Joints Flashcards

1
Q

what are joints?

A

where bones come together so articulations allow movements and holds skeleton together

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2
Q

how are joints classified? explain

A

function - how moveable the joint is; structure- how surfaces are connected

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3
Q

describe three functional classifications

A

synarthroses- immovable
amphiarthroses- slightly moveable
diarthroses- freely moveable

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4
Q

describe synarthroses with an example

A

strong union between bones so they are important in protecting organs e.g. skull

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5
Q

describe amphiarthroses with an example

A

thick fibre cartilaginous discs e.g. vertebral discs

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6
Q

describe diarthroses with an example

A

wide range of motion e.g. elbow

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7
Q

what are the three types of diarthroses

A

uniaxial- movement in one plane around single axis; biaxial- two; multiaxial; three

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8
Q

describe three classifications of structure

A

fibrous joints= immovable ; synovial joints= freely moveable ; cartilaginous = range of motion

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9
Q

what do fibrous joints contain and where would they be found

A

contain lots of dense connective tissue and no joint cavity; found at connecting bones that don’t require movement

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10
Q

describe structure of fibrous joints

A
  • bone edges serrated and united by layer of fibrous tissue
  • periosteum layer is continuous
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11
Q

what are the two types of fibrous joints? give examples

A
  • syndesmoses; bones are connected only by ligaments, united by fibrous tissue or internal interaction membrane e.g. fibula and tibia
  • gomphoses; peg- in socket that occurs between a tooth and its alveolar socket as teeth are embedded
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12
Q

what ligament holds the teeth in place

A

periodontal

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13
Q

describe a cartilaginous joint

A

joints connected by cartilage so lack joint cavity

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14
Q

what are the two types of cartilaginous joints ?Give examples

A
  • synchondroses - contain hyaline cartilage so bones are united, present at epithelial growth plates, between first rib and manubrium of sternum
  • symphyses contain fibrocartilage so is incompressible = shock absorber e.g. found between vertebrae and in pelvis
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15
Q

what is a synovial joint

A

freely movable joint with a cavity filled with fluid to allow mobility i.e. found in limbs

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16
Q

what covers opposing bones and why?

A

articular cartilage to protect the ends of bones; allows the bones to move against one another

17
Q

what is contained within joint cavity? what does it contain?

A

synovial fluid- very viscous, contains hyaluronic acid secreted by cells in membrane

18
Q

what is the point of the synovial fluid?

A

acts as lubricant so reduces friction between cartilage layers

19
Q

what does the synovial membrane together with fibrous layer compromise

A

articular capsule; reinforces ligaments, nerves and vessels

20
Q

where does fibrous joint capsule attach?

A

away from articular margins; strengthened by ligaments and muscles that cross the joint

21
Q

what do some synovial joints have?

A

fatty pads or discs of fibrocartilage separating the articulating surfaces= menisci in knee

22
Q

how is some movement possible?

A

gliding/ twisting of one bone against another

23
Q

what are the seven types of synovial joints

A

hinge, pivot, ball and socket, ellipsoid, saddle, condyloid

24
Q

what is a hinge joint? give an example

A

allows movement in one axis; supported by string collateral ligament e.g. elbow

25
Q

what is a pivot joint? give an example

A

allows rotation at one long axis; one bone rotates around another with fibrous ring e.g. radius- ulnar joint

25
Q

what is pronation and supination?

A

pronation= base of radius rotates over and around head of ulna
supination= palms face up

26
Q

what is ball and socket? give an example

A

ball of one joint fits into socket of another so movement in all axes and at least three planes e.g. hip

27
Q

what is ellipsoid? give an example

A
  • similar to ball and socket; ligaments/ oval shape prevent rotation so only rotates two axes e.g. radiocarpal
28
Q

what is a saddle joint? give an example

A
  • similar to ball and socket but limited rotation as both bones have concave and convex surfaces e.g. carpometacarpal joint
29
Q

what is condyloid? give an example

A
  • modified ball and socket; active movement in two axes and passive in third e.g. wrist
30
Q

describe closely packed joints

A

stable joints that are strongly united so little movement; associated with protection and weightbearing

31
Q

describe less closely packed joints

A

less stable as allows more range of motion e.g. shoulder

32
Q

what is joint arthrokinematics

A

specific movements of joint surfaces

33
Q

what do complex movements involve

A

roll, spin and glide; never work in isolation