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anatomy > biomechanics > Flashcards

biomechanics Flashcards

1
Q

what is kinetics?

A
  • study of forces associated with motion of a body
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2
Q

what is kinematics?

A
  • concerned with description of motion
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3
Q

what is linear motion?

A
  • something travelling the same direction and distance over same time
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4
Q

what is rectilinear?

A
  • all parts moving in same direction at the same time
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5
Q

what is curvilinear?

A
  • when an object moves the same distance over the same time in a curve
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6
Q

what is angular motion?

A
  • movement that occurs around an axis of rotation
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7
Q

what is general motion?

A
  • combination of angular and linear motion
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8
Q

what are spatial reference systems?

A
  • allows you to track athletes position over time
  • describes where diff parts of body have moved
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9
Q

what are scalars?

A
  • described by magnitude
    e.g. speed, distance, volume
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10
Q

what are vectors?

A
  • described by magnitude and direction
    e.g. velocity, force, acceleration
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11
Q

what is force?

A
  • push/ pull which enables us to start, stop, change direction or maintain balance
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12
Q

what do arrows on diagrams represent? describe the length, line of application+ point of application

A
  • force
  • length= magnitude
  • line of application = direction
  • point of application= where force originated from
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13
Q

how do you work out force?

A

force = mass x acceleration
- measured in newtons

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14
Q

what are tensile forces? give an example

A
  • pulling forces on ends of an internal structure
    e.g. muscles onto tendons onto bones
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15
Q

what are the main force generating mechanisms?

A
  • muscles as they form cross bridges and contract to pull tendons which attach to bones
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16
Q

what are compressive forces? give an example

A
  • pushing forces acting on ends of an internal structure
  • bones onto cartilage onto bones
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17
Q

what do free body diagrams represent?

A
  • all external forces acting on an object; external force is the result of all interactions with other objects and surrounding environments
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18
Q

what are external forces? what are the two types?

A
  • act on an object as a result of its interactions with the environment
  • contact and non- contact
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19
Q

what is a contact force? give an example

A
  • when objects touch e.g. ground reaction force
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20
Q

what is a non- contact force? give an example

A
  • when objects don’t touch e.g. gravity
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21
Q

what are colinear forces?

A
  • multiple forces applied in same line of action
    e.g. tug of war
  • applied in same or opposite direction
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22
Q

what is resultant force?

A
  • vector sum of all forces (2+)
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23
Q

what is the net force?

A
  • combination of all forces acting on an object
  • how all external forces act on the object and their vector addition
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24
Q

what is a concurrent force?

A
  • forces acting through a single point but on different lines
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25
Q

what is the weight?

A
  • force of gravity acting on an object
  • measured in newtons
26
Q

how do you work out weight?

A

weight= mass x acceleration due to gravity

27
Q

what is newton’s law of gravity? what is gravitational force inversely proportional to?

A
  • earth exerts some gravitational force which accelerates object towards the ground
  • all objects attract each other with a gravitational force inversely proportion to square of distance between them and proportional to mass of each of two bodies
28
Q

what is acceleration due to gravity in newtons?

A

9.81 newtons = 1kg x 9.81ms- 2

29
Q

what is mass?

A
  • how much stuff is present in the object
30
Q

how should you study movement?

A
  • treat one aspect of body as being the object
  • isolate segment of interest
31
Q

if force in muscle is bigger than external force applied downwards, what happens?

A
  • flexion occurs
32
Q

what is the centre of gravity? what does it follow?

A
  • point where the weight of an object is balanced
  • follows direction you move in
  • average point where all mass congregates
33
Q

why is centre of gravity varied?

A
  • body composition
  • gender
  • someone with long legs/ muscular arms have higher COG compared to short stockier legs
34
Q

what happens to COG if object moves position?

A
  • COG moves in direction from which mass is distributed
35
Q

what happens to COG when lifting arms?

A
  • COG is raised as more mass and weight is oriented upwards
36
Q

what happens to COG when you bend over? describe an example

A
  • COG moves outside body e.g. Fosbury flop; manipulates COG under body to improve technique of arching
  • forces we generate pushes into air and max force determines how centre of gravity can reach
37
Q

what is the centre of mass?

A
  • weight of an object acts as a single point
  • indicates where point of application of force is; applies a force in same direction as weight
38
Q

what are newtons laws used to predict?

A
  • consequences of forces on human movement
39
Q

what is Newton’s first law? describe

A
  • law of inertia; object will remain moving at constant speed unless acted on by external force
40
Q

what is static equilibrium?

A
  • if acceleration is zero then velocity doesn’t change ; object in constant state of motion as forces are balanced
41
Q

what happens if an object is in motion and the external forces are balanced?

A
  • object will continue to move and acceleration will be 0m/s/s as it moves in same way
42
Q

what is linear momentum?

A
  • object’s mass and its linear velocity
43
Q

how do you work out linear momentum?

A

linear momentum (p) = mass (m) x linear velocity(v)
- measured in kgm/s

44
Q

what does more momentum of an object mean? what is curve of change in momentum same as?

A
  • more momentum of an object means it’s harder to stop it moving
  • curve is the same as curve of change in velocity ; only difference in mass
45
Q

what is an unbalanced force?

A
  • net force isn’t zero so acceleration occurs in direction of net force
46
Q

how does mass affect inertia?

A

greater mass means greater inertia

47
Q

what is newton’s second law?

A
  • law of acceleration; net external force must be acting on an object in order to accelerate
48
Q

what is the law of acceleration a relationship between?

A
  • object’s mass, net external force experienced and acceleration
49
Q

how does mass affect acceleration?

A

larger mass causes slower acceleration

50
Q

what is newton’s third law?

A
  • law of action- reaction
  • every force has an equal and opposite reaction
51
Q

describe walking stages relating to vertical forces

A
  • vertical forces experienced on foot are similar during heel contact and toe off
  • heel strike= negative horizontal force
  • toe off= positive horizontal force
52
Q

what is the impulse at the heel strike and toe off?

A

heel strike= impulse is negative so acts in backwards direction ; reduces momentum
toe off= impulse is positive so acts in forwards direction ; increases momentum (sped up)

53
Q

what is impulse?

A
  • equal to area under the force- time graph
  • represents a net external force and hence produces change in momentum
54
Q

what does negative impulse cause?

A
  • reduces momentum
55
Q

how do you work out impulse?

A

impulse = force x time
impulse (force x time) = momentum (mass x velocity)

56
Q

when dealing with people what stays the same so what does change in impulse represent?

A
  • mass stays the same
  • change in impulse is represented by change in velocity
57
Q

what is net force equal to? give an example

A
  • time, rate, change and momentum of system
  • hitting a ball with a bat occurs over a period of time; impulse is force multiplied by time
58
Q

how to land a jump relating to velocity and momentum?

A
  • reduce velocity to zero and hence decrease momentum
  • extends the balls of the feet forwards
59
Q

what is the landing distance?

A
  • change in height from the moment you first touch the ground to moment your hips are your centre of mass
  • stops continuously moving downwards
60
Q

what is the landing time?

A

amount of time between these two events; time is generally longer when distance is longer

61
Q

what is the difference between stiff landing and soft landing?

A

stiff landing= force is experienced over a short period of time
soft landing = force is experienced over a longer length of time

anatomy (17 decks)

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