurism: - was based on playing sport to clearly set rules which were put in place by the middle and upper classes that formed many NGB’s (fair play, referees, acceptance of rules/decisions)
Belonging to the social elite: - having wealth and plenty of time to play sport for the love of it rather than monetary gain.
Participation in sport: - was seen as more important than winning and taking part was viewed as character building exercise. They played according to their god given talents and training was frowned
upon as this constitute professionalism
The ‘ALL ROUNDER’ was viewed in high regard by the armatures.
Armatures were the ‘elite performers’ of the 19th century
What are working class professionals?
■ Working class had lower status and could not afford to play sport
■ The working class professionals came from poor backgrounds
■ They were perceived to be corruptible as they were controlled by money (take a bribe to throw a fight).
■ Early professionals in walking/running races, were paid according to results.
■ Foul play and gamesmanship were used to try to gain an advantage and increase the chances of winning (stretching the rules)
What are the positive impacts of nineteenth century professionalism on sports development?
■ As poorest members of society, had to be paid a wage for time off working and representing their factory, broken time payments emerged.
■ They were paid based on their result so performance developed as a result of training.
■ Earning money from sport was seen as an avenue for ‘social mobility’
■ This created a determination to succeed i.e. high rewards at stake and the pressure to succeed to maintain a certain lifestyle
■ Professionalism slowly developed at the end of the 19th century e.g. employment in a factory was sometimes based on talent to play sport.
Rationalisation of Association Football
Urbanisation
More free time
Improved transport
Increased professionalism
Social class links- middle class influence
Increased organisation- rules, refs, leagues, teams
Bowman Ruling
A European Court of Justice decision made on the
15th December 1995 concerning freedom of
movement for worker. It effectively allowed footballers
within the EU to move at the end of their contract
to another club without a transfer being paid.
Emergence of elite female footballers
Equal opportunities Increased media coverage Female role models Better PE programs Increased encouragement from FA More clubs More free time
Commercialism
The process of attempting to gain money from an activity
Sponsorship
when a company pays for their products to be publicly displayed or advertised, usually as an attempt to increase the sales of there goods.
Merchandising
the practice in which the brand or image from one ‘product’ is
used to sell another.
Characteristics of commercial sport
Wide media coverage Entertainment Professional sports Sponsorship and business Contracts Athletes as commodities
Effects of Commercialisation on Professional Performers.
High incomes and sponsorship deals- financial security Entertaining household names Successful result = pay rise Under pressure to perform well Controlled by sponsors
Effects of commercialisation on sports
Rules and regulations have been changed or introduced to speed up the action and prevent spectator boredom. (football - multi ball, badminton – score on every point)
Breaks are provided in play so that sponsors can advertise there products and services.
Competition formats have changed (e.g. twenty20 cricket)
Sports played by women receive less coverage, this can have a negative effect on participation. There are fewer role models and there is less money reinvested into sports at grass roots and professional levels.
The increase in technology gives the spectator a more personal experience.
What are the reasons why companies invest large amounts of money into sport?
Sponsorships can decrease the amount of tax paid by a company (tax relief)
Creates an association with the healthy image of sport
Improves company /Morale
Increased sales/commercial benefits/increased profit/increased publicity
Gives an opportunity to link to corporate hospitality
Creates an association with excellence at the highest levels of sport
Globalisation
the process whereby nations are increasingly being linked together and people are becoming more independent via improvements in communication and travel
Globalisation in sports
Increased pressure on athletes to perform to their best: may lead to the use of some illegal substances to maintain performance levels
The players are recruited to play for teams in other countries
The sponsorships of events
The spreading of different sports to new nations
What impact has social media had on sport
Players use social Media to promote themselves/Attracts universities/clubs
Companies are being set up to provide social media at a verity of levels
Provides information regarding sport
Some players/coaches have got in trouble for posting inappropriate comments
Athletics use it to share info and promote the their clubs
