Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

anatomy > spine and trunk > Flashcards

spine and trunk Flashcards

1
Q

what is the spine?

A
  • rigid bone structure made of many vertebrae
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

describe the structure of the spinal cord (33 vertebrae)

A
  • 12 thoracic
  • 7 cervical
  • 5 lumbar
  • 5 sacrum
  • 4 coccyx
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what are the six functions of the spine?

A
  • weight bear in upright posture
  • act as shock absorber through curves and discs
  • produce, accumulate and transmit force
  • attachment point for muscles of shoulder
  • carry/ support the thoracic cavity
  • protects spinal cord
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what is the role of the curves?

A
  • maintain balance while standing upright and sitting
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what are primary curves?

A
  • curves developed before birth
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what are the two types of primary curves and what are they known as?

A
  • thoracic and pelvic curvature
  • known as kyphosis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what are secondary curves?

A
  • curves developed after birth
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what are the two types of secondary curves and what is it known as?

A
  • cervical and lumbar curvature
  • known as lordosis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

when are secondary cervical curves developed?

A
  • when a baby learns to sit
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

when are secondary lumbar curves developed?

A
  • as a toddler learns to walk
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what are the three types of increased curves?

A
  • hyper kyphosis, hyper lordosis and scoliosis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what is scoliosis? when is it normally identified?

A
  • abnormal curve in frontal plane
  • commonly idiopathic
  • identified in childhood
  • can be secondary to other conditions
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what are the cervical spinal movements that are allowed?

A
  • flexion and extension= 45’
  • right and left rotation= 80’
  • lateral flexion= 45’
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what are the thoracolumbar movements?

A
  • flexion (90’) and extension (30’)
  • lateral flexion (30’)
  • lateral rotation (30’)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what movement is limited in thoracic spine?

A
  • limited flexion/ extension
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what movement is limited in lumbar spine?

A
  • more limited rotation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what is the point of the body in the cervical spine?

A
  • supports the weight
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

describe the spinous processes of the cervical spine

A
  • bifid spinal process found on back
  • two bumps instead of one to help attachment
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what joins the spinous process to the transverse process in cervical spine?

A
  • lemina
  • these three form the vertebral arch
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what is the facet joint formed by in the cervical spine?

A
  • formed by superior and inferior articular process
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what is the greatest range of motion of the cervical spine?

A
  • 45 degrees
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what is each vertebrae connected to in the thoracic spine?

A
  • connected to a pair of ribs; 1-7 directly whereas 8-12 indirectly attached
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

why does thoracic spine have a larger body?

A
  • supports a greater weight
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what is the facet called where the ribs attach (thoracic) ?

A
  • coastal facet
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

which way does the superior articular process face in the thoracic spine?

A
  • either faces forwards or backwards
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

what determines the movement of the thoracic spine?

A
  • structure of the articular process
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

what is the size of the neural canal in the thoracic spine?

A
  • smaller neural canal
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

why is movement limited in the thoracic spine?

A
  • 65 degree angle
  • ribs articulate and attach to vertebrae
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

why does lumbar spine have the largest body?

A
  • bears the greatest weight
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

describe the transverse process of the lumbar spine

A
  • short but stronger transverse process
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

why does the lumbar spine have the lowest range of motion?

A
  • angle of articular process is 90 degrees so little rotation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

compare the vertebral body of cervical, thoracic and lumbar spine

A

C= small oval
T= medium heart
L= large kidney shaped

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

compare the vertebral foramen of cervical, thoracic and lumbar spine

A

C= large triangular
T= small oval
L= small triangular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

compare the spinous process of cervical, thoracic and lumbar spine

A

C= short and bifid
T= long slanted down
L= broad and flat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

compare the transverse process of cervical, thoracic and lumbar spine

A

C= shorter, more anterior + transverse foramen
T= longer, more posterior+ costal facets
L= longer more lateral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

compare the facet joint of cervical, thoracic and lumbar spine

A

C= 45 degrees anteroposterior
T= 60 degrees anteroposterior
L= 90 degrees mediolateral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

what does spinal cord run along?

