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anatomy > skeleton and bones > Flashcards

skeleton and bones Flashcards

1
Q

what does the skeleton consist of?

A

bones, joints and cartilage which acts as a supportive framework

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2
Q

what does appendicular skeleton consist of?

A

limbs and girdles

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3
Q

what does axial skeleton consist of?

A

long axis i.e. vertebral column, skull, ribcage

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4
Q

what are the functions of the skeleton ? (7)

A
  • maintains posture
  • acts as framework for muscle and tissue attachment
  • allows movement as whole/ isolation as levers created
  • bones protect organs and reduce injury e.g. ribs
  • blood cell production
  • storage of minerals e.g. calcium
  • endocrine functions
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5
Q

what do bones provide?

A

resting ground for muscles and protection of vital organs

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6
Q

what are long bones? give an example

A

support bodyweight as they are longer> wide; help facilitate movement e.g. femur

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7
Q

what are short bones? give an example

A

cube- shaped bones that provide stability and allow flexibility e.g. wrist

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8
Q

what are flat bones? give an example

A

thin, flat and slightly curved to provide protection and large surface area for muscle attachment e.g. sternum, skull

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9
Q

what are irregular bones? give an example

A

complicated shapes to protect certain organs e.g. pelvis, hips

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10
Q

what are sesamoid bones? give an example

A

embedded in tendons to protect from stress e.g. hands, knees

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11
Q

how many bones in adult body?

A

206

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12
Q

what is spongy bone?

A

act as inner layer as arranged into trabecular so resist decompressing forces without deforming

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13
Q

where is spongy bone found?

A

epiphysis end

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14
Q

what does spongy bones contain?

A
  • spaces in-between contain red bone marrow so can produce blood cells
  • blood vessels within deliver nutrients to osteons and remove waste
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15
Q

what is compact bone?

A

more dense and solid on outer layer to protect and withstand muscle pull

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16
Q

where is compact bone and what percentage does it make up of mass?

A
  • 80%
  • found in diaphysis shaft
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17
Q

what is an osteoblast?

A

cell in body that builds new bone tissue

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18
Q

where are osteoblasts found and what do they secrete?

A
  • found in growing portions of bone e.g. endosteum
  • secrete collagen matrix and other proteins
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19
Q

what is an osteoclast ?

A

cell that nibbles at and breaks down bone; responsible for bone resorption

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20
Q

how do osteoclasts dissolve old bones?

A

release enzymes that trigger chemical reactions

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21
Q

what develops from osteoblast? where is it found?

A

osteocyte which is found in a small chamber called a lacuna ; lies within substance of fully formed bone

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22
Q

what do osteoblasts secrete? and its significance

A

osteoid which calcifies within a few days and entraps osteoblasts

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23
Q

what is osseous tissue?

A

strong connective tissue made from collagen and hard minerals e.g. calcium

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24
Q

what does bone matrix consist of?

A

intercellular substance consists of collagen fibres, ground substance and inorganic bone salts

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25
Q

what are the properties of osseous tissue?

A

very hard due to calcium salts, light weight and able to resist tension

26
Q

what is the purpose of collagen in osseous tissue?

A

acts as framework for building calcium rich inorganic matrix

27
Q

what is a osteon?

A

structural unit of compact bone that consists of concentric bone layers called lamella

28
Q

what do lamellae in osteons surround?

A

long passageway called haversian canal

29
Q

what is the structure of osteons- how are they aligned?

A
  • run longitudinal axis of bone
  • hollow inside
  • made of central canal surrounded by expanding rings
  • aligned same way as force applied
30
Q

how are osteocytes connected?

A

cavities interconnected by canaliculi

31
Q

what does central canal contain?

A

nerves, lymphatics and blood vessels

32
Q

where is the epiphysis? describe

A

end of bone which is wide and filled with spongy bones

33
Q

what is epiphysis covered in and why?

A

articular cartilage so bones can slide pass without friction

34
Q

what is the metaphysis?

A

growth zone between the epiphysis and diaphysis during development of long bone

35
Q

what is the diaphysis?

A

hollow, tubular shaft of long bone

36
Q

what is the central cavity of diaphysis?

A

medullary cavity yellow bone marrow is stored

37
Q

where does growth take place?

A

epiphyseal plate

38
Q

what happens when the plate is ossified?

A

becomes an epiphyseal line

39
Q

what does yellow bone marrow store?

A

fat

40
Q

what does red bone marrow store?

A

blood

41
Q

what is the endosteum?

A

membranous lining of hollow cavity of bone

42
Q

what is the periosteum?

A

apart of the outer double layered structure that acts as a tough protective layer

43
Q

what part doesn’t the periosteum cover and why ?

A

where epiphysis meets other bones to form joints as they are covered with articular cartilage

44
Q

what does periosteum contain?

A

blood vessels, nerves and lymphatic vessels that nourish compact bone

45
Q

what attach to bones at periosteum?

A

tendons and ligaments

46
Q

how do long bones come about?

A

endochondral ossification

47
Q

what is endochondral ossification?

A

process by which growing cartilage is systematically replaced by bone to form the growing skeleton

48
Q

what is remodelling?

A

process of undergoing structural reorganisation, alteration or renewal of living tissue

49
Q

describe bone remodelling

A

continuous metabolic process of bone breakdown by specialised cells called osteoclasts followed by formation of new bone tissue by osteoblasts

50
Q

how much bone is replaced each year? what does it depend on?

A

10% depending on amount of stress

51
Q

what is wolff’s law?

A

describes idea that bone density changes in response to force placed on bone

52
Q

when does bone ossification begin ?

A

8th week of gestation until 25 years olds

53
Q

what is the name of the process of epiphyseal plates increasing in thickness?

A

appositional growth

54
Q

what is it called when meschehymal tissue is directly converted to bone?

A

intramembranous ossification

55
Q

how does ossification begin?

A

mesenchymal cells differentiate into chondrocytes and form cartilage model for bones

56
Q

what is formed around hyaline cartilage model?

A

bone collar

57
Q

what happens to the hyaline cartilage?

A

it undergoes cavitation so empty space is formed

58
Q

what invades after cavitation?

A

internal cavities by periosteal bud and spongy bone formation

59
Q

what is formed as ossification continues?

A

medullary cavity

60
Q

what appears in preparation for the last step of ossification?

A

secondary ossification centres in epiphyses

61
Q

what happens in the last stage?

A

ossification of epiphyses ; hyaline cartilage remains only in epiphyseal plates

anatomy (17 decks)

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