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anatomy > muscles > Flashcards

muscles Flashcards

1
Q

how do we influence external world?

A

muscle contraction

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2
Q

what are the functions of muscles ? (5)

A
  • produce movement
  • maintain posture
  • protection
  • heat production = thermogenesis
  • driving circulatory system = vascular pump
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3
Q

what are the three types of muscles?

A

cardiac, smooth and skeletal

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4
Q

what is cardiac muscle?

A

muscles constituting heart specialised for involuntary cyclic contractions

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5
Q

what are smooth muscles?

A

involuntary for blood vessels and hollow organs e.g. stomach, intestine

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6
Q

what are skeletal muscles?

A

muscles specialised for producing forces required for body movement

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7
Q

what is the theory for contraction? explain

A

balloonist theory states the muscle swells like a balloon during contraction

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8
Q

how does the signal travel from head to muscles?

A

animal spirit flows from head to muscle

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9
Q

what is the Swammerdam experiment?

A

frog muscle in glass tube filled with water and tested if the water level underneath increased when he stimulated the muscle via a nerve

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10
Q

what was the outcome of the experiment?

A

it disproved the theory as the volume does not increase; it decreased

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11
Q

what are bundles of individual muscle fibres?

A

muscle fasicle

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12
Q

what happens when fibres individually contract?

A

each contractile fibre generates tension to apply force to both ends

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13
Q

what is a tendon?

A

attaches bone to muscle

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14
Q

how else is a bone attached to muscle?

A

directly without tendon e.g. eye

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15
Q

what is the junction called where tendon attaches to bone?

A

teno- osseous

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16
Q

what is the junction called where tendon attaches to muscle?

A

Musculo- tendinous

17
Q

what is the site where two groups of fibres converge together? explain

A
  • aponeurosis
  • tandem like thin sheets
18
Q

what is the arrangement of parallel muscles? give an example

A
  • all fibres are parallel to axis of muscle e.g. biceps brachii
19
Q

what is the arrangement of fusiform?

A

diagonal organisation to maximise force’s potential

20
Q

what is the formation of pennate?

A

fibre directions are different from main axis of muscle

21
Q

what is the formation of penniform muscle? what are the three types

A

angle between axis of muscle and fibre direction; unipennate= one row of diagonal fibres; bipennate= two rows; multipennate= multiple

22
Q

how do you work out the strength of muscles? (2 ways)

A
  • count number of fibres packed in
  • draw perpendicular line and count number of fibres at intersect
23
Q

what is the area of cross section perpendicular to its fibres called?

A

physiological cross sectional area

24
Q

how do parallel bones converge ?

A

through tendons

25
Q

how do pennate muscles generate forces?

A
  • aponeurosis ; and then transmitted to tendon
26
Q

which muscle is stronger pennate or parallel?

A
  • pennate
27
Q

what muscle is faster - pennate or parallel?

A

parallel as pennate has to shorten longer to cover the same distance

28
Q

what do muscle fibres trade off between?

A

strength and speed

29
Q

what is an isometric contraction?

A

external force is equal to muscle force so muscle length stays constant

30
Q

what is a concentric contraction?

A

muscle force is greater than external force so muscle can be shortened

31
Q

what is a eccentric contraction?

A

external force is greater than muscle force so muscle can be lengthened

32
Q

what are muscle fibres bundles of? what do they look like

A

bundles of myofibrils
- striped patterns of dark and light regions

33
Q

what is the functional unit of contraction?

A
  • sarcomere, which has a mechanism to generate tension
34
Q

what is actin?

A

thin protein fibre

35
Q

what is myosin?

A

thick protein fibre

anatomy (17 decks)

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