A
  • neural canal
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

what are vertebral bodies separated by?

A
  • intervertebral discs
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

where are articulations between vertebras at?

A
  • zygapophyseal joints
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

what do the transverse and spinous processes provide?

A
  • attachment for muscles
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

what does the transverse foramen allow?

A
  • allows arteries through on either side of cervical spine
  • form part of blood supply to brain alongside internal carotid arteries
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

what is the atlas?

A
  • 1st cervical vertebrae
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

describe the structure of the atlas

A
  • no body
  • consists only of occipital process and transverse process
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

what does the atlas articulate with?

A
  • base of skull at atlantooccipital joint
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

describe the size of articular facets in atlas and why

A
  • large articular facet to support the skull
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

what is the axis?

A
  • 2nd cervical vertebrae
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

how does axis connect to atlas?

A
  • via dens
  • allows rotation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

which joint does axis use to articulate with atlas?

A
  • atlantoaxial joint
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

what does axis consist of?

A
  • superior articular process and transverse process
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

what forms axis of rotation of atlanto- axial joint? what rotation is formed?

A
  • dense
  • generates cervical rotation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

what ligament is in the atlanto-axial joint and what is its role; what does it hold in place?

A
  • transverse ligament on posterior side
  • prevents forwards or backwards movement
  • holds odontoid process in place
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

why is axis useful for rotation?

A
  • due to peg orientation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

what is the atlanto- occipital joint?

A
  • articulation of atlas and occipital processes of the cranium
54
Q

what movement is produced by the atlanto- occipital joint?

A
  • cervical flexion and extension
55
Q

what is each vertebrae connected to?

A
  • a pair of ribs
56
Q

how are ribs 1-7 attached?

A
  • directly attached to sternum
57
Q

how are ribs 8-12 connected?

A
  • indirectly attached via intercostal cartilage
  • not physically attached
58
Q

what are ribs 11 and 12 described as?

A
  • floating ribs
59
Q

what is the definition of ligaments of the spine?

A
  • connective tissue that acts to stabilise the spine
  • protects vertebrae
60
Q

where is the superior spinous ligament found?

A
  • found on top of spinal process
61
Q

what is the role of the ligaments between the transverse process?

A
  • keep the vertebrae in place
62
Q

where does the anterior longitudinal ligament sit?

A
  • stays in front of vertebra from cervical down to coccyx
63
Q

what surfaces does the anterior longitudinal ligament cover?

A
  • covers anterolateral surface of vertebral bodies and IV discs
64
Q

what is the role of the anterio- longitudinal ligament?

A
  • protects and stabilises the joint
  • contains several layers and prevents hyperextension
65
Q

what do you see if you go another layer deep to anterior longitudinal ligament?

A
  • IV discs in-between two vertebra to support their place and bear weight
66
Q

describe ligaments in relation to the transverse processes

A
  • small ligaments attach to TP between 2 vertebra
  • small ligaments inside TP to keep spine in place/ limits movement
67
Q

where is the posterior longitudinal ligament found?

A
  • found on back of vertebral body
68
Q

what is the role of the posterior longitudinal ligament?

A
  • keeps spine in place within vertebral canal
  • attached to intervertebral discs along its length
69
Q

what is the strength of the posterior ligament compared to the anterior ligament?

A
  • weaker as it is narrower compared to anterior
70
Q

what does the posterior longitudinal ligament resist?

A
  • hyperflexion of vertebral column
71
Q

what does the posterior ligament combined with anterior ligament do?

A
  • keep the spine and intervertebral disc in place
72
Q

what is the inter spinous ligament?

A
  • thin broad ligaments between the spinal process
73
Q

what is the ligament on top of the interspinous ligament called and what is its role?

A
  • supraspinous ligament as sits on top of the spinous process
  • supports spine shape and assists movement
74
Q

what are intervertebral discs important for?

