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anatomy > musculoskeletal injuries > Flashcards

musculoskeletal injuries Flashcards

1
Q

what is an injury?

A
  • damage to cellular structure of human tissue resulting from application of mechanical stress
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2
Q

what is mechanical stress?

A
  • amount of force acting within a structure
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3
Q

what does stress produce?

A

strain, which is deformation of a body

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4
Q

what are the three types of stress?

A
  • compression, tension and shear
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5
Q

what is compression stress?

A
  • particles in a structure are pushed against each other
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6
Q

what is tension stress?

A
  • particles pulled away from each other
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7
Q

what is shear stress?

A
  • particles slide relative to each other
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8
Q

what are the 5 types of loading patterns?

A
  • compression, tension, shearing, bending, torsion
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9
Q

what is the compression loading pattern? give an example

A
  • equal and opposite force applied, creates compression stress within structure e.g. nose fracture
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10
Q

what is tension loading pattern? give an example

A
  • equal and opposite forces pull away from each other so tension stress created within structure e.g. ankle sprain
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11
Q

what is shearing loading pattern? give an example

A
  • force applied parallel to structure surface, creates shear stress within structure e.g. blisters
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12
Q

what is bending loading pattern? give an example

A
  • compression on shortened side, tension to lengthened side and stress across centre e.g. Achilles tendon injury
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13
Q

what is torsion loading pattern? give an example

A
  • twisting about an axis so induces sheer, compression and tension stresses e.g. anterior cruciate ligament injury
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14
Q

what is acute traumatic injury? what trauma does it cause?

A
  • results from single episode of stress, exceeding a tissue’s tolerance
  • causes macrotrauma
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15
Q

what is chronic overuse injury? what trauma does it create?

A
  • results from repetitive application of stress at levels less than a tissue’s tolerance
  • causes microtrauma
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16
Q

what does potential for tissue damage depend on? (3)

A
  • magnitude of stresses
  • total number of stress peaks
  • interval between stresses
17
Q

describe an overuse injury

A

increased activity causes increased tissue stress resulting in microscopic tears; if tissue remodelling is lower than rate of damage the tissue breaks down

18
Q

can overuse be beneficial?

A

yes, if the tissue remodelling exceeds rate of damage then stronger tissue is created

19
Q

what are ligament injuries?

A
  • acute= sprain
  • overuse is uncommon
20
Q

describe sprain and give an example

A
  • caused by sudden over stretch with joint in extreme position
  • contact e.g. rugby
  • non- contact e.g. ACL
21
Q

how do you grade ligament sprains?

A
  • microscopic tearing
  • partial disruption
  • complete rupture
22
Q

what are muscle injuries?

A

acute = strain
no overuse

23
Q

what is a strain?

A
  • occurs from forceful overstretch, forceful eccentric contraction or a combination
24
Q

how do you grade muscle strains?

A

grade I = microscopic tearing
grade II= partial disruption
grade III= complete rupture

25
Q

what are bone injuries?

A

acute= fractures
chronic= stress fracture

26
Q

what is a fracture?

A
  • break in structural continuity of bone caused by sudden and excessive force
27
Q

how easy is it to break a bone?

A
  • healthy bone requires alot of force
28
Q

what is a stress fracture ?

A
  • caused by increased activity e.g. running so microscopic tears occur; if body’s remodelling rate isn’t fast enough
29
Q

what is an example of a stress injury into a stress fracture?

A

microfractures to small cortical fracture

30
Q

what are common stress fractures?

A
  • runner (tibia), metatarsals of ballet dancers, ribs of golfers, lower back of fast bowlers, army recruits
31
Q

how does overuse affect acute injury?

A
  • if you have an overuse injury an acute injury is likely due to tissue weakening
32
Q

what are the high risk stress fractures?

A
  • femoral neck
  • middle anterior tibia
33
Q

what are tendon injuries?

A
  • acute= rupture
  • chronic= tendinopathy
34
Q

describe tendinopathy

A
  • collagen degeneration and disorientation e.g.. tennis elbow, jumpers knee
35
Q

how does age affect degeneration of collagen?

A
  • older you get means the more degeneration

anatomy (17 decks)

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