A
  • support and weightbearing
  • they move as you move
75
Q

what is the point of the anulus fibrosis?

A
  • keeps central part (nucleus pulposus) in place
  • outer layer
76
Q

what is the nucleus pulposus and what does it do?

A
  • spongey structure
  • absorbs impact
  • distributes weight evenly into discs for weight bearing functions
77
Q

what is the ligamenta flava known as? and what is it?

A
  • yellow ligament
  • series of ligaments that connect ventral parts of laminae of adjacent vertebra
78
Q

what is the ligamenta flava formed by?

A
  • 80 % elastin fibres and 20% collagen
79
Q

what are the roles of the ligamental flava?

A
  • preserve posture and prevent hyperflexion
80
Q

what happens to the discs when we move?

A
  • as we move, the discs also move
  • if we bend pressure pushes discs back
  • if we extend the body the disc goes forwards
81
Q

what is the disc pressure?

A
  • standing up pressure is around 100
  • pressure decreases when we lay down
82
Q

what does bending forward do to pressure and what does this challenge?

A
  • bending forward increases pressure
  • higher pressure challenges anulus fibrosis more
83
Q

what happens to anulus fibrosus as we get older?

A
  • structure becomes weaker so accidents may happen
  • means nucleus pulposus may push anulus fibrosus to different direction
84
Q

what is the intervertebral foramen?

A
  • space between vertebrae to allow for passage of nerves
85
Q

what do the nerves innervate?

A
  • either skin or muscles
86
Q

what does the space between two vertebrae consist of?

A
  • inferior vertebral notch and superior vertebral notch
87
Q

what is the inferior vertebral notch?

A
  • top of space; part of the vertebral pedicle
  • short projection of bone that connects body to vertebral arch
88
Q

where is the superior vertebral notch? what is it closer to?

A
  • on the bottom
  • closer to the superior articular process
89
Q

what is the zygapophyseal facet joint?

A
  • synovial joint that connects the vertebra in the spine
90
Q

how many facet joints are in each spinal motion segement?

A
  • two
91
Q

how can the IV discs cause problems?

A
  • if the discs move back then it can touch the spinal nerve and cause problems
92
Q

what are herniated discs?

A
  • bulging disc occurs due to weakening anulus fibrosis
93
Q

what happens to the nucleus pulposus if there is a herniated disc?

A
  • when injured or aging the anulus becomes weaker so when spine moves the nucleus may come out
  • causes a change in shape and bulge may touch nerve =pain
94
Q

what are degenerated discs?

A
  • natural ageing process
  • results in flatter disc
  • so anulus fibrosis cannot keep nuclear pulposus in place
95
Q

how do degenerated discs cause irritation?

A
  • height of disc becomes lower so reduced space for foramen
  • spinal nerve space becomes smaller so nerve may be touched by bony structure
96
Q

what is the sternum?

A
  • bony structure that sits in front of the cage
97
Q

what is the diaphragm?

A
  • key muscle at bottom of ribcage
  • important muscle for breathing
98
Q

what happens to diaphragm when muscle contracts?

A
  • moves downwards to increase space of thoracic cage
  • reduces pressure inside cage so air goes up through nose
99
Q

what happens to the diaphragm when the muscles relax?

A
  • moves upwards to reduce space of thoracic cage
  • increases pressure to push air out through the nose
100
Q

what muscle helps forceful exhalation?

A
  • internal intercostals pushes ribs downwards to reduce space
  • increases pressure
101
Q

what muscle aids in forced inhalation?

A
  • external intercostal muscles lift up the ribcage and reduce pressure
  • allows more air into the thoracic cage
102
Q

what are global movers?

A
  • involved in generation of torque and range of motion
  • larger and produce more movement
103
Q

what is the function and dysfunction of global movers?

A

Function= phasic manner and movement depends on direction
Dysfunction= spasm, pain and restricted ROM

104
Q

what are local stabilisers?

A
  • deeper muscles controlling the segmentation of the spine
  • help with stability and posture
  • produce continuous activity w low force
  • maintain curvature of the spine
105
Q

what is the function and dysfunction of local stabilisers?

A

function= activity is tonic and low for long periods of time
dysfunction= inhibition of function, delayed timing or recruitment deficiencies; loss of segmental control

106
Q

where do neck flexors sit?

A
  • anteriorly
107
Q

state the origin, insertion and action of the platysma

A

O- mandible
I- clavicle
A- superficial neck flexor; depresses mandible and tenses skin

108
Q

state the origin, insertion and action of sternocleidomastoid

A

O- sternum + clavicle
I- posterior mastoid
A- superficial neck flexor/ contralateral rotation

109
Q

state the origin, insertion and action of anterior scalenes

A

O- transverse process of C3- C6
I- 1st rib
A- deep neck ipsilateral flexor/ contralateral rotator

110
Q

state the origin, insertion and action of longus cervivis

A

O- transverse process of C3-T5
I- transverse process of C1-C6
A- deep neck flexor

111
Q

state the origin, insertion and action of upper trapezius

A

O- spinous process of C7
I- clavicle
A- superficial neck extensor

112
Q

state the origin, insertion and action of splenius cervicis

A

O- spinous process of C3-C6
I- transverse process of C1-C3
A- superficial neck extensor

113
Q

state the origin, insertion and action of splenius capitis

A

O- spinous process of C7
I- clavicle
A- superficial neck extensor

114
Q

state the origin, insertion and action of levator scapulae

A

O- scapula
I- cervical column
A- deep neck extensor

115
Q

state the origin, insertion and action of semispanalis capitus

A

O- transverse process of T1-T6
I- occipital bone
A- deep neck extensor

116
Q

state the origin, insertion and action of semispinalis convicis

A

O- transverse process of T1-T6
I- spinous process of C2-C5
A- deep neck extensor

117
Q

state the origin, insertion and action of external oblique

A

O- 5th -12th rib
I- ilium
A- superficial trunk flexor/ ipsilateral flexion/ contralateral rotation

118
Q

state the origin, insertion and action of internal oblique

A

O- iliac crest
I- costal cartilage of ribs 8-12
A- deep trunk flexor/ ipsilateral flexion/ ipsilateral rotation

119
Q

state the origin, insertion and action of rectus abdominus

A

O- pubis crest
I- cartilage of 5th- 7th ribs
A- superficial trunk flexor

120
Q

state the origin, insertion and action of transverse abdominus

A

O- iliac crest
I- xiphoid process+ linea alba
A- deep trunk flexor

121
Q

what does the transverse abdominus maintain?

A
  • curvature of spine and abdominal wall
122
Q

describe the structure of the abdominal wall

A
  • external oblique is the most superficial, then internal and finally transverse abdominis is the most deep layer
123
Q

what does external, internal oblique and transverse abdominus form?

A
  • form a connective tissue to wrap around the rectus abdominus to keep muscle in place
124
Q

how is fascia on both sides joined together in the centre of the trunk?

A
  • linea alba
  • ends just above the umbilicus
125
Q

state the origin, insertion and action of erector spinae

A

O- iliac crest and sacrum
I- posterior ribs, occipital bone and cervical transverse process
A- trunk extensor

126
Q

what does erector spinae contain?

A
  • illicoastalis, longissimus, spinalis
127
Q

state the origin, insertion and action of semispinalis

A

O- transverse process of C4-C6
I- spinous process of C7-T1
A- trunk extensor

128
Q

state the origin, insertion and action of multifidus

A

O- posterior iliac crest
I- inferior border of 12th rib and transverse process of L1-L4
A- trunk extensor

129
Q

state the origin, insertion and action of quadratus lumborum

A

O- posterior iliac crest to 12th rib
I- transverse process of L1- L4
A- trunk extensor

130
Q

what quadratus lumborum stabilise?

A
  • stabilises pelvis and lumbar spine

anatomy (17 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions